OPINION OF THE COURT BY

An action of replevin, entitled as above, was instituted in the district court of Honolulu. When the case came on for trial the defendant challenged the authority of counsel for plaintiff to appear’ as such counsel. Counsel stated to the court that he had authority to appear for the plaintiff and that he would prove it *63by tbe testimony of one A. V. Gear. Mr. Gear was sworn as a witness and testified to being tbe president of tbe Fidelity Insurance Company, Limited, and that he bad, brought- tbe action for tbe restitution of tbe property in dispute. He also testified that the plaintiff company owns tbe articles in question; that they were taken by tbe defendant and are now in his possession, and that be bad been requested to return them. Counsel for tbe defendant cross-examined tbe witness; renewed bis former objection; and orally interposed a plea in abatement, “no- showing of corporate authority to bring suit.” The objection and plea were overruled. Counsel concluded bis cross-examination of tbe witness, and, apparently, tbe plaintiff then rested. The defendant moved for a.non-suit, which was denied; tbe defendant testified; and at tbe conclusion of tbe testimony tbe court gave judgment in favor of tbe plaintiff. Tbe defendant appealed on points of law which are certified to this court as follows: (1) When in a suit purporting to be brought by a corporation tbe defendant pleads in abatement an absence of authority from said corporation to institute said suit, it is incumbent upon tbe plaintiff to afiirmatively prove due corporate authority to bring the- suit. ( 2 ) In the- same suit, tbe same plea in abatement having been overruled and tbe plaintiff having rested •without affirmatively proving corporate authority to bring said suit) a motion for non-suit based upon the above grounds must be granted. In this court counsel for tbe defendant relied solely on the second point, his contention' briefly stated, being, that there was no competent evidence that Mr. Gear v/as or is tbe president of the company; that tbe president of a corporation has no authority by virtue of bis office to institute suits in tbe name of the corporation; that there was no showing made that Mr. Gear bad authority to bring this action for and on behalf of tbe Fidelity Insurance Company, Limited; and that it was incumbent upon tbe plaintiff, as part of its case, to show that tbe bringing of tbe action was authorized by tbe corporation.

That Mr. Gear is tbe president of tbe corporation was suffi*64ciently shown, pñma- facie, by his own testimony. The defendant did not contradict that testimony by any evidence. The appointment of an officer of a corporation may be proved by parol evidence.

But counsel argues that, assuming that Mr. Oear was shown to be the president of the company, it does not follow that he was authorized to institute the action, and he cites Waikapu Sugar Co. v. Hawn. Coml. Co., 8 Haw. 343. In that case it was held that the president of - a corporation is not authorized virtute officii to bring suits in the name of the corporation. Possibly that rule should not be held to apply under all circumstances. See Trustees of Smith Charities v. Connolly, 157 Mass. 272; Colman v. West Virginia Oil Co., 25 W. Va. 148. However, no reason has been advanced to show that it does not apply here. But in the Waikapu Sugar Co. case the point was raised by a plea in abatement supported by affidavit. In the case at bar no evidence was offered by the defendant in support of his plea, and the question is whether the failure of the plaintiff to show affirmatively that the action was expressly authorized by the corporation is a ground for non-suit.

In Hawaii Mill Co. v. Andrade, 14 Haw. 500, it was held that in a complaint before a district magistrate in an action by a corporation it is unnecessary to allege that the plaintiff is a corporation. It was there said that, “There does not seem to be any more reason for requiring a corporation, an artificial person, to allege its capacity to sue by affirmative averments than there is for a natural person. The presumption of capacity indulged in favor of the latter ought to be extended to the former at least until the same is brought in question by proper plea.” Nor is there any more reason for holding that it should be alleged in a complaint in an action brought by a corporation that the institution of the action was authorized by the corporation than there is for requiring an allegation that the plaintiff is a corporation. If it is not necessary to allege the fact, it would seem to necessarily follow that a plaintiff is not required to mahe proof of it, *65and that the corporation is not to be non-suited for failure so to do.

The defendant’s plea in abatement was properly overruled because it was not supported by proof, and his motion for a non-suit was properly denied because it was not incumbent upon the plaintiff to show affirmatively that its president was authorized to cause the. action to be brought.

Judgment affirmed.

CONCURRING OPINION OF

It seems to me to be unnecessary to consider to any extent the correctness of the ruling in Waikapu Sugar Co. v. Hawaiian Commercial & Sugar Co., 8 Haw. 343, 351, that “the president of a corporation cannot by virtue of his office and without authority from the corporation begin suit in the name of the corporation,” or to suggest any possible limitations to its applicability. With reference to that decision it is sufficient to say that in that case the point was raised by a plea in abatement supported by affidavit while in the case at bar no evidence was offered by the defendant in support of his plea.

In the conclusion that the judgment should be affirmed I concur on the sole ground that the plea was not supported by proof and that the motion for non-suit could not prevail since it was not incumbent on the plaintiff to allege in the declaration or to show affirmatively that the institution of the action was authorized by the corporation, — irrespective of whether in such a case as this or in any case the president is authorized virtute officii to bring suit in the name of the corporation.