Richard v. State
Richard v. State
Opinion of the Court
Curley James Richard appeals his convictions for malice murder and aggravated assault in connection with the death of Eric Sean Cole. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
Construed to support the verdicts, the evidence showed that Cole was found dead in a motel room. His body was face down, and his shorts were down around his knees, exposing his buttocks. The room was disheveled and there was blood on the floor and walls. Cole’s personal belongings had been removed and the room appeared to have been wiped down to remove fingerprints; there was no forced entry. Cole died from a combination of blunt head trauma and
In the hours before his death Cole, who was known to many as “M & M,” drove a green Infiniti automobile with New Jersey license plates. Two days earlier, Colene Wilson (“Wilson”) had lent her green Infiniti having New Jersey license plates to a man she knew as “M,” Mark, or “Master Barber,” who matched Cole’s description. Wilson reported the car stolen when it was not returned to her. The car was stopped by police a week after Cole’s murder. It was driven by a man who had obtained it from a man named Cooper, who was indicted with Richard. Further inquiry into the car’s history led police to Richard.
Before his arrest, Richard was staying at the home of Bobby Brown (“Brown”), Cooper’s brother. Richard told Brown that he had killed a man; Brown then told him to leave. Under cross-examination, Brown stated that he did not tell police what Richard had said when they asked him if he knew about Cole’s murder, rather he told them he did not know anything about it; he also testified that “I still don’t” know anything about the murder. He further testified that in response to police questioning, he told an investigating officer that he “knew about murders, friends of mine.”
A few days after Cole’s death, Richard asked Charles Johnson to drive him to Atlanta in Wilson’s green Infiniti, and displayed the key to it. Richard told Johnson that he did not own the car, that it belonged to someone who owed him money. Johnson declined to drive the car. Johnson asked Richard if he had anything to do with Cole’s murder, and Richard did not respond to the question. Richard also tried to sell the green Infiniti to Chanel Shepard; she refused to buy it.
Richard was arrested at Shepard’s apartment. He was there to have his hair cut, which was unusual for him; he had for years worn it long and braided, but said it was time for a change. His hair was cut short, greatly altering his appearance. Police staked out the apartment before the arrest. Shepard noticed unknown men outside the apartment; Richard paced back and forth to the window, looking out. When the police knocked and asked Shepard to have Richard come out with his hands up, she sought Richard and found him seated on a bed, crying with his head in his hands.
Richard gave a statement to the police and said that he had not been to the motel where Cole was killed. Later, he admitted that he had gone there to sell Cole “some dope,” describing him as “a gay dude.” At first, Richard denied any knowledge of the Infiniti, then said that a man named “V” had approached him about the car “wanting a chop shop”; Richard initially denied having the key to the car, but later admitted that he did. Three days after the interview,
At trial, the State called Joseph Ricky Hampton (“Hampton”) to testify. Hampton at first refused to do so, asserting his Fifth Amendment privilege. He then said he did not want to testify and, if need be, would be held in contempt. After consultation with his counsel, Hampton testified that he had given a detective a statement relating what Richard had told him about killing “the gay guy at the motel,” but had done so only because the detective told him he would release Hampton’s brother from custody if he did so, and that he and the detective fabricated a story that Hampton then related on videotape under the detective’s questioning. He also testified that the detective asked him about “another fella that was involved, James Cooper.” At the time of trial, Hampton was incarcerated in the Cobb County jail, but testified he was housed on the other side of it and away from Richard.
The videotape of the police interview with Hampton was played for the jury. In it, Hampton said that: he had information concerning the murder at the motel; he understood that no promises or deals were offered in exchange for his participation in the interview; he was in the county jail while Richard was there
An audiotape of an interview with Brenda Brown (“Brenda”), made while she was in custody in Ohio on charges stemming from another homicide, was played for the jury; at the time of trial, Brenda could not be located and did not testify. In that interview, she said that Richard told her that: he killed a man, whom he described as gay, at a motel; he choked the victim, gesturing with his hands; he also stabbed the victim; and he showed her a green Infiniti automobile with New Jersey tags, saying “this is the man’s car,” and that he needed to hide the car or sell it to a “chop shop.” She also related that Richard became angry when she told him that she had repeated what he said to a mutual friend. Also introduced into evidence was Brenda’s written statement to the same effect as the information that she gave in the interview.
1. Brenda’s statement and the audiotape of her interview were admitted under the necessity exception to the bar against hearsay testimony. See OCGA§ 24-3-1 (b); Parks v. State, 275 Ga. 320, 322 (2) (565 SE2d 447) (2002). Richard asserts that the admission of this evidence violated his right to confront witnesses against him guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. The opinion of the United States Supreme Court in Crawford v. Washington, 541 U. S. 36 (124 SC 1354, 158 LE2d 177) (2004), declares that a testimonial out-of-court interview such as the one at issue is inadmissible because it violates the Federal Constitution’s Confrontation Clause. Crawford applies to cases pending on direct review at the time it was issued. See Gay v. State, 279 Ga. 180, 182, n. 2 (611 SE2d 31) (2005). As Richard’s case was awaiting a hearing on his pending motion for new trial at the time of the Crawford decision, and because he objected to admission of the evidence on the basis of the Confrontation Clause, Crawford controls, and the tape of the interview should not have been played, nor the statement read.
Nonetheless, admission of evidence in violation of Crawford will be deemed harmless if there is no reasonable possibility that it contributed to a guilty verdict. Yancey v. State, 275 Ga. 550, 557-558 (3) (570 SE2d 269) (2002). The State asserts that the erroneously admitted evidence of what Richard told Brenda was merely cumulative of the contents of the properly admitted statements he made to Brown and Hampton, and therefore harmless. Buttram v. State, 280 Ga. 595, 597 (4) (631 SE2d 642) (2006). Richard contends, however, that the admission of the evidence was harmful, and that this case is similar to, and controlled by, Brawner v. State, 278 Ga. 316 (602 SE2d 612) (2004).
Brawner also involved a Crawford violation, and this Court evaluated the evidence to determine if the State had proved beyond
Richard argues that, because Brown testified that he did not tell the investigating police officer that Richard said he killed a man, and because Hampton testified that his videotaped statements were fabricated, both witnesses were “impeached,” and Brawner prohibits this Court from determining Brenda’s taped interview to be “cumulative” of the evidence from those two witnesses. However, Brawner does not stand for the proposition that calling into question the credit of any evidence means that such evidence cannot be considered when determining whether there is a reasonable possibility that improperly admitted evidence contributed to a guilty verdict. The question remains whether, in this case, the admission of evidence prohibited by Crawford was harmless. Yancey, supra.
Nor does any attempt to impeach a witness necessarily result in all evidence from that witness being discredited as a matter of law; the jury was fully instructed on the evaluation of evidence in the face of an attempted impeachment.
Unlike Brawner, in this case, there was considerable evidence against Richard that did not come from an “impeached” source. Viewed as a whole, the evidence was such that there is no reasonable possibility that the admission of the statement and interview of Brenda contributed to the guilty verdicts.
Richard also urges that under the court’s instructions, the jury could have taken Brenda’s audiotape as corroboration of the “impeached” testimony of Brown and Hampton’s videotaped interview. See Brawner, supra at 319-320. First, as noted above, it is not appropriate to view Brown’s testimony as fully and successfully impeached. Second, it is not correct to state that the only corroboration of Hampton’s interview was by Brenda’s statements. The details of the murder, including that Cole was choked, corroborated what Hampton reported that Richard had told him, as did the evidence that Richard possessed the green Infiniti. See Floyd v. State, 272 Ga. 65, 66 (1) (525 SE2d 683) (2000).
Judgments affirmed.
Cole was killed on January 14,2001. On May 23,2002, a Cobb County grand jury indicted Richard and James Edward Cooper for malice murder, felony murder while in the commission of aggravated assault, aggravated assault by beating and strangling Cole with a weapon, aggravated assault by cutting Cole with a weapon, and armed robbery. Richard was tried alone before a jury on January 14-20, 2004, and found not guilty of armed robbery, but guilty of all other charges. On January 20, 2004, Richard was sentenced to life in prison for malice murder and a concurrent term of 20 years in prison for aggravated assault by cutting Cole with a weapon; the charge of aggravated assault by beating and strangling Cole with a weapon merged with the murder charge and the felony murder stood vacated by operation of law. See Malcolm v. State, 263 Ga. 369, 372-374 (4), (5) (434 SE2d 479) (1993). Richard moved for a new trial on January 21, 2004, and amended his motion on November 21, 2005. The amended motion was denied on February 7,2006. Richard filed his notice of appeal on March 6,2006, the appeal was docketed in this Court on April 4, 2006, and orally argued on June 12, 2006.
Hampton was released from custody shortly before participating in this interview.
The fact that Cole had been manually strangled had not been made known to the public.
Of course, whether a witness is impeached is a jury question, and even if the jury determines that a witness has been impeached, credibility remains a matter for that jury. Chapman v. State, 263 Ga. 393, 394-395 (3) (435 SE2d 202) (1993).
The trial court instructed the jury that:
a witness may be impeached by disproving the facts that have been testified to by the witness or by proof of contradictory statements previously made by the witness as to matters that are relevant to the witness’s testimony and to the case.
If, after giving or if any attempt has been made in this case to impeach any witness by proof of contradictory statements previously made, you must determine from the evidence, first, whether or not the statements were made; second, whether or not they are contradictory to any statements the witness made on the witness stand; and third, whether or not it is material to the witness’s testimony and to the case.
If you find that a witness has been successfully impeached by proof of previous contradictory statements, you may disregard that testimony unless it is corroborated by other credible testimony and then the credit to be given to the balance of the testimony of the witness will be for you to determine.
Richard contends that the fact that, during jury deliberations, the audiotape of Brenda Brown’s interview was played at the jury’s request shows that admission of the audiotape was harmful. However, the reason the jury requested that the tape be re-played is not in the record, nor does the re-playing of the tape alter the status of the evidence as a whole.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
Because the improper admission of evidence in this case violated Richard’s constitutional right of confrontation, the error cannot be deemed harmless unless “there is [no] reasonable possibility that the improperly admitted evidence contributed to the [verdict].”
From a review of the overall evidence, it is plain that Brenda Brown’s statements to the police were quite possibly the strongest evidence of Richard’s guilt. The jury itself made that very point when, during its deliberations, it specifically requested the opportunity to hear only one piece of evidence a second time before reaching its verdict — Brenda Brown’s inadmissible police interview.
The other evidence was simply not as clear and convincing as the statements of Brenda Brown. The testimony of Bobby Brown was vague and contradictory. The testimony of Charles Johnson shed little, if any, light on the killing. The evidence of Richard’s haircut, as well as his statement while being arrested, failed to clearly connect him to the murder, as opposed to the other criminal activity involving the automobile. The statement given to police by Hampton, the jailhouse informant, was tainted by his testimony that he had fabricated the statement in exchange for an improper benefit, among other inconsistencies. The State introduced no forensic evidence linking Richard to the murder. Although the majority is correct that the admissible evidence was sufficient to sustain the convictions under the deferential standard demanded by Jackson v. Virginia,
The relative importance of Brenda Brown’s interview with the police was emphatically illustrated by the jury’s request, during its deliberations, to be allowed to listen to it again. In Orr v. State, this Court faced a similar situation and found that the fact that the jury specifically requested to hear the improperly admitted evidence during its deliberations was an important factor in our determination that the error was harmful.
In Brawner v. State, this Court faced a similar violation of the defendant’s right of confrontation and concluded that the error could not be deemed harmless because the State had failed to “ ‘prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not contribute to the verdict.’ ”
To sustain the convictions, the majority strains to conclude that “[v]iewed as a whole, the evidence was such that there is no reasonable possibility that the admission of the statement and interview of
The violation of Richard’s constitutional right of confrontation was harmful error in this case, as we cannot in good conscience say that there is no reasonable possibility that it contributed to the jury’s verdict. I therefore conclude that the convictions must be reversed and the case remanded for a new trial.
I am authorized to state that Justice Carley and Justice Melton join in this dissent.
Yancey v. State, 275 Ga. 550, 558 (570 SE2d 269) (2002) (emphasis supplied); see also Browner v. State, 278 Ga. 316, 319 (602 SE2d 612) (2004) (“[w]hether a constitutional violation constitutes harmless error depends on whether the State can prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not contribute to the verdict.”) (punctuation omitted).
443 U. S. 307 (99 SC 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979).
Orr v. State, 281 Ga. 112 (636 SE2d 505) (2006) (“[m]ost importantly to the harmful error analysis ... is a note from the jury . .. requesting to hear the [improperly admitted evidence] again.”). It is also noteworthy that the State is required to meet a much higher burden in the present case to establish harmless error because the error violated Richard’s constitutional rights, unlike the situation in Orr.
278 Ga. at 319 (quoting Rowe v. State, 276 Ga. 800, 804 (582 SE2d 119) (2003)).
Majority opinion at 406.
Brawner, 278 Ga. at 319 (“[i]n contrast with the [admissible] testimony . . . the declarant’s [inadmissible] hearsay statement [was] placed before the jury unimpeached because the declarant did not testify.”).
Majority opinion at 406.
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