Stovall v. State
Stovall v. State
Concurring Opinion
concurring specially.
I join in full Divisions 1 through 4 of the majority opinion, but I concur in the result of Division 5 for reasons different than those set forth by the majority. The question is whether a defendant who uses one firearm to shoot a victim and is a party to the use of a second firearm to shoot the same victim is guilty of one or two violations of OCGA § 16-11-106 (b). The majority opinion finds the issue controlled by State v. Marlowe, 277 Ga. 383 (589 SE2d 69) (2003), which held that
where multiple crimes are committed together during the course of one continuous crime spree, a defendant may be convicted once for possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime as to every individual victim of the crime spree, as provided under OCGA § 16-11-106 (b) (1) [crimes against the person], and additionally once for firearm possession for every crime enumerated in subsections (b) (2) through (5) [unlawful entry, theft, controlled substances, and drug trafficking crimes].
Marlowe, 277 Ga. at 386.
I have doubts about the reasoning of the Marlowe majority, as did the three dissenting Justices in that case, who would have held that a separate conviction is authorized under OCGA § 16-11-106 (b) for each predicate felony the defendant commits while possessing a firearm, even though there was only one victim. See 277 Ga. at 387-389 (Carley, J., joined by Thompson, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part); id. at 389-391 (Hines, J., dissenting).
This is not the case, however, to consider whether Marlowe was correctly decided or whether it should nevertheless be followed as a matter of stare decisis. Whether the Marlowe majority or the Marlowe dissenters were right, it is clear to me that the number of firearms involved is not the appropriate unit of prosecution for violations of OCGA § 16-11-106 (b). In addressing the same issue under the similar federal statute, 18 USC § 924 (c) (1), at least nine federal circuits have held that “a defendant could not be convicted of multiple § 924 (c) counts for using multiple guns in a single [predicate] offense,” with only the Eighth Circuit, to some extent, going the other way. United States v. Cappas, 29 F3d 1187, 1189 (7th Cir. 1994) (citing cases). As the Sixth Circuit explained in rejecting the Eighth Circuit’s view, although the text of § 924 (c) (1), like the text of OCGA § 16-11-106 (b), refers to the singular “a firearm,” the firearm is not the focus or subject of the statute. See United States v. Taylor, 13 F3d 986, 993-994 (6th Cir. 1994). I agree, even if there remains debate about what else is the correct focus of the statute
In this case, after merger of the predicate felonies committed by Stovall, there remains only one predicate felony conviction (malice murder). Accordingly, even under the Marlowe dissenters’ view, I believe there could be only one conviction under OCGA § 16-11-106 (b), regardless of the number of firearms involved. For these reasons, I respectfully concur in the result of Division 5.
I am authorized to state that Presiding Justice Carley and Justice Hines join in this special concurrence.
Opinion of the Court
Appellant Keshon Terrell Stovall, also known as Archie Copprue, was convicted of and sentenced for the malice murder of Christopher King, for possession of the firearm he used in King’s murder, and for possession of the firearm his co-indictee used in King’s murder.
Appellant’s fiancée, currently serving a prison sentence for possession of cocaine with intent to distribute, testified appellant was also known as “Bird.” She said appellant was angry with the victim in January 2000 because appellant had purchased what turned out to be imitation cocaine through the victim and appellant wanted the victim to reimburse him $4,800. In late January, appellant rented a car and drove to Chicago where he posted bond for his brother, and the duo returned to Atlanta. On a night in early February, appellant and his brother went to an apartment where the victim formerly had spent several nights, and the occupant, a friend of the victim who was indicted with appellant and his brother, testified appellant and his brother were dressed in black. The co-indictee also testified that appellant showed him the gun he was carrying inside his waistband, told him the victim owed appellant $4,800, and stated that “someone has to pay.” The occupant, who worked with the victim, took the visitors to the parking lot of the business where the victim worked. The following evening, appellant returned to the co-indictee’s apartment and told him the victim “was taken care of.” Appellant’s girlfriend testified she met appellant, his
The evidence was sufficient to authorize a rational trier of fact to find appellant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of malice murder and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307 (99 SC 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979).
2. Citing Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U. S. 79 (106 SC 1712, 90 LE2d 69) (1986), appellant challenged in the trial court the State’s exercise of peremptory challenges against the two African-American members of the venire remaining after the third African-American member of the venire was struck for cause. The assistant district attorney stated she had struck one of the black venire members because the district attorney’s office had prosecuted the woman’s son within the last two years, and had struck the other black venire member because he had said that issues with his employment would probably distract him from the trial and that racism “was definitely an issue” in the criminal prosecution of one of his relatives, and the prosecutor was concerned he would not pay attention to the case. Defense counsel pointed out to the trial court that both challenged venire members had stated they could be fair and impartial. On appeal, appellant maintains the trial court erred in ruling that the reasons presented by the State for the exercise of its challenges were race-neutral.
The prior conviction of a family member of a prospective juror is a sufficiently race-neutral reason to support the exercise of a peremptory challenge, as is the venire member’s concerns about the hardship of jury service on his employment. Flanders v. State, 279 Ga. 35 (2) (609 SE2d 346) (2005). The rationales offered by the prosecutor were racially neutral since none of them is based on a characteristic or stereotype peculiar to any race. Turner v. State, 267 Ga. 149, 152 (476 SE2d 252) (1996). The trial court did not err in
3. As part of its case-in-chief and over the objection of appellant, the State played for the jury a redacted version of a videotaped interview police conducted with a woman who was present with the co-indictee in the apartment visited by appellant and his brother. The woman did not testify at appellant’s trial. The HV2-minute videotape was admitted under the necessity exception to the rule barring the admission of hearsay testimony. See OCGA § 24-3-1 (b). The woman told investigators that “Bird” and a man she had never seen before were dressed in black from head to toe when they came to the apartment the night before the victim was killed; they were looking for the victim because he owed appellant $4,800; and appellant said he was going to kill him.
The confrontation clause imposes an absolute bar to the admission in evidence of an out-of-court statement when it is testimonial in nature and when the defendant does not have an opportunity to cross-examine the declarant. Gay v. State, 279 Ga. 180 (2) (611 SE2d 31) (2005). See Crawford v. Washington, 541 U. S. 36, 53-54 (124 SC 1354, 158 LE2d 177) (2004). Statements made to police officers during an investigation are “testimonial.” Watson v. State, 278 Ga. 763 (2) (b) (604 SE2d 804) (2004). Although appellant’s trial took place prior to the date Crawford was decided, the Crawford decision is applicable to all cases pending on direct review or not yet final. Soto v. State, 285 Ga. 367 (2) (a) (677 SE2d 95) (2009). It was error to admit the woman’s statement to police. Id. See also Copprue v. State, 279 Ga. 771 (4) (621 SE2d 457) (2005) (where this Court held that the identical videotaped interview should have been excluded because it constituted impermissible testimonial evidence). However,
the inquiry does not . . . end with the conclusion that permitting the hearsay testimony was error because even error of constitutional magnitude such as ... violations of the right of confrontation can be held harmless. “Whether a constitutional violation constitutes harmless error depends upon whether the State can prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not contribute to the verdict.” [Cit.] This Court has found violations of the standard stated in Crawford to be harmless because the evidence against the defendant was overwhelming [cit.] or because the hearsay was cumulative of other evidence. [Cit.]
Willingham v. State, 279 Ga. 886, 887-888 (622 SE2d 343) (2005).
4. Appellant contends the trial court committed reversible error when it limited the parties to closing arguments of one hour instead of the two-hour period mandated by OCGA § 17-8-73. The statute provides that “[i]n cases involving capital felonies, counsel shall be limited to two hours for each side.” Malice murder and felony murder are considered capital felonies for purposes of this statute, and the trial court has no discretion to impose any further limit on the time for closing argument in such prosecutions. Chapman v. State, 273 Ga. 865 (3) (548 SE2d 278) (2001). The high regard in which the right to make a closing argument is held is apparent from judicial determinations that harm is presumed when the right is erroneously denied and that the presumption of harm is not readily
As the State’s case-in-chief was nearing its conclusion, the court and attorneys discussed when the case might be submitted to the jury and the trial court expressed its hope to have closing arguments take place that afternoon. Defense counsel stated, “I don’t have long arguments. My argument is only going to be about 30 minutes.” Later, during the charge conference, the trial court informed the attorneys that closing argument would be limited to an hour for each side with the court giving a two-minute warning to an attorney as the one-hour deadline approached. The trial court interrupted the closing argument of the assistant district attorney to inform her she had five minutes remaining. Thereafter, defense counsel gave a closing argument that lasted 23 minutes.
It is clear the trial court erred when it informed the attorneys in this capital case that they were limited to giving a closing argument of one hour’s duration. OCGA § 17-8-73. However, insofar as appellant is concerned, the trial court’s misstatement of the law was nothing more than a misstatement. Inasmuch as the record shows that defense counsel informed the court of counsel’s plan to deliver a 30-minute closing argument prior to the trial court’s announcement of the one-hour limitation, and that counsel was not interrupted during the delivery of his closing argument by the trial court, we cannot say that appellant’s right to make a two-hour closing was abridged by the trial court’s misstatement. See Thompson v. State, 286 Ga. 891 (692 SE2d 384) (2010). In light of the timing and the content of defense counsel’s announced plans, appellant’s assertion on appeal that trial counsel was “chilled” by the trial court’s announcement and the trial court’s interruption of the prosecuting attorney’s closing argument is without merit.
5. Appellant was charged with, convicted of, and sentenced for two counts of possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (OCGA § 16-11-106 (b) (1)), with one weapon being the .22-caliber handgun appellant used to shoot the victim and the other weapon being the 9mm-caliber handgun used by his brother to shoot the victim. Citing Marlowe v. State, 277 Ga. 383 (2) (c) (589 SE2d 69) (2003), appellant contends he cannot be sentenced for both gun possession counts. Citing Hill v. State, 276 Ga. 220 (3) (576 SE2d 886) (2003), the district attorney asserts that in addition to being convicted and sentenced for possessing the gun he used, appellant
In pertinent part, OCGA § 16-11-106 (b) provides:
Any person who shall have on or within arm’s reach of his or her person a firearm .. . during the commission of. . . [a]ny crime against or involving the person of another . . . and which crime is a felony, commits a felony and, upon conviction thereof, shall be punished by confinement for a period of five years, such sentence to run consecutively to any other sentence which the person has received.
In Marlowe, supra, 277 Ga. at 386, this Court construed the legislature’s reference in the statute to “any crime against a person” as indicating a legislative intent “to impose separate criminal liability upon a defendant for each person against whom a crime is committed.” The Court concluded that “where multiple crimes are committed together during the course of one continuous crime spree, a defendant may be convicted once for possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime as to every individual victim of the crime spree, as provided under OCGA § 16-11-106 (b) (1). . . .” Id. See also Abdullah v. State, 284 Ga. 399 (4) (667 SE2d 584) (2008). In the case at bar, appellant was engaged in one continuous crime spree consisting of murder, possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime, and, as a party to the crime, possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime. Because only one victim was involved in appellant’s crime spree, under Marlowe he may be convicted only once for possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime. Accordingly, the conviction and sentence imposed on one of the two possession charges must be vacated. Id. See also McIlwain v. State, 287 Ga. 115 (694 SE2d 657) (2010) (where defendant and co-defendant each had a firearm and there were two victims, defendant could be convicted of two counts of possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony); Gutierrez v. State, 285 Ga. 878 (3) (684 SE2d 652) (2009) (since there were three victims, defendant could be convicted of three counts of possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony under OCGA § 16-11-106 (b) (2)); Abdullah v. State, supra, 284 Ga. 399 (4); Taylor v. State, 282 Ga. 693 (3) (653 SE2d 477) (2007); Carero v. State, 277 Ga. 867 (3) (596 SE2d 619) (2004) (in Adullah, Taylor, and Carero, this Court vacated one of two firearm possession convictions because there was only one victim).
Judgment affirmed in part and vacated in part.
This Court affirmed the judgment of conviction entered in a separate trial against appellant’s co-indictee and brother, John Copprue, in Copprue v. State, 279 Ga. 771 (621 SE2d 457) (2005).
The victim was killed on February 3, 2000. Appellant, his brother, and a third man were charged in a true bill of indictment returned by a Gwinnett County grand jury on January 24,
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