Pritchard v. Fla. High Sch. Athletic Ass'n, Inc.
Pritchard v. Fla. High Sch. Athletic Ass'n, Inc.
Opinion of the Court
This matter comes before the Court on plaintiff's Motion for Preliminary Injunction (Doc. # 5) filed on February 14, 2019. Defendant filed a Memorandum in Opposition (Doc. # 24) on March 14, 2019. The Court heard oral arguments on the motion on March 18, 2019. For the reasons set forth below, the motion is denied.
I.
On February 13, 2019, plaintiff Thomas Pritchard filed a three-count Verified Complaint against defendant Florida High School Athletic Association, Inc., alleging violations of Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, based on disability discrimination. (Doc. # 1, pp. 12-16.) Defendant is a non-profit corporation and the athletic administrative organization that regulates student participation in Florida high school athletic programs. (Id. p. 2.) As part of this regulation, defendant adopts and publishes bylaws relating to student-athlete eligibility. (Id. p. 3.) One such bylaw provides the following:
9.5.1 High School Student Has Four Years of Eligibility. A student is limited to four consecutive school years of eligibility beginning with school year he/she begins ninth grade for the first time. This does not imply that the student has four years of participation. After four consecutive school years, the student is permanently ineligible.
(Doc. # 1-3, p. 23.)
Per the Verified Complaint, plaintiff participated in high school athletics during his ninth and tenth grade years in Virginia before transferring to Florida and attending the Canterbury School. (Id. pp. 4-6.)
*1084Based on a pre-enrollment assessment, Canterbury administrators recommended plaintiff repeat the tenth grade. (Id. p. 6.) Plaintiff did so, and competed in the school's basketball and lacrosse programs. (Id. ) The following year in the eleventh grade, plaintiff competed in the school's football, basketball, and lacrosse programs. (Id. ) Under defendant's Bylaw 9.5.1, this was the final year of plaintiff's eligibility because it was his fourth consecutive year in high school.
Plaintiff is now in the twelfth grade at Canterbury and on track to graduate at the end of the school year. (Id. p. 7.) In August 2018, Canterbury filed a request with defendant to waive Bylaw 9.5.1 and allow plaintiff to have an additional year of eligibility. (Doc. # 1-4, pp. 24-27.) During the 2017-18 school year, Canterbury staff recommended a psychologist test plaintiff. (Doc. # 1, pp. 6-7.) A full psychoeducational evaluation concluded plaintiff possessed a learning disorder with impairment in reading and comprehension. (Id. p. 7.) Canterbury administrators also identified a previous injury to plaintiff's hand, which caused him to have to write with his non-dominate hand, as a physical disability that adversely affected his math proficiency. (Id. p. 7.) As a supplement to the school's requested waiver, plaintiff's attorney argued that a waiver was appropriate because of, inter alia , plaintiff's learning disability and his hand injury. (Doc. # 1-4, p. 50.)
Defendant's Sectional Appeals Committee held a hearing on the matter on September 6, 2018 and ultimately denied the request for a waiver. (Doc. # 1-6, p. 109.) A second hearing was held on October 4, 2018 with the same result. (Doc. # 1-8, p. 150.) Plaintiff appealed the Committee's decision to defendant's Board of Directors, which conducted a hearing on October 28, 2018. (Doc. # 1-10, p. 195.) The Board upheld the Committee's ruling denying the waiver on November 1, 2018. (Id. )
On February 14, 2019, plaintiff filed a Motion for Temporary Restraining Order seeking, inter alia , a temporary restraining order and preliminary and permanent injunctions ordering defendant to accommodate him by allowing him to participate in boys' lacrosse during the 2018-19 school year. (Doc. # 5, p. 2.) On February 19, 2019, the Court denied the portion of the motion seeking a temporary restraining order. (Doc. # 6.) The Court found that by waiting to file the motion for nearly three and a half months until only two days before the lacrosse team's season began, the "emergency" nature of the plaintiff's situation was his own making. (Id. p. 5.)
On February 25, 2019, plaintiff filed a request for a hearing on his motion for preliminary injunction. (Doc. # 14.) The Court granted the motion, (Doc. # 21), and a hearing was conducted on March 18, 2019. Having considered the arguments made at the hearing and in the motion, as well as the applicable case law, the Court finds the request for a preliminary injunction should be denied.
II.
In determining whether preliminary injunctive relief is to be granted, the Court considers whether the movant has established (1) a substantial likelihood of success on the merits, (2) that irreparable injury will be suffered if the relief is not granted, (3) that the threatened injury outweighs the harm the relief would inflict on the non-movant, and (4) that entry of the relief would serve the public interest. Schiavo ex rel. Schindler v. Schiavo,
A preliminary injunction is typically prohibitive in nature and seeks simply to maintain the status quo pending a resolution of the merits of the case. Haddad v. Arnold,
III.
A. Irreparable Injury
The Court begins its analysis by reexamining its prior conclusion that plaintiff's three and a half months delay in moving for ex parte relief was fatal to his request for a temporary restraining order. In examining the factors for a preliminary injunction, the Eleventh Circuit has noted that waiting such a period undercuts an argument that the movant faces "irreparable injury" without relief:
A delay in seeking a preliminary injunction of even only a few months-though not necessarily fatal-militates against a finding of irreparable harm. A preliminary injunction requires showing "imminent" irreparable harm. Indeed, the very idea of a preliminary injunction is premised on the need for speedy and urgent action to protect a plaintiff's right before a case can be resolved on its merits. For this reason, our sister circuits and district courts within this Circuit and elsewhere have found that a party's failure to act with speed or urgency in moving for a preliminary injunction necessarily undermines a finding of irreparable harm.
Wreal,
Plaintiff argues his delay in pursuing injunctive relief does not negate a finding of irreparable harm as he possesses a reasonable explanation for the delay. (Doc. # 14, p. 6); see also Roberts v. Swearingen,
For purposes of the motion, the Court will assume the validity of plaintiff's assertions and that they are sufficient to excuse his delay. See Advanced Commc'n Design, Inc. v. Premier Retail Networks, Inc., 46 Fed. App'x 964, 984 (Fed. Cir. 2002) ("[W]e excuse delayed requests for Rule 65 relief when, as in this case, the movant has offered a 'good explanation' for that delay.");
*1086Kotori Designs, LLC v. Living Well Spending Less, Inc.,
B. Likelihood of Success on the Merits
Nonetheless, the Court finds a preliminary injunction is inappropriate because plaintiff has failed to demonstrate a substantial likelihood of success on the merits. Plaintiff's claims are based upon Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act,
(1) Rehabilitation Act
The Rehabilitation Act provides, in pertinent part, "No otherwise qualified individual with a disability...shall, solely by reason of her or his disability, be excluded from the participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance...."
The Court finds that even assuming plaintiff can meet the other elements, he likely cannot demonstrate the second and third elements listed above. Regarding the latter, it is clear plaintiff is not being excluded from participating in high school athletics "solely because of his disability." Rather, plaintiff is being excluded because he has already completed four consecutive years and, therefore, like every other student, he is ineligible under defendant's bylaws. See Sandison v. Mich. High Sch. Athletic Ass'n, Inc.,
The Court also finds that plaintiff has not demonstrated he is "otherwise qualified" to participate. Plaintiff cannot meet defendant's requirements in spite of his disability since he has already completed four consecutive years. Therefore, plaintiff's claim depends upon a showing that defendant could have reasonably accommodated him and refused to do so. See Sandison,
*1087Pottgen v. Mo. State High Sch. Activities Ass'n,
Plaintiff's Verified Complaint argues that the requested accommodation, that is, allowing him an additional year of eligibility, is neither an undue burden nor fundamentally alters defendant's program. (Doc. # 1, pp. 13, 15.) In contrast, defendant argues waiving the four-year rule to allow plaintiff a fifth year of participation "would alter the fundamental nature" of defendant's eligibility program. (Doc. # 24, p. 33.) The Court agrees with defendant. Several circuit courts considering similar issues have found such waivers constituted fundamental alterations. See McPherson v. Mich. High Sch. Athletic Ass'n, Inc.,
(2) Americans With Disabilities Act
Turning to plaintiff's ADA claim, Title II provides that "no qualified individual with a disability shall, by reason of such disability, be excluded from participation in or be denied the benefits of the services, programs, or activities of a public entity, or be subjected to discrimination by any such entity."
To establish a claim under Title II of the ADA, plaintiff must show (1) he is a "qualified individual with a disability," (2) he was either excluded from participation in or denied the benefits of a public entity's services, programs, or activities, or was otherwise discriminated against by a public entity, and (3) the exclusion, denial of benefit, or discrimination was by reason of his disability.
*1088and his exclusion from participation was not "by reason" of his disability.
Regarding the latter element, the Court notes again that plaintiff is prevented from participating in high school athletics this year not because of his disability, but because he has already completed four consecutive years. Accordingly, the Court finds plaintiff is unlikely to succeed in establishing the "by reason of his disability" element. See Sandison,
As to the "qualified individual with a disability" element, the ADA defines that term as "an individual with a disability who, with or without reasonable modifications... meets the essential eligibility requirements for the receipt of services or the participation in programs or activities provided by a public entity."
Accordingly, it is hereby
ORDERED AND ADJUDGED:
Plaintiff's Motion for Preliminary Injunction (Doc. # 5) is DENIED.
DONE and ORDERED at Fort Myers, Florida, this 19th day of March, 2019.
In support of his argument that the requested waiver is reasonable, plaintiff relies heavily on this Court's prior opinion in Johnson v. Florida High School Activities Association, Inc.,
For purposes of this Order, the Court will assume without deciding that defendant is a public entity.
The Eleventh Circuit has noted that claims brought under the Rehabilitation Act are evaluated under the same standards as claims brought under the ADA. Waddell v. Valley Forge Dental Assocs., Inc.,
Reference
- Full Case Name
- Thomas PRITCHARD v. FLORIDA HIGH SCHOOL ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION, INC.
- Cited By
- 3 cases
- Status
- Published