Chavez v. Credit Nation Auto Sales, Inc.
Opinion of the Court
OPINION AND ORDER
This matter is before the Court on Magistrate Judge J. Clay Fuller’s Non-Final Report and Recommendation [20] (“R & R”) on Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss [6].
I. BACKGROUND
A. Procedural History
On March 13, 2013, Plaintiff Jennifer Chavez (“Plaintiff’) filed this action alleging sex discrimination against her former employer Defendant Credit Nation Auto Sales, Inc. fik/a Synergy Motor Company (“Defendant”). In her First Amended Complaint [9], Plaintiff alleges that she is a transsexual and that, on January 11, 2010, Defendant terminated her because of animus based on her gender identity and expression, in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
On February 25, 2013, Defendant filed its Motion to Dismiss on the ground that Plaintiff failed to exhaust her administrative remedies under Title YII because she failed to file a timely charge of discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”). On April 29, 2013, Magistrate Judge Fuller issued his R & R recommending that the Motion to Dismiss be denied. The Magistrate Judge found that Plaintiff failed to submit a charge within the statutory time period, but he concluded that, on the current record before the Court, Plaintiffs charge still may have been timely based on equitable tolling.
Plaintiff objects to the Magistrate Judge’s finding that she failed to file a charge within the statutory time period. Neither party objects to the Magistrate Judge’s finding that equitable tolling may apply to Plaintiffs charge.
B. Relevant Facts
On January 12, 2010, the day after she was fired, Plaintiff went to the EEOC office in Atlanta. (PL’s Ex. 2 [10-2] ¶ 1.) Plaintiff told an investigator that Defendant fired her because of her sex and that she wanted the EEOC to take action against Defendant. (Id. ¶¶ 3-4.) Plaintiff gave the investigator two documents: (i) a “Separation Notice,” on a Georgia Department of Labor form, from Defendant stating that Plaintiff was terminated on January 11, 2010 for “[sleeping while on the clock on company time” (the “Separation Notice”); and (n) handwritten notes taken by Plaintiff describing a meeting, on November 24, 2009, in which Plaintiff and Defendant’s owner discussed Plaintiffs transition from male to female and Defendant’s owner’s alleged request that Plaintiff not wear certain feminine clothing when coming to and leaving work (the “November Meeting Notes”). (Id. ¶4, apps. A, B.) After conferring with her supervisor, the EEOC investigator told Plaintiff that she could not file a complaint because her “transgender” status was not protected from discrimination. (Id. ¶¶ 6-7.) Plaintiff left the EEOC office without having filed a formal complaint. (See id. ¶ 8.)
In September 2010, after hearing news reports about transgender individuals filing complaints with the EEOC, Plaintiff returned to the EEOC office in Atlanta. (Id. ¶ 10.) She told an investigator that she had suffered discrimination and wanted the EEOC to take action against Defendant, and she gave the investigator the
On April 25, 2012, after again hearing news reports about transgender individuals filing complaints with the EEOC, Plaintiff returned to the EEOC office in Atlanta. (Id. ¶¶ 19.) She requested to file a complaint against Defendant, and on this occasion she was permitted to do so. (Id. ¶ 20.)
II. DISCUSSION
A. Legal Standards
1. Review of a Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation
After conducting a careful and complete review of the findings and recommendations, a district judge may accept, reject, or modify a magistrate judge’s report and recommendation. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1) (Supp. V 2011); Williams v. Wainwright, 681 F.2d 732, 732 (11th Cir. 1982) (per curiam). A district judge “shall make a de novo determination of those portions of the report or specified proposed findings or recommendations to which objection is made.” 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). If no party has objected to the report and recommendation, (Id. ¶ 22; Pl.’s Ex. 1 app. C, Ex. 2 [10-1] at 18-19.) Plaintiff appears to argue that the Chair’s denial letter constitutes the EEOC’s determination that her charge was timely. The Court disagrees. The letter denies further review of the agency’s dismissal of the claim on the ground that, even if the claim was timely, it would be subject to dismissal on the merits, a court conducts only a plain error review of the record. United States v. Slay, 714 F.2d 1093, 1095 (11th Cir. 1983) (per curiam).
2. Motion to Dismiss
On a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the Court must “assume that the factual allegations in the complaint are true and give the plaintiff[ ] the benefit of reasonable factual inferences.” Wooten v. Quicken Loans, Inc., 626 F.3d 1187, 1196 (11th Cir. 2010). Although reasonable inferences are made in the plaintiffs favor, “ ‘unwarranted deductions of fact’ are not admitted as true.” Aldana v. Del Monte Fresh Produce, N.A., 416 F.3d 1242, 1248 (11th Cir. 2005) (quoting S. Fla. Water Mgmt. Dist. v. Montalvo, 84 F.3d 402, 408 n. 10 (1996)). The Court is not required to accept conclusory allegations and legal conclusions as true. See Am. Dental Ass’n v. Cigna Corp., 605 F.3d 1283, 1290 (11th Cir. 2010) (construing Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009); Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007)).
“To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’ ” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955). Mere “labels and conclusions” are insufficient. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955. “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937 (citing Twombly, 550
B. Analysis
1. Plaintiffs Objections
Plaintiff does not dispute that, before filing this Title VII action, she was required to exhaust her administrative remedies by filing a “charge” of discrimination with the EEOC within 180 days of her termination. See, e.g., H & R Block E. Enters. v. Morris, 606 F.3d 1285, 1295 (11th Cir. 2010) (citing Wilkerson v. Grinned Corp., 270 F.3d 1314, 1317 (11th Cir. 2001)) (“Before suing under Title VII, a plaintiff must first exhaust her administrative remedies. To do so, a plaintiff must file a timely charge of discrimination with the EEOC within 180 days of the last discriminatory act.” (citation omitted)). A charge is required to “be in writing and signed and shall be verified.” 29 C.F.R. § 1601.9 (2012). The Magistrate Judge found that Plaintiffs January and September 2010 submissions to the EEOC were not charges because they did not satisfy these requirements.
Plaintiff does not dispute that her submissions did not satisfy the verification requirement of a charge. She objects that the Magistrate Judge did not find her submissions to constitute a “sufficient” charge, to which her later verified charge could relate back, under 29 C.F.R. § 1601.12(b) (the “Cure Provision”).
Under Cure Provision,
a charge is sufficient when the [EEOC] receives from the person making the charge a written statement sufficiently precise to identify the parties, and to describe generally the action or practices complained of. A charge may be amended to cure technical defects or omissions, including failure to verify the charge, or to clarify and amplify allegations made therein. Such amendments and amendments alleging additional acts which constitute unlawful employment practices related to or growing out of the subject matter of the original charge will relate back to the date the charge was first received.
Id. § 1601.12(b). The Cure Provision thus permits a claimant to correct technical defects in an otherwise timely charge, including a failure to verify the charge. See id.; Pijnenburg v. W. Ga. Health Sys., Inc., 255 F.3d 1304, 1307-08 (11th Cir. 2001). If the claimant’s original submission suffers more than a technical defect, and is not itself recognizable as a “charge,” the Cure Provision does not apply. See Pijnenburg, 255 F.3d at 1307-08. The question here is whether Plaintiffs January and September 2010 submissions to the EEOC were recognizable as a charge.
A charge serves “two significant functions: (1) notification to the employer that a discrimination charge has been lodged with the EEOC; and (2) initiation of the agency’s investigation of the complaint.” Pijnenburg, 255 F.3d at 1306; see Edelman v. Lynchburg Coll., 535 U.S. 106, 115, 122 S.Ct. 1145, 152 L.Ed.2d 188 (2002) (“A complaint to the EEOC starts the agency down the road to investigation, conciliation, and enforcement, and it is no
Plaintiffs January and September 2010 submissions consisted of two documents: the Separation Notice and the November Meeting Notes. The Separation Notice states only that Plaintiff was terminated by Defendant for “[sleeping while on the clock on company time.” (PL’s Ex. 2 app. A [10-2] at 7.) The November Meeting Notes describe a meeting, nearly two months before Plaintiff’s termination, between Plaintiff and Defendant’s owner. (Id. app. B [10-2] at 12-15.) The Separation Notice and the November Meeting Notes do not state that Plaintiff was terminated for a discriminatory reason, and they do not manifest Plaintiffs intent for the EEOC to investigate a charge of discrimination or to inform Defendant of such a charge. See Pijnenburg, 255 F.3d at 1306 (holding that an EEOC intake questionnaire was not a sufficient charge because it failed to notify the employer and failed to initiate an EEOC investigation).
2. Unobjected-to Recommendations
Neither party objects to the remaining findings and recommendations in the R & R, including that the current record before the Court supports that Plaintiffs April 2012 charge may have been timely filed by virtue of equitable tolling. The Court does not find plain error in these findings and recommendations. See Chappell v. Emco Mach. Works Co., 601 F.2d 1295, 1303 (5th Cir. 1979) (holding that equitable tolling of the period to file a charge “is appropriate when the EEOC misleads a complainant about the nature of his rights under Title VII”).
III. CONCLUSION
Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons,
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Magistrate Judge J. Clay Fuller’s Non-Final Report and Recommendation [20] is ADOPTED. Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss [6] is DENIED.
ORDER and NON-FINAL REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION
This case is before the Court on Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 6), seeking
Procedural History
On January 30, 2013, Plaintiff filed a Complaint alleging that Defendant, her former employer, terminated her because of her sex in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. (“Title VII”) and “Title I of the Civil Rights Act of 1991, 42 U.S.C. § 1981(a) [sic].” (Doc. 1). Specifically, Plaintiff alleges that after she informed her employer “of her plan to transition from male to female,” Defendant’s owner, Jim Torcía, expressed disapproval of her plan and “stated that Chavez would be subject to rules applicable only to her, including that she was not to wear certain kinds of clothing when coming to work, before changing into her uniform, or when leaving from work, which clothing he considered ‘too feminine,’ such as a ‘dress.’ ” (Id. at ¶¶ 27, 35, 53, 56). Torcía allegedly stated that “any woman” who wore a dress in Defendant’s service department would be disruptive, and he made other negative comments about Plaintiffs transition. (Id. at ¶¶ 57-64). Plaintiff believes that Torcía then “directed his managers to find a pretext to terminate [Plaintiff] that appeared to be legitimate, because Torcía wished to terminate Chavez because of her gender identity and gender expression.” (Id. at ¶ 71). Plaintiffs work was subjected to increased scrutiny, and after she underwent surgery related to her gender transition and returned to work appearing “more female than before,” Plaintiff was increasingly ostracized. (Id. at ¶¶ 76-90). On January 11, 2010, Defendant terminated Plaintiff for “sleeping while on the clock on company time,” after she was observed sitting in the back of a car with her eyes closed for 15 minutes while she was on duty. (Id. at ¶¶ 92-124). Plaintiff alleges that “Defendant’s termination of Chavez was because of animus based on her gender identity and expression.” (Id. at ¶ 133).
Defendant filed a motion to dismiss Plaintiffs Complaint. (Doc. 6). Defendant attached a number of exhibits to its motion, including a Georgia Department of Labor Board of Review decision denying Plaintiff unemployment benefits (Exhibit 1); Plaintiffs April 25, 2012 EEOC charge (Exhibit 2); the EEOC’s notice to Defendant of Plaintiffs charge (Exhibit 3); a May 7, 2012 letter from the EEOC to Plaintiff notifying her of the EEOC’s dismissal of her charge as untimely (Exhibit
Plaintiff responded to Defendant’s motion (Doc. 10), to which she also attached a number of exhibits, including: an “affirmation” by her attorney Jillian T. Weiss (Exhibit 1) with attached Appendices — correspondence between Ms. Weiss and the EEOC regarding Ms. Weiss’s Freedom of Information Act request (Appendices A, B); the affidavit of Manuel Zurita and attached EEOC documents, including the EEOC’s December 19, 2012 decision on Plaintiffs request for reconsideration (Appendix C); Plaintiffs Declaration (Exhibit 2) with attached Appendices — employment-related documents Plaintiff allegedly gave an EEOC investigator on January 12, 2010 (Appendices A, B); Declaration of Cody Chavez, Plaintiffs son (Exhibit 3); Declaration of Reverend Dr. Erin K. Swenson (Exhibit 4); and Declaration of Danielle Marie Reagan (Exhibit 5). (See Doc. 10-1 through 10-5). Plaintiff also moved to strike Exhibit 1 to Defendant’s motion. (Doe. 11).
Defendant filed a reply in support of its motion to dismiss (Doc. 12), to which it attached authenticated copies of the EEOC’s May 7, 2012 letter to Plaintiff, the EEOC’s May 10, 2012 dismissal and notice of right to sue, and the EEOC’s August 1, 2012 pre-determination letter (see Doc. 12-1). Defendant also moved to strike the declarations Plaintiff submitted with her response, either in whole or in part. (Doc. 14). Plaintiff filed a response to that motion (Doc. 17), and a motion to strike Defendant’s reply as untimely, or in the alternative, to file a surreply in order to address arguments made in Defendant’s reply concerning an EEOC decision issued in April 2012, Macy v. Holder, ATF-2011-00751, concerning discrimination based on transgender status (Doc. 15). Defendant opposed Plaintiffs motion to strike and pointed out, correctly, that its reply was timely filed. (Doc. 16). Plaintiff filed a reply in which she conceded that Defendant’s reply was timely and withdrew “the portion of her second Motion to Strike that relates to late responses under [the Local Rules].” (Doc. 18 at 1). Accordingly, Plaintiffs motion to strike Defendant’s reply (Doc. 15) is DENIED. Plaintiff continues to request permission to file a surreply to address Defendant’s arguments concerning the Macy v. Holder decision, in the event the Court finds that issue relevant to the determination of Defendant’s motion to dismiss (id. at 2). The undersigned finds that a surreply is unnecessary to the resolution of Defendant’s motion, and therefore, Plaintiffs motion to file a surreply (Doc. 15) is also DENIED.
Discussion
I. The Parties’ Motions to Strike Exhibits
Plaintiff moves to strike Exhibit 1 to Defendant’s motion to dismiss, i.e., a copy of a Georgia Department of Labor decision denying Plaintiff unemployment benefits, on the ground that the decision “relates to the Plaintiffs substantive employment discrimination claim,” and is immaterial to the resolution of Defendant’s motion to dismiss based on failure to exhaust administrative remedies. (Doc. 11 at 20). Defendant moves to strike the declarations
The Court has repeatedly explained that a motion to strike is not the proper vehicle for challenging matters not contained in pleadings, which Fed. R. Civ. P. 7(a) defines to include complaints, answers and court-ordered replies to answers, but not briefs or supporting exhibits. See, e.g., Circle Group, LLC v. Southeastern Carpenters Reg’l Council, 836 F.Supp.2d 1327, 1349 (N.D.Ga. 2011) (explaining that “[m]otions to strike are governed by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(f),” which “rule applies to pleadings, not to motions or briefs filed in support of motions”); see also JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. v. Sampson, No. 1:10-cv-1666-JEC, 2012 WL 949698, at *2, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 37514, at *6 (N.D.Ga. Mar. 20, 2012) (denying motion to strike late-filed response brief and explaining that “ ‘[t]he terms of Rules 12(f) and 7(a) make clear that only material included in a pleading may be subject of a motion to strike and that motions, briefs or memoranda, objections, or affidavits may not be attacked by the motion to strike’ ” (quoting Jeter v. Montgomery Cnty., 480 F.Supp.2d 1293, 1296 (M.D.Ala. 2007))); Hawk v. Atlanta Peach Movers, Inc., No. 1:10-CV-0239-JFK, 2011 WL 1533024, at *1-2, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 43724, at *2-3 (N.D.Ga. Apr. 21, 2011) (denying the plaintiffs motion to strike several documents, including an affidavit, that were not pleadings). Accordingly, the parties’ motions to strike exhibits (Docs. 11, 14) are DENIED.
However, the Court will consider the parties’ arguments in support of their motions to strike as objections to the exhibits at issue and discuss where relevant. See, e.g., Hawk, 2011 WL 1533024, at *1-2, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 43724, at *3-4 (considering motion to strike as a notice of objection); Carroll v. Tavern Corp., Nos. 1:08-CV-2514-TWT-JFK, L08-CV-2554TWT-JFK, 2011 WL 1102698, at *15-16, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 30126, at *44-45 (N.D.Ga. Feb. 9, 2011) (denying motion to strike but considering motion as objections).
II. Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss
A. Motion to Dismiss Standard
Rule 8(a)(2) requires that a complaint contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. Rule 8. That standard “does not require ‘detailed factual allegations,’ but it demands more than an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007)). To state a claim that can survive a motion to dismiss, “a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’ ” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955).
In general, when “considering a defendant’s motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the allegations in the complaint must be accepted as true and construed in
B. Plaintiff’s “Claim” Under 42 U.S.C. § 1981(a)
Defendant moves to dismiss Plaintiffs claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1981(a) because § 1981(a) “does not afford protection on the basis of sex,” but rather, prohibits discrimination on the basis of race. (See Doc. 6 at 8-9). In response to Defendant’s motion, and within the time allowed by FED. R. CIV. P. 15, Plaintiff filed an Amended Complaint, in which she correctly asserts her claim for damages under Title VII pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1981a. (See Doc. 9 at ¶ 1). Thus, it is RECOMMENDED that Defendant’s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs 42 U.S.C. § 1981(a) “claim” be DENIED as moot.
C. Plaintiff’s Title VII Sex Discrimination Claim
The threshold issue with respect to Plaintiffs Title VII claims concerns whether she timely filed an EEOC charge. As is shown below, because the undersigned has determined that she did not, the issue of whether equitable tolling excuses her delay must be addressed.
1. Did Plaintiff File A Timely EEOC Charge?
Defendant moves to dismiss Plaintiffs Complaint on the ground that she failed to timely exhaust her administrative remedies, i.e., she failed to file an EEOC charge within 180 days of her termination as required by 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(l). (See Doc. 6 at 5-6). “Before suing under Title VII, a plaintiff must first exhaust her administrative remedies.” H & R Block E. Enters. v. Morris, 606 F.3d 1285, 1295 (11th Cir. 2010). “To do so, a plaintiff must file a timely charge of discrimination with
In this case, Plaintiff alleges that she was terminated on January 11, 2010, and therefore, to timely exhaust her administrative remedies, she was required to file a charge with the EEOC within 180 days of that date. Defendant has shown that Plaintiff filed an EEOC charge on April 25, 2012 in which she alleged that Defendant terminated her because of her sex in January 2010 (see Doc. 6-2), well beyond the 180-day period.
Plaintiff argues, however, that she “acted diligently and timely in bringing her charge to the EEOC on the very next day after her employment was terminated and the EEOC has so found.” (Doc. 10, PI. Br. at 1). The undersigned disagrees. Plaintiff has not shown that she filed a charge of discrimination within the 180-day period. Plaintiff bears the burden of proving that she has filed “a valid and timely-filed EEOC charge.” Rizo v. Ala. Dep’t of Human Res., 228 Fed.Appx. 832, 836 (11th Cir. 2007) (unpublished decision); see also Owens v. Omni Hotels Mgmt. Corp., No. 1: 11-cv-00699-TWT-RGV, 2012 WL 1454082, at *5, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 57896, at *18 (N.D.Ga. Mar. 27, 2012) (explaining that “[w]hen a defendant disputes that a plaintiff has exhausted administrative remedies or denies that the plaintiff has fulfilled the preconditions to suit, the ‘plaintiff then bears the burden of proving that the conditions precedent ... have been satisfied’ ” (quoting Jackson v. Seaboard Coast Line R.R., 678 F.2d 992, 1010 (11th Cir. 1982))).
Although Plaintiff has presented evidence that she spoke with EEOC personnel within the 180-day period and submitted documentation concerning her allegations of discrimination (see Doc. 10-2), she has not pointed to evidence that she actually filed a charge
2. Does Equitable Tolling Apply To Excuse The Late Filing?
Plaintiff further argues that, even if the Court finds that she did not timely file her charge, the Court should equitably toll the statute of limitations period because EEOC personnel prevented her from being able to file a charge because they misinformed her about her rights. (Doc. 10 at 12-14). Specifically, she alleges that she tried to file a charge the day after she was terminated, but that EEOC personnel told her that she could not file a charge of sex discrimination based on being transgender. (Id. at 13-14; see also Doc. 10-2).
“Title VIPs timely-filing requirement is non-jurisdictional, so it may be subject to equitable tolling.” Bourne v. Sch. Bd., 508 Fed.Appx. 907, 909 (11th Cir. 2013). “A court may toll a statute of limitations only if it finds that an inequitable event prevented the plaintiff from filing a timely action, Justice v. United States, 6 F.3d 1474, 1479 (11th Cir. 1993), and the plaintiff has the burden in establishing the grounds for equitable tolling, Bost v. Fed. Express Corp., 372 F.3d 1233, 1242 (11th Cir. 2004).” Patel v. Ga. Dep’t of Behavioral Health & Devel, 517 Fed.Appx. 750, 753 (11th Cir. 2013) (unpublished decision). “Equitable tolling is an extraordinary remedy which should be extended only sparingly.” Bost, 372 F.3d at 1242 (quotation omitted). The Eleventh Circuit has “recognized three distinct situations in which the Title VII limitation periods may be equitably tolled:
(1) during the pendency of an action against the same parties and involving the same cause of action in a state court which had jurisdiction over the subject matter of the suit but was the wrong forum" under state law; (2) when the defendant concealed facts that support the plaintiffs cause of action, until such time as the plaintiff knew or should have known of these facts; and (3) when the EEOC misleads a complainant about the nature of his rights under Title VII.”
Jones v. Wynne, 266 Fed.Appx. 903, 906 (11th Cir. 2008) (unpublished decision) (citing Chappell v. Emco Mach. Works Co., 601 F.2d 1295, 1302-03 (5th Cir. 1979))
In considering whether Plaintiff has shown that the EEOC mislead her about the nature of her rights under Title VII, the undersigned notes that case law concerning the protections afforded by Title VII to transgender or transsexual individuals has evolved. Although the Eleventh Circuit has not explicitly addressed whether Title VII prohibits discrimination against transgender or transsexual individuals, the court has recently held that “discrimination against a transgender individual because of her gender non-conformity is sex discrimination, whether it’s described as being on the basis of sex or gender,” and “constitutes sex-based discrimination under the Equal Protection Clause” of the Fourteenth Amendment. Glenn v. Brumby, 663 F.3d 1312, 1316-17 (11th Cir. 2011). In reaching that decision, the court acknowledged that, prior to the Supreme Court’s decision in Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228, 109 S.Ct. 1775, 104 L.Ed.2d 268 (1989), “several courts concluded that Title VII afforded no protection to transgender victims of sex discrimination.” Glenn, 663 F.3d at 1318 n. 5 (listing cases). However, in Price Water-house, the Court held “that Title VII barred not just discrimination because of biological sex, but also gender stereotyping — failing to act and appear according to expectations defined by gender.” Id. at 1316.
The parties acknowledge that in April 2012, shortly before Plaintiff filed her April 25, 2012 charge with the EEOC, the EEOC issued a decision in Macy v. Holder, in which it concluded that discrimination against a transgender individual is discrimination on the basis of sex in violation of Title VII. It is not clear whether that decision represents a change in the EEOC’s interpretation of Title VIPs protections, nor is it clear whether, in 2010, the EEOC, as a matter of policy, considered claims of transgender individuals to be actionable under Title VII or to what extent.
If credited, Plaintiffs testimony tends to show that Plaintiff attempted to exhaust her administrative remedies in a timely manner, but was thwarted by the EEOC, one of the circumstances that would warrant the application of equitable tolling to the statute of limitations in this case. See, e.g., Smith v. Baldwin Cnty. Comm’n, No. 09-0616-CG-M, 2010 WL 2200713, at *3, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 52845, at *7-10 (S.D.Ala. Mar. 26, 2010) (finding that statute of limitations was equitably tolled where an EEOC investigator provided plaintiff “with misinformation which resulted in Plaintiffs failure to raise a claim of retaliation against Defendant,” i.e., he incorrectly told the plaintiff she did not have a retaliation claim), adopted by 2010 WL 2605723, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 64520 (S.D.Ala. June 25, 2010). However, on the state of the record and at this stage of the litigation, the undersigned is reluctant to find that the limitations period should be equitably tolled. Although the Court may “consider facts outside the pleadings and resolve factual disputes” related to exhaustion, that is only the case so long as, among other things, “the parties have sufficient opportunity to develop a record.’ ” Tillery, 402 Fed.Appx. at 424. It does not appear that the parties have had a full opportunity to develop the record, particularly with respect to Plaintiffs interactions with the EEOC which she alleges prevented her from filing a charge during the 180-day period.
Rather than trying to determine whether Plaintiffs presentation at this stage definitively shows that equitable tolling applies, the undersigned finds that the better approach is to allow the parties to engage in discovery concerning Plaintiffs efforts to exhaust her administrative remedies. Then, if appropriate, the parties may ask the Court to revisit this issue with a more fully developed record. See, e.g., Bradley v. DeKalb Cnty., No. 1:10-CV-0218-TWT-GGB, 2010 WL 4639240, at *4, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 118467, at *11 (N.D.Ga. May 17, 2010) (recommending that motion to dismiss be denied because “[a]t this stage of the proceedings, the parties have not had a sufficient opportunity to develop the record for the court, on a motion to dismiss, to resolve a factual dispute regarding exhaustion of administrative remedies”), adopted by 2010 WL 4638887, 2010 U.S.
Therefore, the undersigned RECOMMENDS that Defendant’s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs Title VII claim be DENIED without prejudice, that Defendant be required to answer Plaintiffs Amended Complaint, and that discovery proceed, both on the underlying merits of Plaintiffs Title VII claim, as well as the issue of whether the statute of limitations period should be equitably tolled.
Summary
It is ORDERED that Plaintiffs motion to strike Exhibit 1 to Defendant’s motion to dismiss (Doc. 11); Defendant’s motion to strike declarations submitted by Plaintiff in support of her response to Defendant’s motion to dismiss (Doc. 14); and Plaintiffs motion to strike Defendant’s reply as untimely, or in the alternative, to file a surreply (Doc. 15) are DENIED.
It is RECOMMENDED that Defendant’s motion to dismiss (Doc. 6) be DENIED in part as moot with respect to Plaintiffs 42 U.S.C. § 1981(a) “claim,” and DENIED in part without prejudice with respect to Plaintiffs Title VII sex discrimination claim.
IT IS SO ORDERED, REPORTED AND RECOMMENDED this 29th day of April, 2013.
. On May 10, 2012, the EEOC dismissed Plaintiff’s complaint as untimely. (Am. Compl. [9] ¶ 16.) On Plaintiff’s request, the EEOC reconsidered the decision, and on November 14, 2012, the agency affirmed its decision. (Id. ¶¶ 18-20.) Plaintiff then sought review by the Chair of the EEOC. (Id. ¶ 21.) On December 19, 2012, the Chair denied Plaintiff’s request for review because she determined that the claim would be required to be dismissed on the merits.
. There is no dispute that Plaintiffs April 25, 2012, submission to the EEOC was a verified charge.
. Plaintiff argues that she verbally requested that the EEOC take action on her behalf when she submitted her Separation Notice and November Meeting Notes. Because a charge, even under the Cure Provision, is required to be in writing, the Court may consider only Plaintiff's written submissions. See 29 C.F.R. § 1601.12(b).
. Plaintiff also argues that Defendant has the burden to prove that Plaintiff did not file a timely charge. The Court does not reach this argument because there is no factual dispute over the contents of Plaintiff’s January and September 2010 submissions to the EEOC. Regardless of which party has the burden of proof, Plaintiff does not dispute that the record on her exhaustion is complete, and Plaintiff agrees that, in January and September 2010, she submitted only her Separation Notice and November Meeting Notes to the EEOC. The Court finds, as a matter of law, that these documents are not sufficient to constitute a charge. See Bryant v. Rich, 530 F.3d 1368, 1376 (11th Cir. 2008) ("Where exhaustion ... is treated as a matter in abatement and not an adjudication on the merits, it is proper for a judge to consider facts outside of the pleadings and to resolve factual disputes so long as the factual disputes do not decide the merits and the parties have sufficient opportunity to develop a record.”).
. The undersigned agrees with Plaintiff that Exhibit 1 to Defendant's motion to dismiss, i.e., a Department of Labor decision denying Plaintiff unemployment benefits, has no bearing on the resolution of Defendant’s motion.
. Although Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint supersedes her original Complaint, Fritz v. Standard Sec. Life Ins. Co., 676 F.2d 1356, 1358 (11th Cir. 1982), the Court may consider Defendant’s motion to dismiss the original Complaint as being directed towards the Amended Complaint, because the issue of exhaustion of administrative remedies remains unresolved despite the filing of the Amended Complaint. See 6 Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Mary Kay Kane, Federal Practice & Procedure § 1476 (3d ed. 2010) ("[D]efendants should not be required to file a new motion to dismiss simply because an amended pleading was introduced while their motion was pending. If some of the defects raised in the original motion remain in the new pleading, the court simply may consider the motion as being addressed to the amended pleading.”).
. In fact, as discussed below, Plaintiff alleges that she was prevented from doing so by the EEOC.
. Plaintiff cites Federal Express Corporation v. Holowecki, 552 U.S. 389, 128 S.Ct. 1147, 170 L.Ed.2d 10 (2008) in support of her assertion that her documents satisfied the charge-filing requirement (see Doc. 10 at 8-10), but her reliance on that case is misplaced. In Holowecki, 552 U.S. 389, 128 S.Ct. 1147 (2008), the Court held that an unverified intake questionnaire in an Age Discrimination in Employment Act ("ADEA”) case could meet the EEOC's standards for determining what constituted a charge. However, the Court stressed that "employees and their counsel must be careful not to apply rules applicable under one státute to a different statute without careful and critical examination.” Id. at
. Decisions of the Fifth Circuit handed down before Oct. 1, 1981 are binding precedent in the Eleventh Circuit. Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc).
. Price Waterhouse did not involve a transgender individual, but rather, a woman who alleged that her employer did not promote her to partner because she did not conform to gender-based stereotypes about women, e.g., she was too aggressive, she used profanity, and she should "walk more femininely, talk more femininely, dress more femininely, wear make-up, have her hair styled, and wear jewelry.” 490 U.S. at 234-35, 109 S.Ct. 1775.
. The undersigned notes that in the EEOC's May 7, 2012 letter to Plaintiff notifying her that her April 2012 charge was being dismissed as untimely, the EEOC refers to "the new interpretation of the law,” but does not elaborate on that reference. (See Doc. 6-4).
. Plaintiff also presents declarations of a family member and friends who testified that Plaintiff told her in 2010 that she had gone to the EEOC to file a claim. (See Docs. 10-3 through 10-5). The undersigned agrees with Defendant that that testimony is hearsay, and should not be considered for the truth of the matter asserted, i.e., that Plaintiff in fact went to the EEOC, but it does evidence Plaintiffs contemporaneous understanding that she needed to pursue her administrative remedies through the EEOC.
Reference
- Full Case Name
- Jennifer CHAVEZ v. CREDIT NATION AUTO SALES, INC. f/k/a Synergy Motor Company
- Cited By
- 8 cases
- Status
- Published