Shah v. Shah
Shah v. Shah
Opinion of the Court
After Purnima Shah filed for divorce, she amended her complaint to add a count alleging that her husband fraudulently conveyed property to Ashwin Shah, her father-in-law. In addition to seeking the equitable relief of setting aside the conveyance, she also
1. Ms. Shah contends that OCGA § 9-11-18 (a) is general authority for the joinder in this divorce action of any and all of her independent existing claims. Under that statute, a party who has already asserted a claim for relief “may join, either as independent or as alternate claims, as many claims, legal or equitable, as he has against an opposing party.” Ms. Shah’s reliance upon OCGA § 9-11-18 (a) clearly is misplaced. The controlling statute is OCGA § 9-11-18 (b), which specifically addresses the issue of joinder of a fraudulent conveyances claim in an original action. See generally Mayor &c. of Savannah v. Savannah Elec. & Power Co., 205 Ga. 429, 436 (54 SE2d 260) (1949). Compare Cohen v. McLaughlin, 250 Ga. 661 (301 SE2d 37) (1983) (joinder pursuant to OCGA § 9-11-18 (a)). According to its terms, OCGA § 9-11-18 (b) is authority only for the limited proposition that an original claim and a fraudulent conveyance claim “may be joined in a single action; but the court shall grant relief in that action only in accordance with the relative substantive rights of the parties.” (Emphasis supplied.) The purpose of this joinder statute “is to facilitate the adjudication of the total dispute between the parties.” 6A Wright, Miller & Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure: Civil 2d § 1590, p. 561. Thus, OCGA § 9-11-18 (b) applies in this case for the limited purpose of aiding in the final judicial determination of the issues in the divorce action. Under OCGA § 9-11-19 (a) (1), Mr. Shah certainly could be joined as party to that proceeding for that limited purpose, since he was the grantee of the disputed property conveyed by Ms. Shah’s husband. DeGarmo v. DeGarmo, 269 Ga. 480, 481 (2) (499 SE2d 317) (1998). The question is, however, whether Mr. Shah, having been joined in the divorce action for that purpose, was also amenable to suit for additional independent claims.
Although OCGA § 9-11-18 (a) specifically authorizes the assertion of additional existing claims against the original party-defendant, nothing in OCGA § 9-11-18 (b) permits any other addi
A contrary holding would mean that every divorce action in which a fraudulent conveyance claim has been joined would become the potential source of innumerable independent extraneous claims, counterclaims and cross-claims between non-parties to the original proceeding. Nothing in the Civil Practice Act (CPA) authorizes the conversion of a divorce case into such a multifarious and unfocused proceeding. Under the applicable provisions of the CPA, Ms. Shah could join Mr. Shah as a party to the divorce action only for the limited purpose of determining his relative substantive right in the property that she claimed was fraudulently conveyed to him. See DeGarmo v. DeGarmo, supra at 481 (2). She could not use the fraudulent conveyance claim and the joinder of Mr. Shah in order to make an independent tort claim against him. In the absence of any applicable joinder provision, that claim would have to be asserted against him in a separate civil action. See Kesler v. Veal, supra. Thus, it was error to allow a recovery of damages against Mr. Shah in this divorce action against his son.
2. The grantee who is joined as a party-defendant on a fraudulent conveyance claim in a divorce action must apply for a discretionary appeal from a judgment setting aside the conveyance, since it would be considered a part of the divorce action to which it was properly joined for the limited purpose authorized under OCGA § 9-11-18 (b). Horton v. Kitchens, 259 Ga. 446 (2) (383 SE2d 871) (1989). For the reasons discussed in Division 1, however, damages against the grantee can be recovered only in a separate action, and a money judgment against him can never be entered in the divorce proceeding. Thus, the “domestic relations” provision of OCGA § 5-6-35 (a) (2) would be inapplicable when the grantee seeks to appeal an adverse judgment entered in a properly instituted independent action. The applicability of the discretionary appeal procedures in such a case will be controlled by whether the underlying judgment for damages meets the $10,000 threshold established by OCGA § 5-6-35 (a) (6).
3. There was no reversible error as to the properly joined fraudulent conveyances claim. Accordingly, the judgment setting aside that conveyance to Mr. Shah is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
Because I disagree with the majority’s conclusion that a plaintiff who seeks to set aside an alleged fraudulent conveyance in a divorce case may not also seek damages during the course of the divorce action against the person who received that conveyance, I respectfully dissent.
The majority bases its holding that Ms. Shah is precluded from asserting such a claim for damages on OCGA § 9-11-18 (b). That Code section, however, does not support that holding. Because Justice Gregory states the purpose of the rule in clear and straightforward fashion, I quote him in full:
Rule 18 (b) addresses a specific problem. It allows one to seek two remedies in a single action which would have required two separate actions in pre-CPA days. The example directly addressed in the rule, though the rule is broader than the example, is where a creditor seeks both a money judgment against a debtor and seeks to set aside a fraudulent conveyance the debtor made. Both remedies may be brought in one action though, of course, as the rule states, it is the substantive law which ultimately governs whether any relief is available.1
Thus, § 9-11-18 (b) merely expresses an intent to deviate from a pre-CPA practice of requiring two separate actions to assert two remedies, and was not meant as a limitation on a party’s ability to join claims under § 9-11-18 (a). Subsection (b) of § 9-11-18 is, in fact, but a variation of the liberal joinder provisions of § 9-11-18 (a), and the majority errs in construing it otherwise. To prevent Ms. Shah from seeking damages, the majority focuses on the language in subsection (b) that “ ‘the court shall grant relief only in accordance with the relative substantive rights of the parties.’ ”
In addition to the foregoing fundamental mistakes, the majority erroneously attaches significance to the fact that the appellant, Ashwin Shah, was added as a party after the original complaint was
Finally, although the majority acknowledges that the purpose of § 9-11-18 is “‘to facilitate the adjudication of the total dispute between the parties,’ ” the majority completely frustrates that purpose in the present case. The broad reach of § 9-11-18 (a) and (b) is illustrated by our holding in Cohen v. McLaughlin.
Despite the broad reach of § 9-11-18 (a) and (b) and the broad holding of Cohen, the majority today deprives divorce litigants of the right to join claims that is enjoyed by all other litigants in this State. The majority reaches this holding despite the clear mandate of the Civil Practice Act that the “joinder of parties and causes” apply to divorce and alimony cases.
For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent to the majority
Gregory, Georgia Civil Practice, p. 351 (2d ed. 1997).
Majority opinion at 650 (emphasis in majority opinion).
250 Ga. 661 (301 SE2d 37) (1983).
OCGA § 9-11-81. Accord Ledford v. Bowers, 248 Ga. 804, 805-806 (286 SE2d 293) (1982).
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