Rockdale Citizen Publishing Co. v. State
Rockdale Citizen Publishing Co. v. State
Concurring Opinion
concurring specially.
The trial court closed all pretrial evidentiary hearings in the murder trial of Marvin Earl Turner, Jr. to the press and public to avoid the dissemination of information that the trial court found presented a clear and present danger that Turner’s right to a fair trial would be prejudiced. Although the record in this case establishes that the articles adduced in support of the closure motion consisted of accurate, responsible, non-inflammatory recountings of the investigation of the crime and subsequent arrest and prosecution of Turner and his co-defendants, the majority found that certain information published in appellant newspaper was “highly inflammatory” and focuses on this information as “proof adduced [that] could well support” a closure order upon remand. Majority opinion, p. 93. While I can concur in the majority’s decision that the closure motion be remanded to the trial court for compliance with the explicit and exacting requirements of R. W. Page Corp. v. Lumpkin, 249 Ga. 576 (292 SE2d 815) (1982), as opposed to the perfunctory, superficial analysis applied by the trial court, see Southeastern Newspapers Corp. v. State of Ga., 265 Ga. 223 (454 SE2d 452) (1995), I cannot agree with the majority that the factually-accurate information disseminated by the press was “highly inflammatory,” nor, under the circumstances present here, can I agree that mere publication of this information can support closure.
The victim in this case was killed in a dreadful, depraved manner; the facts of the murder are such as to invoke disgust and horror even when reported dispassionately. When the articles adduced in support of closure here are viewed under the standard established for a lesser alternative to closure, change of venue, R. W. Page Corp. v.
However, even assuming, arguendo, that the information set forth in the majority opinion was “highly inflammatory,” I do not agree with the majority that its publication can justify barring press and public access to pretrial proceedings. That is because the record establishes this information had been disseminated to the public by the district attorney herself in a press statement announcing and explaining the decision to seek the death penalty. This press statement, and the article accurately detailing it, predated by almost a month the first article in the record discussing pretrial hearings open to the press. The record reflects that the “highly inflammatory” information published by appellant newspaper was not gained originally from media attendance at pretrial proceedings; hence, barring access to pretrial proceedings would not have prevented the dissemination of this information. The few news articles in the record which actually discuss pretrial proceedings contain matters that were consistent with or identical to the district attorney’s prior pronouncements or could not be characterized as inflammatory.
The ability to avoid the dissemination of inflammatory matters
This Court in R. W. Page Corp. v. Lumpkin, supra, rejected the federal court rule allowing judges to consider other remedies as alternatives to closure, holding that “a Georgia trial court judge shall use” other remedies, including change of venue, as alternatives to closure. Id. at 579-580 (4) and fn. 8.
In this regard, the record reveals that defense counsel sought a gag order to prevent any further statements by the district attorney.
Opinion of the Court
The State is seeking the death penalty against Marvin Earl Turner, Jr., and two others, for the murder of Cleophus Ammons in Rockdale County. The Rockdale Citizen, the local daily newspaper, published approximately fifteen articles and at least one editorial concerning the crime and Turner’s alleged involvement.
The articles were highly inflammatory: They set out details of Turner’s alleged confession with regard to the kidnapping and “execution-style” slaying of Ammons, a grocery store clerk; they described the “torture” of Ammons with “red hot spoons” over a period of several hours; they reported that Turner and the others took turns shooting Ammons in the head through a pillow; they stated that Turner prayed for Ammons and for himself; they made references to other “gang” activities. Nearly all of these articles appeared on the front page of the paper.
The Rockdale Citizen is circulated widely in Rockdale County. Of the 18,337 households in the distribution area, 10,486 households subscribe to the newspaper, and it is estimated that every paper is read by three people.
Fearful that pretrial publicity would prejudice his right to a fair trial, Turner filed a motion to close the pretrial proceedings to the press and general public. The State agreed with Turner and likewise moved to close the pretrial hearings. The newspaper opposed the motions.
Following a hearing, the trial court granted the motions for closure. It decided that no one (except trial participants) would be allowed in the courtroom when a pretrial motion addressing evidentiary matters was being heard. It also restrained the parties, attorneys, wit
The trial court based its decision on the following findings: 1. The State is seeking the death penalty against Turner. 2. The pretrial publicity is extensive and highly prejudicial. 3. If pretrial publicity of this nature were to continue, there is a severe danger that a fair and impartial jury could not be selected in Rockdale County. 4. The State is seeking the death penalty against Turner’s co-defendants and their right to a fair trial must also be protected.
In making its decision, the trial court stated that it considered the alternative remedies set out in R. W. Page Corp. v. Lumpkin, 249 Ga. 576 (292 SE2d 815) (1982), and found them to be “insufficient due to the unique circumstances of this case.” The trial court concluded: “[N]o other measure will . . . protect the rights of the accused to a fair trial.” The newspaper appeals.
1. While Georgia law dictates that all facets of a criminal trial should be and remain open to the press and public, R. W. Page Corp. v. Lumpkin, supra, closure can be ordered when the defendant’s right to a fair trial is jeopardized by a clear and present danger. Id. at 579. See also Waller v. Georgia, 467 U. S. 39, 45 (104 SC 2210, 81 LE2d 31) (1984) (right to open trial must be balanced with right to fair trial). Of course, closure should only be ordered in rare circumstances, when no alternative course of action will protect a defendant’s right to a fair trial. Lumpkin, supra at 579.
The burden is on the defendant, or another movant, to present clear and convincing proof of the need for closure. The burden can be carried more easily, however, where closure of a pretrial hearing is sought because, at that stage of the proceedings, some of the alternatives to closure
The trial court concluded that the pretrial publicity presented a clear and present danger to Turner’s right to a fair trial. The proof adduced in this case could well support that conclusion. However, a closure order must fully articulate the alternatives to closure and the reasons why the alternatives would not protect the movant’s rights. Lumpkin, supra at 580 (6). See also Press-Enterprise Co. v. Superior Court of California, 478 U. S. 1, 14 (106 SC 2735, 92 LE2d 1) (1986) (preliminary hearing can be closed only upon specific findings that defendant’s right to fair trial will be prejudiced and reasonable alternatives to closure cannot protect defendant’s rights). Here the trial
2. Under the closure order, a pretrial hearing that was devoted to a motion to recuse the trial judge was also closed. Because evidentiary matters pertaining to the prosecution’s case were not going to be presented at the recusal hearing, this ruling was erroneous.
Judgment vacated and remanded in part, and reversed in part.
Lumpkin, supra at 580, identifies the alternatives to closure as (1) jury sequestration, (2) change of venue, (3) postponement of the trial, (4) searching voir dire, (5) clear and emphatic instructions to the jury to consider only evidence presented in open court.
Reference
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- ROCKDALE CITIZEN PUBLISHING COMPANY v. STATE OF GEORGIA Et Al.
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