United States v. Brye
United States v. Brye
Opinion of the Court
ORDER
The Court has scheduled a status conference in this case for Friday, April 5, 2013, at 10:00 a.m., in response to an order entered by a United States District Judge in the Southern District of Georgia (sometimes referred to in this order as “the
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On February 20, 2008, a jury found Defendant guilty of being a convicted felon in possession of a firearm and ammunition affecting interstate commerce.
On May 5, 2008, Defendant, through counsel, appealed his judgment of conviction and sentence to the Eleventh Circuit
On March 1, 2010, Defendant, proceeding pro se, next filed a motion to vacate pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255, alleging only one claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.
On August 16, 2012, while confined at FCI Jesup located in Jesup, Georgia, which is within the jurisdiction of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia, Brunswick Division, Defendant, again proceeding pro se, for the first time challenged his designation as an armed career criminal in a petition filed pursuant to § 2241, claiming as his only ground for relief that he was “actually innocent of his underlying 18 U.S.C. § 924(e) statutory enhancement.”
As noted earlier, the Government in its response to Defendant’s petition conceded that he was entitled to relief and waived procedural default.
ANALYSIS
There can be no question that the Georgia court and not this Court had jurisdiction to entertain Defendant’s § 2241 petition inasmuch as he was incarcerated within that jurisdiction. See Fernandez v. United States, 941 F.2d 1488, 1495 (11th Cir. 1991) (holding that “[s]ection 2241 petitions may be brought only in the district court for the district in which the inmate is incarcerated.”). As a panel of the Eleventh Circuit observed a little more than one month ago, “our precedent instructs that courts outside the district of a petitioner’s incarceration do not have jurisdiction over a petitioner’s 2241 motion.” United States v. Agosta, 505 Fed.Appx. 893, 894 (11th Cir. 2013) (unpublished) (citing Fernandez); see also Lee v. Wetzel, 244 F.3d 370, 373 (5th Cir. 2001) (concluding that the district court in the Northern District of Florida, where Petitioner was incarcerated, did not have the discretion to transfer petitioner’s § 2241 petition to the district court in the Eastern District of Louisiana, where petitioner was sentenced).
In the Court’s view, however, the Georgia court did not possess the authority to order this Court to resentence Defendant because such an order would cause this Court to violate clear and unambiguous Eleventh Circuit precedent in the form of the “mandate rule” which requires that “[a] trial court, upon receiving the mandate of an appellate court may not alter, amend, or examine, or give any further relief or review, but must enter an order in strict compliance with the mandate.” Piambino v. Bailey, 757 F.2d 1112, 1119-20 (11th Cir. 1985) (citations omitted); accord Norelus v. Denny’s, Inc., 628 F.3d 1270, 1280 (11th Cir. 2010) (quoting Piambino ).
Additionally, this Court strongly, but respectfully, disagrees with the underlying rationale of the order issued by the Georgia court, rendered in a non-adversarial context and based on concessions by the Government which that court was not required to accept. Gilbert, 640 F.3d at 1306, n. 14. Instead, the Court is persuaded by the well-reasoned and thorough opinion rendered by United States District Judge Wm. Terrell Hodges in McKinney v. Warden, FCC Coleman-Medium, 870 F.Supp.2d 1351 (M.D.Fla. 2012), in which he denied habeas relief to McKinney under § 2241 in a procedural and factual setting virtually identical to Defendant’s case, despite the Government’s concession that McKinney was entitled to relief.
Finally, the Court finds instructive the footnote comments contained in a recent published opinion of the Eleventh Circuit in Turner v. Warden Coleman FCI (Medium), 709 F.3d 1328 (11th Cir. 2013), which appear to lend support to Judge Hodges’ decision. In that case, the Court again sidestepped answering the question left open by the en banc court in Gilbert as to whether a defendant who could demonstrate that he was erroneously classified as an armed career criminal, such that the defendant is serving a sentence in excess of the statutory maximum, could invoke the “savings clause” in § 2255(e), thereby permitting the defendant to bring a § 2241 petition claiming he was sentenced to a term of imprisonment exceeding the statutory maximum. Turner, 709 F.3d at 1335 (stating, in sidestepping the issue, that “we need not dip a toe in the boiling cauldron at this juncture”). In that footnote, the Eleventh Circuit commented in part that “[w]e harbor some doubt as to whether such a showing, even if properly made, would permit opening the § 2241 portal.” Id. at n. 3.
CONCLUSION
It is, therefore, ORDERED and ADJUDGED that the Court will not resentence Defendant as directed by the Georgia court. The status conference scheduled for Friday, April 5, 2013, at 10:00 a.m., is cancelled, and the United States Attorney is directed not to return Defendant to this jurisdiction for resentencing.
. See Brye v. Haynes, case number 2:12-cv-144-LGW-JEG, docket 15, adopting Report and Recommendation at docket 13 (reported at 2013 WL 443668 (S.D.Ga. 2013)). The Court notes that neither the Georgia court nor the Government put the Court on notice of the entry of the order. The Court discovered the Magistrate Judge's Report and Recommendation on Westlaw by happenstance and then accessed the PACER (Public Access to Court Electronic Records) system to review Defendant's § 2241 proceeding initiated in the Georgia court. Based on that access, the Court found the Georgia court's order.
. See id.., docket 12, page 11.
. See docket 47.
. According to Defendant’s presentence report, he was convicted of possession of cocaine with intent to sell/possession with intent to purchase cocaine/sale or delivery of cocaine in one case, possession with intent to sell or deliver cannabis in another case, aggravated assault in a third case, and carrying a concealed firearm in two other cases. See Presentence Report, paragraph 27.
. See Presentence Report, paragraphs 30, 32, 48, 49, and 85.
. Compare 18 U.S.C. § 924(a)(2) with 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1).
. See docket 57.
. See docket 66 and Addendum to Presentence Report.
. See docket 58.
. See docket 72 (reported at 318 Fed.Appx. 878 (11th Cir. 2009) (unpublished)).
. According to the Eleventh Circuit's docket in Defendant's appellate case, case number 08-12578-HH, Defendant's counsel filed the initial brief on August 8, 2008. Because Be-gay had been decided on April 16, 2008, and obviously announced a new rule of criminal law with regard to what does and does not qualify as a violent felony under the ACCA, Defendant was entitled to the benefit of that decision, and by extension the benefit of the decision in Archer decided on June 26, 2008, since his case was still pending on direct review. See Schriro v. Summerlin, 542 U.S. 348, 351, 124 S.Ct. 2519, 2522, 159 L.Ed.2d 442 (2004)(stating that “[wjhen a decision of this Court results in a 'new rule,’ that rule applies to all criminal cases still pending on direct review.”) (citing Griffith v. Kentucky, 479 U.S. 314, 328, 107 S.Ct. 708, 93 L.Ed.2d 649 (1987)). For some unexplained reason, Defendant's appellate counsel did not raise the issue that his two prior convictions for carrying a concealed firearm no longer qualified as violent felonies under the ACCA for sentencing enhancement purposes in light of Begay and Archer because that issue is not listed among the seven arguments the Eleventh Circuit stated he raised on appeal in the unpublished opinion affirming his judgment of conviction and sentence. See United States v. Brye, 318 Fed.Appx. 878 (11th Cir. 2009) (unpublished). Under Eleventh Circuit precedent, Defendant’s counsel's failure to raise the issue in the initial brief foreclosed him from raising it later in the direct appeal proceedings either in his reply brief or on a petition for rehearing. See United States v. Levy, 379 F.3d 1241, 1242 (11th Cir. 2004) (and cases cited).
. See docket 76.
. See case number 8:10-cv-546-T-26TGW, docket 4.
. See Brye v. Haynes, case number 2:12-cv-144-LGW-JEG, docket 1, page 4.
. See id., docket 1, page 4.
. This was a crucial omission on the part of Defendant inasmuch as the Eleventh Circuit, as explained in Goodloe v. United States, 448 Fed.Appx. 980, 981 (11th Cir. 2011) (unpublished), has embraced the position that "under Bousley v. United States, 523 U.S. 614, 623, 118 S.Ct. 1604, 1611, 140 L.Ed.2d 828 (1998), the actual innocence exception requires factual innocence, not mere legal innocence, and enhanced sentencing is a matter of legal, not factual innocence.” (Citing McKay v. United States, 657 F.3d 1190, 1197-98 (11th Cir. 2011)); see also Turner v. Warden Coleman FCI (Medium), 709 F.3d 1328, 1335, n. 3 (11th Cir. 2013) (noting "we have previously suggested that 'for the actual innocence exception to apply in the noncapital sentencing context, a movant must show that he is factually innocent of the conduct of the underlying crime that serves as the predicate for the enhanced sentence.’ ") (quoting McKay, 657 F.3d at 1198-99) (emphasis in original in McKay).
. See Brye v. Haynes, case number 2:12-cv-144-LGW-JEG, docket 1-1, page 2, note 1.
. Although the Court acknowledges the Government’s right to make such a concession, see Chaplin v. Hickey, 458 Fed.Appx. 827 (11th Cir. 2012) (unpublished), especially with regard to waiving the affirmative defense of procedural default, see Wood v. Milyard,-U.S.-, 132 S.Ct. 1826, 1834-35, 182 L.Ed.2d 733 (2012), nevertheless, the Government's position, as promulgated by the Solicitor General, that Defendant is entitled to habeas relief under § 2241 does not automatically take on the force of law because of such a concession.
. See Brye v. Haynes, case number 2:12-cv-144-LGW-JEG, docket 15. The Court notes, however, that neither the Government’s response, the Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation, or the District Judge’s order cited any authority for the proposition that the relief due Defendant under § 2241 was a return to this Court’s jurisdiction for resentencing purposes. This Court’s independent research has revealed no such authority supporting such a proposition.
. The Court realizes that the "mandate rule” is subject to certain exceptions such as "an intervening change in the controlling law dictates a different result, or the appellate decision is clearly erroneous and, if implemented, would work a manifest injustice.” Piambino, 757 F.2d at 1120 (citations omitted). The jurisdictional problem with regard to this Court invoking these exceptions on behalf of Defendant, however, is that there is nothing pending before this Court which would authorize this Court to look behind the "mandate rule” based on these exceptions.
. The Court also has a concern that by following the Georgia court's order it will be violating the dictates of 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c) which strictly prohibits the Court from modifying a previously imposed term of imprisonment except under certain narrowly defined circumstances, none of which are present in this case.
. The Court notes that Judge Hodges' order denying § 2241 relief is on appeal to the Eleventh Circuit in case number 12-12953.
. How the Georgia court decides to dispose of the matter in accord with that statutory mandate, with the exception of ordering this Court to resentence Defendant, is for the Georgia court to decide consistent with its exclusive jurisdiction over Defendant's § 2241 proceeding.
. To accede to the Government and the Georgia court’s proposition that the district court of incarceration, after granting a § 2241 petition, has the jurisdictional authority under the "dispose of the matter as law and justice require” language of § 2243 to order the district court of sentencing to resentence a defendant would lead to the anomalous result of allowing a district court of incarceration in one circuit to order the district court of sentencing in another circuit to resentence a defendant in direct contravention of that other circuit's mandate either affirming a defendant's sentence imposed by the district court of sentencing or affirming the denial of a defendant’s request for collateral relief by the district court of sentencing. To say that “Pandora's Box” would be opened in terms of allowing district courts to undermine the finality of circuit-affirmed criminal sentences throughout this country’s federal criminal justice system would be an understatement. Cf. Catches v. United States, 582 F.2d 453, 458 (8th Cir. 1978) (observing that "[a] Pandora’s Box of post-conviction litigation would be opened, if we were to accept appellant's suggestion that the accused’s state of mind be the controlling factor [in determining whether an informed waiver of appeal was made by a defendant].”).
Reference
- Full Case Name
- United States v. Carlton D. BRYE 49616-018
- Status
- Published