Carr v. State
Carr v. State
Opinion of the Court
The primary question on appeal is whether the court’s charge to the jury on the issue of similar transaction evidence offered for the purpose of inferring defendant’s “predisposition to commit the crime” requires reversal. We find harmful error and reverse.
Responding to a dispatch call about a possible break-in, police saw Orashious Carr in another person’s mobile home near a bedroom window that had been broken in. At an officer’s command to come out, Carr announced that he would “come out the way [he] came in,” and he then exited out the front door. Although the home contained an assortment of valuable but common household items (e.g., television, VCR, appliances, furniture), the police found nothing from the home in Carr’s possession, and the homeowner testified that the only
At trial, evidence also showed that Carr had committed or attempted to commit burglaries under similar circumstances. Despite Carr’s trial testimony that he was homeless and had entered the home only to find a place to stay, a jury found him guilty of burglary, and the court denied his motion for new trial.
Carr appeals on three grounds: (1) the evidence was insufficient, (2) no evidence authorized the court’s instructions on impeachment, and (3) the court erroneously instructed the jury on the purposes for which similar transactions may be considered. As we agree with the third contention, we reverse.
1. Carr argues that the evidence was insufficient to sustain a burglary conviction. As applied here, burglary is defined as entering a residence without authority and with the intent to commit a theft therein.
It is true that to warrant a conviction based on circumstantial evidence, the State must prove not only that the evidence is consistent with the hypothesis of guilt, but that every other reasonable hypothesis of nonguilt is excluded.
Construed in favor of the verdict, three items of evidence allowed an inference of an intent to commit theft: (i) the presence of valuable effects inside the premises;
Carr testified at trial that he entered the mobile home via the broken window, whereas at the scene he told police he would exit the same way he entered, and he then exited through the front door. Carr further testified that he was homeless, that he was looking for a place to stay, and that he did not live nearby, whereas a police officer testified that according to headquarters’ computer records Carr lived a few doors away. “Under these circumstances, hearsay [testimony] relating the contents of public records would be admissible for the limited purpose of impeaching [Carr’s] assertions.”*
3. Carr contends that the court erred when it instructed the jury that it could consider the similar transaction evidence as proof of Carr’s “predisposition to commit the crime.” The State had proposed this instruction, citing to Zinn v. State,
Similar transaction evidence is highly prejudicial and therefore can be admitted only under certain circumstances and for limited purposes.
[P]rior act evidence ... is inherently prejudicial because it raises an inference that an accused who acted in a certain manner on one occasion is more likely to have committed the crime for which he is on trial. As a result, unless there is a reason for the introduction of such evidence, apart from the raising of that inference, prior act evidence will be inadmissible because evidence of the accused’s character is not admissible unless and until the accused puts his character in evidence.18
Unfortunately, acting on the State’s erroneous request to charge, the court instructed the jury that it could consider the similar transaction evidence for the forbidden purpose of inferring Carr’s predisposition (i.e., propensity) to commit the crime. Such an egregious instruction to the jury cannot be overlooked.
Claiming the evidence of guilt was overwhelming, the State urges us to find the error harmless. This we cannot do. To find harmless error in jury instructions would require that we find “it is obviously highly probable that the error . . . did not contribute to the verdict. . . .”
Judgment reversed.
OCGA§ 16-7-1 (a).
OCGA § 24-4-6.
Muckle v. State, 165 Ga. App. 873 (1) (303 SE2d 54) (1983).
Bradshaw v. State, 172 Ga. App. 330, 332 (2) (323 SE2d 253) (1984).
See id.; Bowen v. State, 128 Ga. App. 577 (1) (197 SE2d 738) (1973).
Phagan v. State, 243 Ga. App. 568, 570 (2) (533 SE2d 757) (2000) (movement of checkbook and presence of valuables inside building showed intent to commit theft).
Parrish v. State, 141 Ga. App. 631 (1) (234 SE2d 174) (1977).
See State v. Byrd, 255 Ga. 665, 666 (341 SE2d 455) (1986) (summarizing the methods by which a witness may be impeached).
210 Ga. App. 386, 388 (3) (436 SE2d 28) (1993).
(Citation omitted.) Newman v. State, 216 Ga. App. 73, 74 (2) (453 SE2d 117) (1995).
134 Ga. App. 51, 52 (2) (213 SE2d 156) (1975).
Williams v. State, 261 Ga. 640, 641-642 (2) (a) (409 SE2d 649) (1991); see Smith v. State, 232 Ga. App. 290, 291-292 (1) (501 SE2d 523) (1998).
Collins v. State, 273 Ga. 93, 94-95 (2) (538 SE2d 47) (2000); see Williams, supra, 261 Ga. at 642, n. 2.
Guyton v. State, 272 Ga. 529, 532 (3) (531 SE2d 94) (2000).
(Emphasis supplied.) King v. State, 230 Ga. App. 301, 304 (1) (496 SE2d 312) (1998); see State v. Hinson, 269 Ga. 862, 863 (506 SE2d 870) (1998) (Fletcher, P. J., dissenting) (if the evidence is to show that the defendant has the propensity to commit the crime with which he is charged, it is of course inadmissible); Maggard v. State, 259 Ga. 291, 293 (2) (380 SE2d 259) (1989) (similar transaction evidence not admissible to show “a probability that the defendant committed the crime on trial because he is a man of criminal character”) (citation and punctuation omitted); see generally Williams, supra, 261 Ga. at 641 (2) (a).
(Citation omitted.) Barrett v. State, 263 Ga. 533, 534 (2) (436 SE2d 480) (1993), overruled on other grounds, Wall v. State, 269 Ga. 506, 508-509 (2) (500 SE2d 904) (1998).
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Sultenfuss v. State, 185 Ga. App. 47, 51 (5) (363 SE2d 337) (1987).
Concurring Opinion
concurring specially.
I concur in the judgment in this case. The State clearly twisted the reasoning of an entrapment case, Zinn v. State, 134 Ga. App. 51, 52 (2) (213 SE2d 156) (1975), out of the frame in order to submit a charge that permits a jury to consider a 16-year-old prior bad act for a defendant’s “predisposition to commit the crime.” I suspect this is so because evidence of Carr’s intent to commit a theft is lacking in this burglary case. That dishes were disturbed in the mobile home, as opposed to the electronic devices therein, appears to militate against theft as a motive for entry. Thus, the improper charge cannot be considered harmless, as the prior act proved the requisite intent more than any evidence of the instant offense.
I write because “propensity” can be a sufficient basis for the admission of a similar transaction. For example, the propensity to use a firearm has been held to be an appropriate purpose for such admission.
Anderson v. State, 236 Ga. App. 679, 681-682 (613 SE2d 235) (1999); Shiver v. State, 235 Ga. App. 358, 359 (509 SE2d 658) (1998).
Goodroe v. State, 238 Ga. App. 66, 68 (518 SE2d 139) (1999).
Davis v. State, 244 Ga. App. 708, 712 (536 SE2d 596) (2000).
Citing Smith v. State, 232 Ga. App. 290, 291 (501 SE2d 523) (1998).
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