AMENDED FINDINGS OF FACT, CONCLUSIONS OF LAW AND MEMORANDUM OPINION IN SUPPORT OF FINAL JUDGMENT FOR PLAINTIFFS ON COUNT VIII OF COMPLAINT (DOC. 915)*

Plaintiffs are creditors of Defendants, who are the Debtors. Plaintiffs’ unsecured claims are based on unpaid promissory notes representing loans made to enable Defendants to acquire all membership interests in an entity by the name of Tuto-ringZone, LC (“TZ1”). After Defendants filed Chapter 7, Plaintiffs discovered that Defendants had caused TZ1 to transfer its remaining valuable assets to a new company formed and owned by a friend, business associate and mentor. Plaintiffs filed an eight count Complaint commencing this adversary proceeding seeking judgments against Defendants that their debts to Plaintiffs were non-dischargeable under various subsections of Section 523, and seeking denial of Defendants’ discharges under Section 727(a)(2)(A). Plaintiffs elected to proceed to trial on their objections to discharge, so Count VIII of this Adversary Proceeding was tried before the Court on May 19 and 20, 2016. Having considered the evidence presented at trial, as well as facts determined in a partial summary judgment prior to trial, and post-trial briefing, on October 6, 2016 the Court announced its ruling that judgment would be entered in favor of Plaintiffs and against Defendants under 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)(A). The Court issues these findings of fact and conclusions of law in support of its ruling, pursuant to Bankruptcy Rule 7052.

BACKGROUND

When Defendants, Matthew and Larina Hintze, filed Chapter 7 on November 1, 2012 they owned 100% of the membership interests in TZ1, which was in the business of offering tutoring services to university *373students.1 Mr. Hintze worked as a tutor for and was an officer of TZl until it went out of business.

From 2006 through May of 2011 TZl was owned 50/50 by Matthew Hintze and Ethan Fieldman. In 2010, Mr. Hintze and Mr. Fieldman had a falling-out. Mr. Hintze filed suit in state court to dissolve TZl. The state court appointed a liquidating agent who scheduled an auction sale of the membership interests in TZl. Messrs. Fieldman and Hintze submitted sealed bids to purchase each other’s membership interests. Mr. Hintze’s bid was any amount that Mr. Fieldman bid, plus $35,000, up to a stated maximum. Mr. Hintze’s bid was declared the winner. The liquidating agent awarded Mr. Hintze the right to purchase Mr. Fieldman’s 50% interest in TZl for the sum of $835,000.00, payable within approximately two weeks.

Defendants did not have $835,000. They had obtained commitments from several investors, but according to Mr. Hintze one investor that had pledged a portion of the money was “unable to perform.”2 Mr. Hintze immediately began contacting Plaintiff John Spence and other potential investors in order to raise the balance of the $835,000.3

Mr. Hintze ultimately convinced Plaintiffs to loan him and his wife the remainder of the $835,000 needed to purchase Mr. Fieldman’s 50% interest in TZl. In May of 2011, Defendants executed Promissory Notes in favor of Plaintiffs (and their predecessors) in the aggregate principal amount of $443,578.08.4 In their answer to the Complaint, Defendants admitted owing each of the Plaintiffs the following amounts as of the Petition date:

• John and Sheila Spence: $90,634.44.

• InterMed Biomedical Services, Inc.: $168,049.32.

• David Whitney: $154,732.16.

• FLH Holdings of Florida, LLC: $30,162.16.5

The purchase and sale of Mr. Fieldman’s 50% interest in TZl closed on or about June 17, 2011.6 At all times prior to that date, TZl had been a very successful business, with gross revenues during 2010 and 2011, according to financial statements provided by Defendants, in excess of $1.6 million.

Defendants did not request or obtain a non-compete agreement from Ethan Field-man as part of the purchase of Mr. Field-man’s 50% interest in TZl.7 A day or so after selling his 50% interest in TZl, Mr. Fieldman caused his newly formed tutor*374ing company, “Study Edge,” to begin com.peting against TZI in the tutoring business in Gainesville, Florida. Study Edge hired over half of TZl’s full-time tutors. It located its business directly across from the main University of Florida campus, making its tutoring services more accessible to students than TZI, which was located about a mile away, TZI was forced to find new people to tutor courses previously taught by Mr. Fieldman and others. Mr. Hintze took over tutoring TZl’s corporate finance and other finance-related courses.8

Immediately after Study Edge began competing, TZI suffered a severe downturn in revenues and cash flow. Defendants began meeting frequently with Plaintiffs to discuss TZl’s economic woes and ideas from primarily Mr. Hintze for turning TZl’s business around. Defendants tried different ways to bring TZl’s business back., At one point, they had Ms. Hintze take a more active role with TZI that included managing the tutors. This apparently made the situation worse: the tutors threatened to leave TZI unless Ms. Hintze was let go. By May of 2012, Defendants reported to Plaintiffs that TZI would not have enough money to make payroll during the summer and into the fall. They asked Plaintiffs to put more money into TZI, but Plaintiffs declined. Unable to obtain more money from Plaintiffs, Defendants turned to Christopher James (“James”), Mr. Hintze’s friend and mentor, for money and help saving their tutoring business.9

On May 14, 2012, Defendants met with some of the Plaintiffs one last time. James attended this meeting via telephone; John Spence was unable to attend. The parties’ memories as to exactly what was said at the May 14 meeting are very different. Mr. Hintze claims that at the May 14 meeting he told Plaintiffs of his and his wife’s intent to transfer the assets of TZI to a new company to be owned by James; Plaintiffs vehemently deny that is what they were told at the meeting. No one recorded or took minutes of the May 14 meeting. After the May 14 meeting, Plaintiffs continuously requested, and then demanded, that Defendants provide them with additional and accurate financial information about TZI. These requests and demands went largely unanswered.

Just before or just after the May 14 meeting (the exact timing remains unclear), Defendants prevailed upon James to provide them more money to keep their tutoring business afloat. A series of transactions ensued, ultimately resulting in James and a newly formed entity acquiring TZl’s assets. Approximately 150 days before filing bankruptcy, Defendants caused TZI to lease, and then transfer, all of its valuable assets to an entity formed by James for that purpose: TutoringZone, II, LLC (“rf'Z2”).10 The assets transferred comprised TZl’s intellectual property (“IP”) and other intangible assets, described as:

*375[V]ideo and audio, workbooks, tests, instructional materials, graphics, logos, and other materials developed by [TZ1] for delivery of tutoring services, including the source codes and source documents, whether printed or electronic, and all intellectual property rights therein, as well as the other intellectual property rights described on Schedule A attached to the agreement.11

The transfer of assets from TZ1 to TZ2 (the “IP Transfer”), was accomplished through two sets -of documents. First, TZ1 executed an Intellectual Property Lease that required James and Frenchman, the “Lessees” of the above-described assets, to pay TZ1 $75,000.12 Shortly after the IP Lease came the IP Transfer document executed by TZ1 in favor of TZ2, which transferred ownership of the same assets.

The IP Transfer document stated the effective date of the IP Transfer as June 4, 2012. Beginning on the effective date of the IP Transfer, Defendants, purportedly via TZ2, continued operating the same tutoring business as had TZ1, even though TZ2 was not created until July of 2012.13 From its inception, TZ2 used the same business name (“TutoringZone”), telephone numbers, web address, advertising materials, logo and tutoring materials that TZ1 had developed and used throughout its history. After the IP Transfer, Mr. Hintze and some tutors remained with TZ1 until August of 2012, making it appear to Plaintiffs and the general public that TZ1 was continuing to operate through the summer.14 In August of 2012, Mr. Hintze became officially employed by and received his first pay check from TZ2, but the charade that TZ1 remained in business continued until the Defendants filed their bankruptcy petition.15

Before the IP Transfer, James was represented by an attorney whom he introduced to Defendants. From approximately May 1 through October 31, 2012 the same attorney represented James, Defendants and TZ1. This attorney drafted all of the documents that effectuated the IP Transfer, prepared and filed the paperwork to form TZ2 for James, and drafted employment agreements between Mr. Hintze, TZ2 and other tutors. After filing Defendants’ bankruptcy petition, the same attor*376ney apparently ceased representing TZ1 and James.16

TZ1 received no cash or other payment for the transfer of its assets to TZ2. The only consideration for the IP Transfer went to Defendants, individually: James released them from liability for $200,000 of the $475,000.00 they owed him prior to the IP Transfer.17

At the time of the IP Transfer Defendants’ membership interest in TZ1 was their only asset of value, other than their exempt homestead. The IP Transfer, together with the transfers of TZl’s other assets, rendered TZ1 insolvent and Defendants’ membership interests in TZ1 worthless.18 The evidence at trial showed that Defendants viewed their membership interests. in TZ1 as valuable. At various times before the IP Transfer, Defendants sent correspondence and financial information about TZ1 to each other and James in which they valued TZ1 at anywhere between $350,000 to $3 million.19 At trial, Mr. Hintze testified that TZ1 had no value as of the IP Transfer. He tried .to explain away his own and his wife’s valuations of $350,000-$3 million by testifying that in “hindsight” those valuations were incorrect,20 This testimony came after Defendants were fully aware that the value of the assets transferred was relevant to whether or not their discharges would be denied.

Defendants caused the IP Transfer at a time that they owed Plaintiffs significant sums, and despite a provision in certain of Plaintiffs’ notes that required them to pay Plaintiffs from the proceeds of any sale of TZl’s assets:

Maker explicitly agrees that collateral for this loan includes both their personal assets as well as the assets of Tutoring-zone, LC. Maker further agrees that any proceeds from the sale of any Tutoring-zone, LC assets exceeding individually or collectively $10,000.00 must first be applied to the Holder’s debt and accumulated interest thereon.21

Plaintiffs did not discover the IP Transfer until after Defendants filed bankruptcy, Email correspondence shows that the attorney representing James, TZ1 and Defendants counseled Defendants and James *377not to disclose the IP Transfer to Plaintiffs until after Defendants filed their Chapter 7 Petition. That attorney also advised Defendants and James not to disclose the creation of TZ2 until 90 days had run from the IP Transfer.22

After the IP Transfer, TZ1 was left a shell with no assets and no income. Through the trial, and presumably continuing through this ruling, TZ2 continues to operate the same tutoring business, called “TutoringZone,” under the direction of Mr. Hintze. TZ2 is still owned by James and Frenchman and remains profitable.

PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Plaintiffs filed the Complaint commencing this adversary proceeding on May 31, 2013, seeking judgments that 1) their claims are non-dischargeable under Section 523 of the Bankruptcy Code, and 2) that the Defendants’ discharges should be denied pursuant to Section 727(a)(2)(A) of the code.23 Before trial, the parties engaged in, and the Court held several hearings involving disputes over, rather torturous discovery that, for the most part, consisted of Plaintiffs seeking information and Defendants refusing to provide it. Discovery problems and related issues significantly delayed the scheduling of a trial. For example, an evidentiary hearing in October of 2015 resulted in a ruling that Defendants’ communications with their counsel were not protected by the attorney-client privilege due to the crime-fraud exception. That hearing produced an order requiring Defendants and their former attorney to produce all communications between them pertaining to the IP Transfer. By this hearing, Defendants’ attorney had withdrawn, leaving Defendants unrepresented. Shortly after this hearing, Defendants hired replacement counsel and filed an emergency motion for reconsideration. Upon granting that motion the Court scheduled a full day evidentiary hearing to give Defendants an opportunity to re-try the crime-fraud exception issue, with counsel. The day of that hearing, Defendants and James waived attorney-client privilege as to communications with their collective former attorney, thus avoiding a full-blown evidentiary hearing on the merits. Had the hearing gone forward as scheduled, the evidence would have focused on the IP Transfer and communications surrounding that transfer. By waiving the attorney-client privilege the day of the hearing, Defendants successfully delayed, yet again, a final resolution of this Adversary Proceeding.

More discovery disputes and other battles ensued, necessitating significant attorney and judicial time and spawning several hearings. Throughout these skirmishes, none of the fundamental facts have changed. Rather, as more and more evidence came to light as a result of the tireless efforts of Plaintiffs and their counsel, the picture of how and why the IP Transfer occurred crystalized.

Before trial, the Court granted partial summary judgment to Plaintiffs.24 At the conclusion of the trial, the Court directed the parties to file written closing arguments and brief summaries of the evidence on two issues:

*3781) Whether TZ1 was Defendants’ alter ego; and

2) Whether the assets of TZ1 had value at the time the transactions occurred.

DISCUSSION

At issue is whether Defendants’ bankruptcy discharges should be denied pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)(A), which provides:

The court shall grant the debtor a discharge, unless... (2) the debtor, with intent to hinder, delay, or defraud a creditor or an officer of the estate charged with custody of property under this title, has transferred, removed, destroyed, mutilated, or concealed, or has permitted to be transferred, removed, destroyed, mutilated, or concealed—(A) property of the debtor, within one year before the date of the filing of the petition.

A bankruptcy discharge is for honest but unfortunate debtors who, despite their best efforts, are unable to meet the demands of their creditors.25 Provisions denying discharge are generally construed liberally in favor of debtors and strictly against creditors.26 At the same time, bankruptcy laws are intended to give debtors a “fresh start,” not a “head start.”27 Cases involving denial of discharge are fact-intensive.

In In re Jennings, the Eleventh Circuit held that “[a] party who objects to a discharge has the burden to prove the objection by a preponderance of the evidence.”28 To prevail on an objection to a debtor’s discharge under Section 727(a)(2)(A), a creditor must establish that the act complained of: 1) was done within one year prior to the date the petition was filed; 2) was done with actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud a creditor; 3) was that of the debtor; and 4) consisted of transferring, removing, destroying, or concealing any of the debtor’s property.29 If the creditor meets the burden of proving these “Jennings factors,” “the debtor then must bring forward enough credible evidence to dissuade the court from exercising its jurisdiction to deny the debtor discharge based on the evidence presented by the objecting party.”30

It is undisputed that the acts complained of occurred within one year before Defendants filed their Chapter 7 petition and that the IP Transfer was orchestrated and effectuated by Defendants, so the first and third Jennings factors do not require analysis. Analysis of the second and fourth Jennings factors is critical.

SECOND “JENNINGS” FACTOR-ACTUAL INTENT TO HINDER, DELAY, OR DEFRAUD

Because it is rare to have direct proof of intent to hinder, delay or defraud, it is proper to infer intent from circumstantial evidence. This evidence often emanates from conditions surrounding the transaction, commonly known as the badges of fraud. The Eleventh Circuit in *379Jennings reiterated specific, but not exclusive, badges of fraud: 1) the lack or inadequacy of consideration for the property received; 2) the nature of the relationship between the transferor and the transferee; 3) whether the transferor retains possession, control, benefits, or use of the property in question; 4) whether the transfer resulted in insolvency; 5) the cumulative effect of the debtor’s transactions and course of conduct after the onset of financial difficulties or threat of suit by creditors; and 6) the general chronology and timing of the transfer in question.31 Plaintiffs have proven the existence of several badges of fraud:

The lack or inadequacy of consideration received. TZ1 received nothing for the IP Transfer. Instead, Defendants received personal debt forgiveness in the amount of $200,000.

The nature of the relationship between the transferor and transferee. Because TZ1 was Defendants’ alter ego, Defendants constitute the actual transferors, even though the assets transferred belonged to TZ1.32 The owners, TZ1 were Defendants; the majority owner of the transferee, TZ2, is James.33 James is a longtime friend of and mentor to Matthew Hintze, as well as a creditor to whom Defendants owed $475,000 on account of prior business transactions.

Whether the transferor retains possession, control, benefit, or use of the property in question. Defendants, the putative transferors, retained complete use of the assets transferred via the IP Transfer, the tutoring business, and a job and salary for Mr. Hintze.

Whether the transfer resulted in insolvency. The IP Transfer rendered TZ1 insolvent; in turn, the insolvency of TZ1 rendered Defendants insolvent.

The cumulative effect of the transactions and course of conduct after the onset of financial difficulties or threat of suit by creditors. TZl’s financial difficulties began immediately upon Mr. Hintze taking ownership of and Defendants getting control over 100% of TZ1. After TZl’s financial difficulties began Defendants started planning how to keep TZl’s tutoring business, goodwill, reputation and income while at the same time transferring its assets out of Plaintiffs’ reach. By ultimately transferring TZl’s assets to a friend, James, Defendants eviscerated their contractual obligations to pay some Plaintiffs everything they received upon the sale of TZl’s assets in excess of $10,000.00. Through the combination of the IP Transfer and filing bankruptcy, Defendants left Plaintiffs with no assets from which to be repaid for their loans, and no effective remedy other than to file the instant suit.

The general chronology and timing of the transfer in question. The IP Transfer occurred after Defendants realized they could not pay Plaintiffs, after one Plaintiff had sued Defendants, and after the others told Defendants they would not put any more money into TZ1.34 Defendants’ correspondence and actions surrounding the IP Transfer are particularly revealing.

Beginning in March of 2012, Defendants began communicating among themselves, and with James and their collective attor*380ney, about options for saving their struggling tutoring business, including selling TZ1 back to Ethan Fieldman and raising more money; all options included Defendants filing bankruptcy.35 Defendants did not share these communications with Plaintiffs. In a May 8, 2012 email, James described what he categorized as a less expensive “avenue” suggested by his and Defendants’ collective attorney: to have Defendants “file for bankruptcy and then arrange the sale of the TZ name to an LLC” to be set up by James.36 James would then have his LLC hire Mr. Hintze and the other TZ1 tutors and find a small space to rent. With regard to this “avenue,” James wrote: “The other creditors will obviously not be happy.”37

In a May 10, 2012 email regarding “Update on Meeting with Attorney,” Mr. Hintze outlined what Defendants, James, and them collective attorney referred to as the “Pump and Dump” strategy:38

[Our attorney] discussed the ‘Pump and Dump’ Strategy. Based on the conversations, here are some questions and considerations:

Pump and Dump Strategy

How it works:

TutoringZone IP is sold to an LLC Holding Company (Special Purpose Entity);

Special Purpose Entity sells to NEW-CO;

Since leases and lines of credit were personally guaranteed, Matt and Larina [Hintze] would most likely have to declare personal bankruptcy;

• IP is sold at Forced Liquidation Value.

• Attorney stated “value” is known based on SE [Study Edge] $350,000 valuation although he did not see or analyze term sheet.

• If so, then back at square 1. Wouldn’t have any problems if we had $350,000

• NEWCO observes 90-day window under radar due to reach back from creditors.

• Attorney stated we may ‘operate’ just can’t set up new entity.

• Need clarification how we can operate now vs 90 day window.39

In that same email, under the heading “Considerations,” Mr. Hintze wrote: “Pump and Dump must happen prior to ANYONE files [sic] lawsuits = must be very careful in communications;” under “Option A,” Mr. Hintze suggested: “Sell IP to new entity on 5/14 (back date contract if necessary).”40 In a section of the same email entitled “Creditor Retorts,” Mr. Hintze voiced concerns with the Pump and Dump strategy:

1. Merger Doctrine—More similarities between TZ and NEWCO (name, website, phone numbers, etc.), more likely *381creditors prevail they were duped. Otherwise this looks like a merger and we are vulnerable;” and “2. With respect to name 1,000 of recorded videos that have to be redone to remove TZ logo on bottom. Need clarification on ramifications of keeping TZ Logo streaming in videos or keeping TZ name.41

On May 11, 2012, Defendants met with another bankruptcy attorney for a second opinion.42 In an email to James the next day, Ms. Hintze recited that attorney’s trepidation about the “Pump and Dump” strategy:

[The attorney] thought pump and dump would give creditors a pretty strong fraud and misrepresentation case against Matt and Larina [Hintze]. They don’t have debtors prison—but 18 months for fraud they do have. She thought it was a very risky strategy for us personally especially given the current state of some creditors.43

After meeting with that attorney, and before their final meeting with Plaintiffs, Defendants consulted with yet another bankruptcy attorney. Then Mr. Hintze emailed James and Ms. Hintze a document entitled “TutoringZone Resolution” that he stated he intended to hand out at the meeting. That document set forth three options, with “Option 1” described as:

Sell assets to New Company

Mechanics

BK Hintze; Wind Down TZ

Equity to New Capital

-Consideration for existing Notehold-ers

-Clawback

One Opinion: Opens equity in NEWCO to fraud

Second Opinion: Liabilities go with assets.44

Neither “Option 1” nor anything else in the “TutoringZone Resolution” mentioned that the plan was for TZl’s assets to go to TZ2, for TZ2 to be owned by James, or for there to be no consideration flowing to TZ1 or Plaintiffs as a result of the transfer.

The May 14, 2012 meeting was held in the evening.45 Before the meeting, Mr. Hintze reported to Ms. Hintze and James that one attorney’s opinion of “Option 1” was that it “[o]pens equity in NEWCO to fraud.”46 Notwithstanding that attorney’s opinion, Defendants distributed the Tuto-ringZone Resolution at the May 14 meeting.47 The evidence is not clear that anyone explained the details of the contemplated IP Transfer to Plaintiffs beyond what was set forth in “Option 1” on the Tutoring-Zone Resolution, which is the only option remotely similar to what actually happened. Mr. Hintze and John Spence testified at trial that James did not speak during the May 14 meeting. James’ testimony at trial was presented via deposition transcript.48 In his deposition, James ini*382tially testified that he spoke during the May 14 meeting and gave details of what he said: in response to a question from Plaintiffs’ counsel regarding his motivations in setting up TZ2, James answered that he “laid out those motivations to the investor creditors in a May 14th meeting in which I said we’ve tried to restructure this company,”49 After that detailed description of what he said at the May 14 meeting, James contradicted himself, testifying that he did not disclose or say anything at the meeting other than agree to the “restructuring.” 50

Defendants claim that they explained to Plaintiffs at the May 14 meeting their plans with respect to the IP Transfer. Emails they exchanged with each other, James and their collective attorney after the May 14 meeting show otherwise. They also demonstrate that the goal was keep the IP Transfer “under the radar.”51 The day after the May 14 meeting, Ms. Hintze emailed James and Mr. Hintze. Referring to “Option 1” in the “TutoringZone Resolution,” Ms. Hintze declared: “This would keep TZ alive, protect the payroll advanced and discharge all other creditors. This is a ‘cleaner’ pump and dump scenario where we keep the name and thus thousands .of hours of recorded video as well as the chance, to capture all those summer revenues.”52

On May 27, 2012, John Spence emailed Defendants, James, and others complaining that he had received no correspondence from Defendants since the May 14 meeting.53 On May 28, 2012, Defendants and James discussed possible responses to John Spenee’s May 27 email.54 When Mr. Hintze finally replied to John Spence on May 29, 2012, rather than use any of the responses discussed, rather than disclosing the upcoming IP Transfer, he declared that Defendants were “allowing TZ to go out of business,” and wrote: “[w]e are working hard to move forward and revive the business in a different way with the goal to pay everyone back ....” 55 Defendants claim that the “plan” they actually put in place was communicated to Plaintiffs in this May 29, 2012 email. That claim is patently false. That email made no mention of an entity named TZ2, that TZ2 was to be owned by James, that Defendants intended to have TZ1 transfer its assets to TZ2 for no consideration to TZ1, or that TZ2 would continue TZl’s business with Mr. Hintze at the helm.

A May 30, 2012 email exchange between Ms. Hintze and the attorney representing Defendants, James and TZ1 provides more proof of Defendants’ intent to hinder, delay, or defraud their creditors. In that email, Ms. Hintze asked the attorney whether “time was of the essence.”56 In his reply that same day the attorney confirmed that time was indeed of the 'essence, explaining that the more time that passed between the execution and assign*383ment of the IP Lease and when Plaintiffs learned of it, the better.57 In an email the following day, the same lawyer instructed that James was anxious to get the IP Transfer agreement executed so that the “90-day clock starts running as soon as possible.”58 No one had yet disclosed the plan or the IP Transfer to Plaintiffs.

On June 11, 2012, Plaintiff Sheila Spence emailed Ms. Hintze, again voicing concern about the lack of communication from Defendants.59 Rather than reveal the IP Transfer at that time or give Plaintiffs any other material information about what was happening, Mr. Hintze simply retorted that he would give an update via phone or in person.60

The cover-up continued. In a June 30, 2012 email to James and Mr. Hintze, Ms. Hintze wrote: “Doesn’t telling them about TZ2 alert Ethan [Fieldman] about TZ2? I thought that was the quandary we were in—trying to keep them from knowing for 90 days.”61

Clearly distressed with the continued lack of communication from Defendants, on July 1, 2012 John Spence emailed Mr. Hintze again voicing his displeasure with being kept in the dark. He reiterated that Defendants had not provided financial or corporate updates since early May 2012, and threatened to file suit unless he received a “full, accurate and comprehensive report” about TZl’s situation by July 5, 2012.62 Mr. Hintze drafted, but never sent, a response to John Spence explaining that he and the other TZ1 tutors had taken jobs with TZ2. Mr. Hintze transmitted this draft response only to Ms. Hintze, James, and their collective attorney;63 he sent a sanitized response to John Spence that did not disclose the IP Transfer, the current status of TZ1, or the situation with TZ2.64

Meanwhile, Defendants’ efforts to delay and hinder Plaintiffs continued. On June 18, 2012, after the paperwork transferring TZl’s assets to TZ2 was complete, Ethan Fieldman enquired of Defendants’ state court attorney whether Defendants might be willing to entertain an offer to re-purchase TZ1.65 By that time TZ1 was nothing but a shell. Rather than have Defendants’ state court attorney disclose to Fieldman that TZ1 was defunct, Ms. Hintze thanked that attorney for “keeping the ball moving around with no goal other than to delay.” 66

Even James admitted that the purpose of his involvement with TZ1 and TZ2 was to “shelter” TZ1 from creditors and help Mr. Hintze. In response to an email from the Dean of the UF Finance Department asking why UF had received a public ree-*384ords request about James’ financial disclosures, James replied, in part:

My guess is that it has something to do with my involvement in Tutoring Zone ... In order to shelter the business from some creditors, and to help Matt [Hintze] out, a partner and I set up an LLC in August and acquired some of the intellectual property in Tutoring zone. Matt [Hintze] still runs his business but is now an employee of the LLC.67

FOURTH “JENNINGS” FACTOR: TRANSFER OR DESTRUCTION OF PROPERTY OF THE DEBTORS

The Transfer was of property of the Debtors because TZ1 was Defendants’ Alter Ego.

Because the assets transferred belonged to TZ1 and not the Defendants, individually, a determination that Defendants transferred “property of the debtor” turns on whether TZ1 was Defendants’ alter ego. A ruling that TZ1 was Defendants’ alter ego amounts, in essence, to piercing the corporate veil.

The Florida Supreme Court has held that the corporate veil will not be pierced unless it is shown that the corporation was organized or employed to mislead creditors or to work a fraud upon them,68 A showing of improper conduct is required to pierce the corporate veil.69 “Florida’s high regard for corporate ownership requires a showing that the corporation was specifically organized or used to mislead creditors or to perpetrate fraud before a party can pierce a corporation’s veil.”70 Improper conduct exists where a corporation is used “as a mere subterfuge to mislead or defraud creditors, to hide assets, to evade the requirements of a statute or some analogous betrayal of trust.”71

In Biscayne Realty & Ins. Co. v. Ostend Realty Co., the Florida Supreme Court held:

If the stockholders of a corporation enter into a transaction in them individual and private interests, and utilize the name of the corporation merely as a convenience for the completion of the transaction, where the legal entity as such has no interest in the matter, but the name is used to mislead creditors or perpetrate a fraud upon them, the legal entity in the name of which the transaction was carried will be ignored and the parties held to individual liability.72

To pierce the corporate veil under Florida law, the claimant has the heavy burden to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that: 1) the shareholder dominated and controlled the corporation to such an extent that the corporation’s independent existence was in fact non-existent and the shareholder was in fact the alter ego of the corporation; 2) the corporate form must have been used fraudulently or for an improper purpose; and 3) the fraudulent or improper use of the corpo*385rate form caused injury to the claimant.73 Plaintiffs have proven the elements needed to pierce the corporate veil and hold that TZ1 was Defendants’ alter ego.

1) Whether Defendants dominated and controlled TZ1 to such an extent that its independent existence was in fact non-existent.

Defendants urge that at all times TZ1 maintained a separate and independent existence. The evidence shows otherwise. The sole consideration for the transfer of TZl’s assets to TZ2 was personal debt forgiveness in favor of Defendants.74 Both Mr. Hintze and James admitted that it was their intent for Defendants to receive personal debt forgiveness, rather than have any money or consideration flow to TZ1.75 This diversion of consideration from TZ1 to Defendants illustrates Defendants’ domination and control over TZ1 prior to and at the time of the IP Transfer.

Defendants’ domination and control of TZ1 is also revealed in correspondence between Defendants and others. In an email to James about a meeting with the attorney representing all of them, Ms. Hintze wrote: “I was unclear and confused by the meeting as TZ is us and we are TZ—first he [the attorney] said he only represents TZ—then he said we are so mingled he would waive conflict and represent us.”76

As evidence that Defendants and TZ1 maintained a separate and independent existence, Defendants point to what Mr. Hintze described as an “advisory board.”77 According to Mr. Hintze, this “advisory board” functioned like a board of directors for TZ1 and had the ability to take operational and financial control of the company with a three-fourths vote.78 In reality, there was no advisory board. There was a provision for an advisory committee entitled to provide “routine oversight” to TZl’s operations and to evaluate and monitor its budgets, operations and financial functions.79 The advisory committee, comprised of some Plaintiffs, became active and John Spence took over as temporary CEO of TZ1 for a short period of time to avert an emergency with the tutors; in large part by removing Ms. Hintze from her then role as supervisor of tutors and, by so doing, convincing the remaining tutors not to leave.80

*386Defendants introduced no evidence that they relinquished control of TZl’s finances, bank account or overall business affairs while the advisory committee was active. Before, during and after the advisory committee’s efforts to help save TZl’s business Defendants were in . absolute control and essentially treated TZ1 as an extension of themselves. Among other things, Defendants had TZ1 make an interest payment on their personal obligation to InterMed Biomedical Services, Inc. and pay other personal debts.81 Defendants were the only persons authorized to sign on TZl’s bank accounts. They pledged TZ1 assets for their personal loans from Plaintiffs, failed to observe corporate formalities, and co-mingled their own and TZl’s liabilities on various financial statements.

2) Whether Defendants used TZ1 fraudulently or for an improper purpose.

Defendants used TZ1 to put their tutoring business into the hands of friend and mentor, James. By so doing, Defendants shielded themselves from having to pay Plaintiffs any proceeds from the transfer, and kept the benefits of TZ1 for themselves. Defendants caused TZ1 to do all this in secret. They retained the attorney that was representing James and TZ1 and stopped communicating with Plaintiffs after meeting with that attorney just prior to the May 14, 2012 meeting. After that meeting, and after they had caused TZ1 to lease and then transfer its assets to James and TZ2, Defendants maintained a charade that TZ1 was conducting business as usual. Defendants’ and their cohorts’ repeated references to the “90 day clock” leave no question that Defendants intended to hide the IP Transfer from Plaintiffs until after the 90 day preference period expired. While TZ1 may have been operated for a legitimate purpose and as an independent entity while it was owned 50/50 by Mr. Hintze and Ethan Fieldman, once Defendants bought out Mr. Fieldman everything changed. TZ1 became virtually indistinguishable from and an extension of Defendants, who employed it to mislead and hinder, delay and defraud their creditors.82

3) Whether the fraudulent or improper use of TZ1 caused injury to Plaintiffs.

The IP Transfer and transfers of TZl’s other assets left TZ1 with no value, income or ability to generate income. The transfers rendered Plaintiffs’ contractual right to receive the proceeds of any sale of the' assets of TZ1 in excess of $10,000 a nullity. Defendants’ avowal that Plaintiffs were not injured by the transfer of TZl’s assets' because they had no value is negated by the preponderance of the evidence. All of TZl’s intellectual property, including its website, TutoringZone Service Mark and Registration Number with the US Patent and Trademark office was transferred to TZ2. TZ2 continued operating the same business under the same name, using the same logo and using many, if not all, of the *387same materials.83 TZ2 tutored the same classes and used the same phone number, URL, email address and business model as TZ1. If these assets had zero value, it makes no sense that James and Defendants would want to continue doing business under the same TutoringZone name.84

Plaintiffs properly brought the § 727(a)(2)(A) action based on an alter ego claim.

Where a trustee, or such other party as may be authorized by the court to do so, is asserting an alter ego claim that is common to all creditors and allowed by state law, such a claim is proper, even in the case of individual, as opposed to corporate, debtors.85 Here, Plaintiffs have pursued the alter ego claim in order to deny Defendants’ bankruptcy discharge, which will benefit all creditors, not just Plaintiffs. Plaintiffs’ alter ego claim is allowed by state law.86 Plaintiffs could, and did, properly bring a § 727(a)(2)(A) action based on an alter ego claim.

Defendants destroyed their property, comprised of their membership interests in TZ1.

A debtor’s discharge may be denied if the evidence shows that the debt- or, with intent to hinder, delay or defraud a creditor, has destroyed property of the debtor within one year before filing bankruptcy.87 The Bankruptcy Code does not define, and there is little case law interpreting, the word “destroy” as used in Section 727(a)(2). When a word is not defined by statute, courts normally construe it in accord with its ordinary or natural meaning.88 Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary defines the word “destroy” as “to ruin the structure, organic existence, or condition of.”89 It also defines “destroy” as “to ruin *388as if by tearing to shreds.”90 An example of the latter definition of “destroy” in the Merriam Webster Online Dictionary is: “their reputation was destroyed.”91 If one can “destroy” a reputation, then it stands to reason that one can destroy the value of a membership interest in an LLC.92

Evidence that Defendants’ membership interest in TZ1 had value begins with the fact that the purchase price for Ethan Fieldman’s 50% interest in TZ1 was $835,000 a mere year before the IP Transfer. TZl’s historical cash flow provides additional evidence. On April 5, 2012, Mr. Hintze placed a $2 million valuation on TZ1 based on its 2012 income.93 On the same date, Mr. Hintze valued TZ1 at $1.5 million based on its 2011 income.94 At least one Florida bankruptcy court has found that the most common measure of the value of a business is the cash flow approach, which is based on how much income the business will produce to provide a return on investment.95 That valuation method, applied to TZl’s cash flow, would prove that TZ1, and therefore Defendants’ membership interest, clearly had value.

Defendants’ own words provide additional evidence of value. On May 2, 2012, Mr. Hintze, who has a degree and significant experience in finance and business, told James that he wanted “to position a $3 million valuation” for TZ1.96 That same month, Ethan Fieldman offered to purchase TZ1 back from the Debtors for $350,000.00.97 Only six days before the IP Transfer became effective, in an email to James Ms. Hintze discussed a $2,520,000 valuation of TZ1.98

It is unnecessary to assign a specific value to an asset fraudulently transferred because there is no de minim-is exception in Section 727(a)(2)(A).99 The same reasoning should be applied where a debtor, with intent to hinder, delay or defraud a creditor, has destroyed, or permitted to be destroyed, property. Once Plaintiffs met their burden to prove that Defendants’ membership interests in TZ1 *389had value, it did not matter what the specific value was or if the value was de minimis.

CONCLUSION

Plaintiffs have met their burden to prove the elements of Section 727(a)(2)(A) by a preponderance of the evidence. The unrefuted facts show that with intent to hinder, delay or defraud creditors, Plaintiffs in particular, Defendants caused their wholly owned entity, TZ1, to transfer its most valuable assets to a friendly creditor within a year prior to filing bankruptcy. By doing so, Defendants destroyed the value of their membership interest in TZ1. Defendants purposefully hid the transfer from Plaintiffs. Defendants employed TZ1 to mislead and work a fraud upon Plaintiffs. Defendants failed to bring forward enough credible evidence to dissuade the Court from denying their discharge.

Having considered the trial evidence, the credibility of the witnesses, the facts determined on summary judgment, the written closing arguments, proposed findings of fact and summaries of evidence, and having heard argument of counsel, as announced in open Court on October 6, 2016, judgment shall be entered for Plaintiffs. Defendants’ discharges will be denied pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)(A).

Final Judgment shall be entered in favor of Plaintiffs and against Defendants on Count VIII. A separate order will be entered in Case No. 12-10462 denying Defendants’ discharge pursuant to Section 727(a)(2)(A).

DONE AND ORDERED ON February 9, 2017.