In re Brown
In re Brown
Opinion of the Court
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER ON DEBTORS’ MOTION TO DETERMINE IRS INDEBTEDNESS, ABATE VIOLATION OF STAY/DISCHARGE INJUNCTION AND SANCTIONS
In this case, the IRS filed a claim that listed its claim for penalties and interest as a general unsecured claim and did not object to confirmation of a chapter 13 plan that treated the penalty portion of the IRS’s claim as a non-priority general unsecured claim. The Debtors contend that their hardship discharge extinguishes this portion of the claim. But the listing in a proof of claim or failure to object to plan treatment does not render dischargeable a debt that is clearly statutorily nondis-chargeable under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(7). For the reasons set forth below, the Court concludes the IRS’s general unsecured claim is not discharged, and the Debtors’ Motion will be denied.
The IRS filed a claim in the Debtors’ Chapter 13 bankruptcy case, totaling $303,229.86 comprised of $226,180.25 in unsecured priority debt and $77,040.61 in general unsecured debt,
Unfortunately, the Debtors were unable to make the Plan payments. Recognizing the IRS debt as the vast majority of their remaining liability, the Debtors attempted to work out an alternative arrangement with the IRS. These efforts proved unsuccessful within the bankruptcy context but, the Debtors contend, the IRS agent recommended they file for a hardship discharge to discharge the IRS general unsecured claim and then resolve the remaining priority debt outside of bankruptcy. The Debtors took this advice and filed a Motion for a Hardship Discharge under 11 Ú.S.C. § 1328(b) on February 16, 2013.
After the discharge, the IRS continued its collection efforts asserting the general unsecured debt remained part of the Debt- or’s tax liability. The Debtors complain the IRS’s collection efforts, with respect to
The Court must now determine if a hardship discharge under Bankruptcy Code § 1328(b) discharges the IRS’s general unsecured debt where the IRS asserts both a priority claim and a general unsecured claim, did not object to a plan that treated their general unsecured claim the same as other unsecured claims, encouraged the Debtors to pursue a hardship discharge, and at no time prior to the instant proceedings specifically indicated the IRS intended to seek payment of their general unsecured claim after the hardship discharge.
Conclusions of Law
A hardship discharge under 11 U.S.C. § 1328(b) is subject to the exceptions outlined in 11 U.S.C. § 523(a).
According to the IRS’s proof of claim, the general unsecured claim is the “penalty to date of petition on unsecured priority claims (including interest thereon).”
Despite the applicable § 523 exceptions to discharge, the Debtors appear to argue the circumstances here require the Court to consider the IRS’s general unsecured claim discharged. The Debtors generally assert because the IRS did not express its intent to pursue the general unsecured debt earlier in the case, the IRS cannot now recover this debt under theories of laches, acquiescence and waiver, and estoppel. Specifically, the Debtors argue that because the IRS failed to affirmatively state its intent to treat the general unsecured claim as a nondischargeable claim, the IRS is now bound by the proof of claim, confirmed plan,' and discharge order which, the Debtors assert, render the general unsecured claim dischargeable. Despite the Debtors’ assertions, these eq
The Debtors first argue under 11 U.S.C. § 502(a) and Fed. R. Bankr.P. 3001(f), once filed, a proof of claim is final and since the IRS did not modify its claim, it is binding. Furthermore, the Debtors argue, if the IRS wanted to claim the general unsecured portion as a priority claim it had ample opportunity to do so. In particular, according to the Debtors, because the proof of claim form (Official Form BIO) and § 507(a)(8)(A)(i) provide avenues for the IRS to list the general unsecured claim as a priority claim and the IRS did not assert this priority, the IRS’s current attempts to collect the general unsecured debt violate a final binding determination of the Court (the proof of claim).
Despite Debtors’ arguments, § 502(a) only provides that a claim is deemed allowed unless an objection is raised, and Fed. R. Bankr.P. 3001(f) does nothing more than give evidentiary effect to the proof of claim. As the Ninth Circuit explained in In re Los Gatos, these provisions simply operate to outline the procedure for allocating burdens of proof and persuasion in determining if a claim is allowable.
The Debtors’ second argument is that 11 U.S.C. § 1327(a) binds the IRS to the arrangement laid out in the Confirmation Order. The Debtors are correct that a confirmed plan outlines the terms upon which claims are to be settled and § 1327(a) binds all creditors to those terms. However, § 1327 does not extinguish claims and cannot be interpreted to discharge statutorily nondischargeable debt. In the case of Newman v. United States, the court concluded that the IRS was free to pursue the debtor for unpaid tax liabilities after the debtor received a discharge.
Finally the Debtors argue that the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in United Student Aid Funds, Inc. v. Espinosa
The dischargeability of the IRS’s general unsecured claim is governed by the Code. The claim relates to a penalty stemming from the nonpayment of nondis-chargeable priority claims. It is clear from the Code and judicial interpretations that the dischargeability of a penalty depends on whether it is tied to a designated tax debt and whether that debt is dis-chargeable.
The IRS’s violation of the automatic stay or Discharge Order hinges on the dischargeability of the IRS’s general unsecured debt. If it is not dischargeable, then there cannot be a violation of the Discharge Order and, as long as the IRS did not try to recover the debt prior to the discharge, there is no violation of the automatic stay. The general unsecured debt the IRS is attempting to collect is nondis-ehargeable. Therefore, the IRS’s post-discharge collection attempts do not violate the Discharge Order. The complained of collection efforts occurred on May 6, 2013. The Discharge Order was entered on August 22, 2013, nunc pro tunc to March 22, 2013. The IRS’s collection efforts occurred after March 22, 2013, and therefore do not violate the automatic stay.
Conclusion
Based on the Court’s conclusion that the IRS’s general unsecured debt is nondis-chargeable, the Debtors’ Motion to Determine Tax Liability and Abate Violation of Stay/Discharge Injunction and Sanctions shall be denied. Accordingly, it is
ORDERED:
1. The Motion (Doc. No. 119) is DENIED.
2. The IRS’s general unsecured claim is not discharged.
*350 3. The Debtors’ request for sanctions is denied.
4. Within 30 days, the IRS shall provide to the Debtors an accounting of their outstanding tax liability, less offsets, levy, and offer payments.
. This case came on for a hearing on December 15, 2014, on the Debtors’ Motion to Determine Tax Liability and Abate Violation of Stay/Discharge Injunction and Sanctions ("Motion”) (Doc. No. 119) and the Internal Revenue Service's ("IRS”) Response in Opposition (Doc. No. 122).
. Claim No. 2-1.
. Doc. No. 122.
. Doc. No. 31.
. Doc. Nos. 68 & 73.
. The initial Confirmation Order (Doc. No. 73) provided for payments in the sum of $1,000 for three months, until April 3, 2010; $6,000 for the next twenty months, until December 3, 2011; and $8,948 for the final thirty-seven months.
. The Amended Confirmation Order (Doc. No. 90) provided for payments commencing August 3, 2011, in the sum of $1,500 per month for seventeen months, until January 3, 2013; and commencing January 3, 2013, in the sum of $8,949 per month for the remaining twenty-four months of the Plan.
. The Second Amended Confirmation Order (Doc. No. 98) reduced the $8,949 payments to $5,655 for the life of the Plan.
. Doc. No. 115.
. Doc. No. 103.
. Doc. No. 107.
. Doc. No. 111.
. 11 U.S.C. § 1328(c)(2).
. 887 F.2d 1541, 1544 (11th Cir. 1989).
.Claim 2-1.
. 278 F.3d 890, 894 (9th Cir. 2002) (citing Lundell v. Anchor Constr. Specialists, Inc., 223 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 2000)).
. Newman v. United States (In re Newman), 402 B.R. 908, 913 (M.D.Fla. 2009) (Glenn, J.).
.11 U.S.C. § 1328(c)(2).
. Espinosa, 559 U.S. 260, 130 S.Ct. 1367, 176 L.Ed.2d 158 (2010).
. Espinosa, 559 U.S. at 264, 130 S.Ct. at 1374.
. Espinosa, 559 U.S. at 265-266, 130 S.Ct. at 1374.
. Espinosa, 559 U.S. at 266, 130 S.Ct. at 1374.
. Espinosa, 559 U.S. at 268, 130 S.Ct. at 1376.
. See Espinosa, 559 U.S. at 273 n. 10, 274 n. 11. 277 n. 13. 130 S.Ct. at 1379 n. 10 & 11, 1381 n. 13, for a discussion of the differences between the various section 523 exceptions to discharge.
. United States v. Amici, 197 B.R. 696, 698 (M.D.Fla. 1996) (citing In re Burns, 887 F.2d 1541, 1544 (11th Cir. 1989); In re Roberts, 906 F.2d 1440, 1444 (10th Cir. 1990); McKay v. U.S., 957 F.2d 689, 693 (9th Cir. 1992)).
Reference
- Full Case Name
- IN RE: Donald R. BROWN and Rebecca J. Brown, Debtors
- Status
- Published