Opinion filed February 10, 2014

______________________________________________________________________________

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

THIRD DISTRICT

A.D., 2014

ROBERT F. STUMP, MARY RITA STUMP, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court CHICAGO TITLE LAND TRUST COMPANY ) for the Twelfth Judicial Circuit, an Illinois Corporation, as Trustee Under Trust ) Will County, Illinois, Agreement Dated May 31, 1968 and Known as ) Trust Number 38021, ) ) Plaintiffs-Appellees and Cross-Appellants, ) ) Appeal Nos. 3-11-0784, 3-11-0785 and 3-11-0886 v. ) Circuit Court No. 08 CH 5325 ) SWANSON DEVELOPMENT COMPANY, ) LLC, an Illinois Limited Liability Company; ) MUNICIPAL TRUST AND SAVINGS BANK, ) as Trustee Under Trust Agreement Dated ) December 15, 2004 and Known as Trust Number ) 1894; PEOTONE PROPERTIES, LLC, as ) Illinois Limited Liability Company; MUNICIPAL ) TRUST & SAVINGS BANK, as Trustee Under ) The Honorable Bobbi N. Petrungaro, Trust Agreement Dated June 25, 2007 and Known ) Judge Presiding. as Trust Number 2184; MOKENA INVESTMENT ) COMPANY I, LLC, an Illinois Limited Liability ) Company; DONALD L. SWANSON, SR.; and ) DONALD SWANSON, JR., ) ) Defendants-Appellants and Cross-Appellees, ) ) (Municipal Trust and Savings Bank, ) ) Defendant-Appellee). ) ______________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE McDADE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices Lytton and Schmidt concurred in the judgment, with opinion. ______________________________________________________________________________

OPINION

¶1 This case involves cross-appeals from the decision of the circuit court of Will County

resolving multiple claims and cross-claims of breach of contract and fraud, and seeking

accounting and rescission of legal agreements in conjunction with three real estate development

projects in Peotone, Frankfort, and Mokena–all of which are in Will County, Illinois. We affirm

and remand for further proceedings, if necessary, consistent with this opinion.

¶2 FACTS

¶3 Plaintiff Robert Stump entered into three real estate development projects with

defendants, Swanson Development Company, LLC, Donald Swanson, Sr., and his son, Donald

Swanson, Jr. Pursuant to the agreements reached by the parties, Stump was to provide the

property for the developments in return for specified purchase prices, while the Swansons were

to facilitate the projects using their real estate expertise and experience.

¶4 The first development was the Glenview project, which was to build single-family

residences in Peotone. In November 2004, the Swansons formed Peotone Properties, LLC.

Donald Jr. and Patrick O'Malley, Stumps' grandson/attorney, were each 50% owners; however,

Stump was not a member of that company. In December 2004, the parties entered into the

"Glenview Land Development Agreement", which provided that Stump would contribute

property and convey free and clear title to his land so it could be used as collateral for bank loans

necessary to undertake this development project. Ultimately, eight homes were built on

Glenview land, and six homes were sold with gross sales at $1,690,000.

2 ¶5 The parties next planned to develop property Stump owned in Frankfort to create a larger

community of single-family residences. Stump and Donald Sr. entered into agreements (Prairie

Creek I and II) that called for a payment of $1,460,250 by December 31, 2007, in exchange for

unencumbered title to 58 acres of land in unincorporated Will County. The payment was to be

made by Swanson Development Company, LLC, which was Swansons’ operating company.

Donald Sr., his mother, Valerie, and Donald Jr. were members of that company. Donald Jr. was

the manager; Stump was not a member. Pursuant to their agreement, Stump conveyed, without

any restrictions, title to the Frankfort property to a trust (trust agreement 1894) created by

Swanson and managed by Municipal Trust and Savings Bank, of which Peotone Properties,

LLC, is the sole beneficiary. Loan proceeds moved through Peotone Properties to Swanson

Development. Defendants borrowed $1,600,000 against the Frankfort property and spent

virtually all of that money. Stump received none of his purchase price, nor were all of the loan

proceeds devoted to the Frankfort project. Development was not completed.

¶6 The third project was the development of property in Mokena. Donald Sr. obtained an

initial land plan for that property in late 2006. On July 19, 2007, Donald Sr.–while actively

negotiating with Stump about the creation of a limited liability company (LLC) in which Stump

would hold a 50% interest and a written contract for this transaction-preemptively formed a LLC

called Mokena Investment Company I, in which he and his son were the only members, each

holding a 50% interest. Swanson and Stump never did enter into a written agreement with

respect to the Mokena property, but an oral agreement provided for Stump to be paid a total of

$4,500,000 for the property: $500,000 payable at the loan closing, $500,000 upon approval of

the final plat of the subdivision, and $35,000 per unit upon closing of each sale. On August 14,

2007, Stump and the Swansons attended a loan closing for the Mokena property. After the

3 closing, Stump was given a check for $333,000, and $167,000–the balance of the first $500,000–

was paid by Swanson Development on behalf of Stump to ComEd for the installation of

underground utilities. Stump received no further payment for his Mokena property.

¶7 In December 2007, Swanson Development failed to make the $1,460,250 payment due to

Stump under the Frankfort development agreement. Approximately 60 days later, Stump told

Donald Jr. that "this is over with" and that he "wanted out."

¶8 Between November 2004 and February 2008, using Stump’s land as collateral and using

Peotone Properties and Mokena Investment Company I as beneficiaries, Swanson Development

borrowed a total of $4,100,000 from Municipal Trust & Savings Bank in connection with all

three of the projects. The funds from loans on these properties were deposited into one Swanson

Development checking account on which Donald Sr. and Donald Jr. were the only signors. All

of the loan proceeds were spent, but Stump was paid nothing for the Frankfort property and only

$500,000 of the $4,500,000 owed him on the Mokena property. Donald Sr. personally received

in excess of $351,652 from the loan proceeds and bought a luxury car. Donald Jr. received in

excess of $74,600. A January 2008 accounting of the Mokena property shows Donald Sr.

received $409,900 and Donald Jr. received $89,900. O’Malley, whom Stump wanted to share in

the Peotone and Frankfort profits, received over $120,000. Despite the significant loan proceeds,

no development was created in either Frankfort or Mokena.

¶9 Plaintiffs Robert Stump, Mary Rita Stump and Chicago Title Land Trust Company

(Stump) filed an 11-count complaint against defendants Swanson Development Company, LLC;

Donald Swanson, Sr.; Donald Swanson, Jr.; Mokena Investment Co. I, LLC; Peotone Properties,

LLC, and Municipal Trust and Savings Bank, as trustee of trust agreements 1894 and 2184,

seeking the following relief: accounting on the Peotone property against Swanson Development

4 (count I); rescission and other equitable relief based on fiduciary fraud against Swanson

Development, the Swansons and the bank (count II); rescission and other equitable relief based

on breach of contract on the Frankfort property against Swanson Development, the Swansons

and the bank (count III); declaration of an equitable lien on the Frankfort property against

Swanson Development and the bank (count IV); breach of contract claim (count V); breach of a

personal guaranty on the Frankfort property against Donald, Sr. (count VI); breach of the

reimbursement agreement on the Ruder property against Donald Sr. (count VII); rescission and

other equitable relief based on fiduciary fraud on the Mokena property against Swanson

Development, the Swansons and the bank (count VIII); rescission and other equitable relief

based on breach of contract on the Mokena property against Swanson Development Company,

the Swansons and the bank (count IX); unjust enrichment on the Mokena property against

Swanson Development, Mokena Investment Company I, LLC, and the Swansons (count X); and

promissory estoppel on the Frankfort property against Swanson (count XI).

¶ 10 The Swansons and their LLCs filed a counterclaim against Stump, seeking a setoff for

Glenview and Prairie Creek (count I); a setoff in relation to the Mokena property (count II); and

alleging, in the alternative, breach of contract related to the Glenview project (count III); breach

of contract in relation to the Frankfort project (count IV); and fraud in relation to the Frankfort

property (count V). Count VI alleged breach of an oral contract with respect to the Mokena

property and count VII alleged fraud in relation to the Mokena property.

¶ 11 Municipal Trust and Savings Bank also counterclaimed against the Swansons and their

LLCs, Stump, and the trusts to foreclose mortgages on the Mokena property, the Frankfort

property, and three lots in the Glenview project in Peotone.

5 ¶ 12 A 10-day bench trial was held in September 2010, and the following testimony pertinent

to the viable issues in this appeal was elicited.

¶ 13 Donald Jr. testified that he, Donald Sr., and Stump were involved in the three

development projects between 2004 and early 2008. Swanson Development was the named

developer on all of the projects. He was a member and the manager of Swanson Development

even though he had no real estate development experience. He signed agreements on behalf of

Swanson Development and undertook general management functions, but he never took any

action unless authorized and directed by his father and he did not prepare any of the documents

he signed.

¶ 14 Swanson Development/Swansons created additional LLCs in conjunction with the

projects–Peotone Properties for Peotone and Frankfort, and Mokena Investment Company I for

Mokena. Donald Jr. and Patrick O’Malley, Stump’s grandson and attorney, were the only

members of Peotone Properties. Donald Sr. and Donald Jr. were the only members of Mokena

Investment Company I. Donald Jr. was the only common member of all of the LLCs; Stump

was not a member of any, nor was he a signor on the single checking account designated to

receive the loan proceeds and make distributions.

¶ 15 In his testimony, Donald Jr. confirmed that loan proceeds secured by the Frankfort and

Mokena properties were to be used for the development of the specific property. He thought that

he and/or Donald Sr. had provided that assurance to Stump directly during the negotiations on

the Mokena project. There was nothing in any of the agreements to lead Stump to believe

otherwise. However, this restriction had not been honored. All loan proceeds went into one

account and were used as needed on all of Stump’s projects as well as on other development

projects in which Stump had no interest.

6 ¶ 16 In May 2006, Stump was expressing concern about the continued viability of the projects.

At a meeting with Stump during negotiations, Donald Sr. indicated that he would personally

guarantee the purchase price of the Mokena property. Donald Jr. sent O’Malley an email

confirming the offer of a personal guarantee. Although $1,600,000 was borrowed using

Frankfort property as collateral and all of that money was spent, water and sewer were never

installed and without them, there could be no final approval and the Frankfort development was

not completed. Pursuant to the Prairie Creek agreements, Stump was to be paid $1,460,250 for

the Frankfort property by December 31, 2007; he was never paid by Swanson Development or

personally by Donald, Sr.

¶ 17 In negotiating the Mokena project, Stump was assured by both Swansons that a

development agreement documenting the sale/purchase of the property would be completed

immediately after the loan closing. That document was never completed and signed. During the

negotiations, Stump was also assured that an operating agreement for an LLC which would

receive the Mokena loan proceeds and in which he would have a 50% interest would be finalized

after the closing. Instead that LLC was formed prior to the closing with Donald Sr. and Donald

Jr. as its only members. Stump had no interest.

¶ 18 Donald Sr. testified that he met Stump in October 2003 and they began to develop the

property owned by Stump in Peotone. That project was marginally successful and while it was

ongoing, they began to explore developing property Stump owned in Frankfort and in Mokena.

He testified with regard to both the Frankfort and Mokena development projects that Stump

understood that the property was to be used as collateral for land development and construction

loans which required transfer of good and merchantable title. Stump never indicated to him that

he was intending to reserve a lien on the property and had he done so, the project could not have

7 gone forward. Unlike Donald Jr., he denied that Stump was ever told that the use of loan

proceeds would be limited to the property serving as collateral for each loan.

¶ 19 In conjunction with underwriting the loans, the bank requested, and Donald Sr. prepared

and provided, several significantly different personal financial statements, two of which were

dated December 31, 2005, but showed different total assets of $4,603,000 and $8,230,000. In

January 2008, Stump was worried because he had not been paid for the Frankfort property the

preceding month and he asked for the personal financial statements. Swanson gave them to him

to “calm him down.” The trial court’s order recited: “Although Swanson testified that he

considered the financial statements to be meaningless, he then testified that he intended those

financial statements to mean something to Stump.”

¶ 20 In providing support for the Frankfort loans, Donald Sr. signed copies of operating

agreements for Peotone Properties, Swanson Development, and Prairie Creek II as manager,

even though he was not the manager for any and he had no membership interest in Peotone

Properties.

¶ 21 Prior to the closing on the $2,500,000 Mokena line of credit, Donald Sr. and Stump had

an oral agreement for the sale of the property for $4,500,000. The owner of the property would

be trust No. 2184, but Stump was not a beneficiary of the trust. Instead, he was to have a 50%

interest in the LLC that was the beneficiary of the trust and the recipient of the loan proceeds.

Mokena Investment Company I, LLC was formed but Stump was not a member. Donald Sr.

explained that the LLC had been formed prior to the closing because timing was essential. He

could not remember why he and Donald Jr. were the only members and Stump had not been

included.

8 ¶ 22 Robert Stump described the nature and parameters of the development projects and

testified that he was aware of the fact that his property was being used as collateral for loans. He

knowingly conveyed merchantable title for that purpose, but his obligation to do so was

conditioned on the agreement of all parties that he would be paid. He had been told the loan

proceeds would be used only for the property that secured them. If he had known the Frankfort

proceeds would not be restricted in that way, he would not have signed the Prairie Creek

agreements. That said, he generally took no interest in where the money was coming from or the

specifics of how it was being used. He believed the land was his only contribution to the

developments.

¶ 23 He became concerned, however, that the Frankfort property was not being developed and

he was getting involved in the Mokena project which would require a lot of money. So he

sought reassurance about the Swansons’ individual worth by getting personal financial

statements from them. He relied on and was reassured by the financial statements even though

he did not believe they were completely credible.

¶ 24 Stump testified that prior to the closing on the Mokena property, he and Donald Sr.

decided to hire an attorney to form a limited liability company in which the two of them would

hold equal 50% interests. After meeting with the attorney and failing to come to an agreement

on terms, there was no further discussion of the matter, and the company was never formed.

Stump had no knowledge that the Swansons had created Mokena Investment Company I, LLC,

prior to the August 2007 loan closing, with only Donald Sr. and Donald Jr. as members and with

Stump having no interest.

¶ 25 In 2007, Stump was interested in purchasing property in Peotone owned by Irv Ruder.

He entered into an agreement for an exchange for the property. Stump paid $30,000 earnest

9 money, intending to pay the balance for the property after he received payment from the

Swansons on the Frankfort project. When Stump became concerned that he might not have the

money to pay Ruder by the closing date, Donald Sr. assured him that he would be paid in ample

time, but that he would personally reimburse Stump the $30,000 earnest money in the event he

was not. Earlier, in May 2006, Donald Sr. had orally personally guaranteed the purchase price on

the Frankfort property. Stump did not receive either the purchase price due him on the Frankfort

property or the guaranteed personal payments from Donald Sr., he was unable to complete the

sale on the Ruder property, and he lost his earnest money.

¶ 26 Patrick O’Malley is Stump’s grandson. He had been our of law school for about a year at

the time he began representing his grandparents on the Peotone project. He had no experience in

real estate development. He drafted the operating agreement for Peotone Properties in which he

and Donald Jr. were equal members. As a member, he believed his consent was necessary to

take out loans against the Peotone and Frankfort properties. He also drafted the Glenview

Agreement setting out the Peotone project terms. Pursuant to that agreement, he received

payments from Swanson Development.

¶ 27 O’Malley drafted both Prairie Creek agreements which transferred title to the Frankfort

property without monies being paid to Stump. Under the agreements, the purchase price for

Frankfort is to be paid by Swanson Development. Both allow the property to be used as

collateral for loans.

¶ 28 In a May 2006 meeting, Donald Sr. represented to Stump that he would personally

guarantee the Frankfort purchase price. O’Malley sent an email to Donald Jr., expressing

Stump’s happiness with the personal guarantee. He thought that email confirmed and accepted

10 the personal guarantee. When he drafted Prairie Creek II it included reference to the meeting but

not the personal guarantee.

¶ 29 O’Malley was to share in the profits from Peotone and Frankfort, but not Mokena. With

regard to Mokena, Donald Sr. hired an attorney, Jeff Stahl, to draft an operating agreement for an

LLC in which Stump was to be a member and an agreement for purchase and sale of the Mokena

property. Drafts of those documents were sent to O’Malley who had concerns but apparently did

not express them to Stahl. Stump retained another attorney with more experience to help

O’Malley with those agreements. Because of his unresolved concerns, O’Malley advised Stump

not to sign the contract. Stump did not seek his advice about delivering the deed and O’Malley

did not know that Stump had delivered the Mokena deed without the contract or operating

agreement having been signed.

¶ 30 Stump told O’Malley about a project in which Donald Sr. was involved on land owned by

Irene Petratos. He told his grandson that he was disappointed at having no participation in the

Petratos project.

¶ 31 O’Malley drafted the deed in trust that conveyed all of Stump’s interest in the Frankfort

property without restriction and giving beneficial interest to Peotone Properties. He did not draft

mortgages against either the Frankfort or Mokena property because he thought they were not

necessary. He did not think Stump wanted the general public to know he retained an interest in

the properties. He acknowledged that no equitable interest is reflected in the deed or in Prairie

Creek I and II.

¶ 32 Merlin Karlock, president of Municipal Trust & Savings Bank, testified. Pursuant to

bank policy, Karlock and Catherine Boicken were, together, to approve loans made by the bank.

In addition to his position as president of the bank, Karlock is the sole appraiser for Midwest

11 Appraisal Services. In that capacity, he performed an appraisal on the Mokena property, valuing

it at $6,860,700. He had also appraised the Frankfort property in 2006 and assessed its value at

$2,044,350. When, as here, Karlock appraised the land offered as loan collateral, he did not

participate in the underwriting of or the vote on the loan because of the resulting conflict and

Catherine Boicken was solely responsible for validating the loan. When Boicken is acting alone,

she is not authorized to make loans greater than $2 million.

¶ 33 Another real estate appraiser, Joseph Batis, valued the Mokena property at $8,160,000.

This was the only appraisal he had ever done for the bank and Catherine Boicken was his contact

person.

¶ 34 Catherine Boicken, vice president of Municipal Trust & Savings Bank, testified that she

was responsible for the Frankfort and Mokena loans at issue in the case. She reported that the

trust beneficiary of the Frankfort property was Peotone Properties, and the trust beneficiary of

the Mokena property was Mokena Investment Company I. She reviewed operating agreements

for both companies and Stump did not appear as a member of either company.

¶ 35 The Frankfort property had been appraised by Karlock at $2,044,350 and had been sold

for $1,460,000. The bank made three loans on it: one for $350,000 on January 5, 2005; a

refinance in July 2005, for $800,000; and a second refinance in June 2006, for $1,650,000.

Before making any loans on the Frankfort property, Boicken commissioned a title search and

obtained personal financial statements from the Swansons. In one of those statements Donald Sr.

listed his net worth at $3,048,000 with no liabilities. Donald Jr. listed a net worth of $595,000

with no liabilities. After checking their credit reports, Boicken determined that the information

they had provided her was inaccurate. She secured additional personal financial statements from

and credit reports about the two Swansons which provided still more conflicting financial

12 information and further suggested a general lack of credit-worthiness. She was not, however,

unduly concerned about this because of her belief that as long as the value of the property was

sufficient to cover the loans and her mortgage liens had priority, the personal financial

statements were superfluous. Before the Mokena loan was made, the value had been appraised

at $8,160,000 and $6,860,770. The transfer deed showed that the property had been sold to

Swanson Development for $4,500,000. Boicken testified that she had never heard of a vendor's

lien.

¶ 36 James Downs, Stump’s expert, testified that the bank did not follow prudent underwriting

standards with respect to the Frankfort and Mokena loans. He opined that the bank should have

properly done its due diligence on the borrower, the net worth and the composition of the trust.

He also thought the bank should have determined how the property was deeded into trust, how

the borrower obtained the properties involved and looked at the companies and their

membership. He acknowledged that there was no documentation of a lien by Stump on either

the Frankfort or Mokena property. He did not believe the bank had an obligation to ensure that

Stump got paid.

¶ 37 Myles Jacobs, a real estate attorney and opinion witness for the bank, testified that Stump

should have recorded liens or taken mortgages on the Frankfort and Mokena properties, thereby

providing notice to the world that he held an interest. Absent such a lien, there was nothing in

the Frankfort or Mokena deeds to show that Stump retained any kind of interest in those

properties. Anyone looking at the deeds would have no notice of an interest held by Stump.

Had there been such notice of Stump's interest in the record, a lender would have a duty to

inquire further before proceeding with any transaction.

13 ¶ 38 At the conclusion of the trial, the court entered a 46-page, single-spaced order which

thoroughly set out the facts underlying all of the transactions among the parties and analyzed the

legal issues presented, and made the following findings, which we state here in cursory fashion.

Any additional facts necessary for consideration of those issues that remain for resolution in this

appeal will be incorporated in this order where appropriate.

¶ 39 The trial court found that plaintiffs had failed to meet their burden of proof on counts I,

II, VI, X and XI of their complaint and entered judgment on those counts in favor of the

Swanson defendants. On counts III (breach of contract on Frankfort), IV (equitable lien on

Frankfort), and V (breach of contract), the court entered judgment in favor of plaintiffs and

against Swanson Development and Peotone Properties, placing an equitable lien against those

defaulting defendants in the amount of $1,460,250. Judgment was, however, also entered in

favor of Municipal Trust and Savings Bank on counts III and IV, enabling foreclosure of the

bank’s liens. On count VII (breach of reimbursement agreement on Ruder), the court found in

favor of plaintiffs and ordered Donald Sr. to reimburse Stump the lost $30,000 earnest money

deposit. The trial court entered judgment in favor of plaintiffs on counts VIII (fiduciary fraud on

Mokena) and IX (rescission of contract and deed on Mokena), assessing compensatory damages,

jointly and severally, against Swanson Development, Mokena Investment Company I, LLC, and

the Swansons personally in the amount of $2,612,216.57, and awarding $250,000 each in

punitive damages against Donald Sr. and Donald Jr. on count VIII.

¶ 40 The trial court found no merit to the counterclaim filed by the Swanson defendants and

ruled against these counterclaim plaintiffs on all counts.

14 ¶ 41 With respect to the bank's counterclaim to foreclose, the court found that the bank had

satisfied its burden of proof that it was a bona fide actor and entered judgment of foreclosure on

all of the properties at issue.

¶ 42 All of the Swanson defendants–companies and individuals–filed a notice of appeal from

the circuit court's order by counsel. The Stumps cross-appealed, alleging errors related to the

Swanson defendants and to Municipal Trust and Savings Bank. A flurry of procedural activity

ensued in this court. Counsel for the Swanson defendants sought and was granted leave to

withdraw on the ground that irreconcilable differences had led to a termination of the

attorney/client relationship. The docketing schedule was adjusted to give these defendants time

to retain new counsel to prepare a brief or to notify the court that they were proceeding pro se.

¶ 43 Thereafter, Donald Sr. and Donald Jr. entered appearances pro se. No appearances of

counsel for the company defendants were filed.

¶ 44 The deadline for filing the Swanson companies’ brief passed and Stump moved to

dismiss the appeal of these defendants for want of prosecution or failure to comply with

appellate rules. Donald Sr. and Donald Jr. acquiesced in the motion, and it was granted. There

now being no challenge by the companies and the trusts to the trial court's order, judgment of the

circuit court as to them is unopposed and final.

¶ 45 Stump then sought and was granted dismissal of the cross-appeal against the Swanson

defendants but preserved the consolidated appeals as to Municipal Trust and Savings Bank,

challenging the decisions (1) finding the bank had the right to foreclose its mortgages and (2)

authorizing sale and confirming sale of the property to the bank.

15 ¶ 46 In the wake of this procedural housecleaning, the issues remaining to be resolved in this

appeal are: issues related to Stump’s consolidated appeals as to Municipal Trust and Savings

Bank and issues of personal liability raised by Swansons, Sr. and Jr.

¶ 47 ANALYSIS

¶ 48 I. The Swanson Appeal–Personal Liability–Appeal No. 3-11-0784

¶ 49 The Swansons filed an appeal challenging three decisions of the trial court, claiming that

(1) Stump failed to prove all of the elements of fraud in the inducement as alleged in count VIII;

(2) Stump failed to prove failure of substantial performance/breach of contract as alleged in

count IX; and (3) the award of punitive damages against them individually was not warranted.

¶ 50 Donald Sr. and Donald Jr. ask this court to find that “the trial court’s findings of fraud

and breach of contract with respect to the Mokena project (counts VIII and IX) were against the

manifest weight of the evidence." The judgment on counts VIII and IX was entered jointly and

severally against Swanson Development Company LLC, Mokena Investment Company I, LLC,

and Municipal Trust and Savings Bank, as trustee of trust No. 2184, as well as the two individual

Swansons. The court specifically noted that Donald Sr. and Donald Jr. were "agents of SDC." It

is their actions and omissions on which the liability of the company defendants is based. We

consider whether the evidence was sufficient for the trial court to conclude that the Swansons

personally committed fraud.

¶ 51 Our standard for reviewing the trial court's factual findings following a bench trial is

whether the findings were against the manifest weight of the evidence. A finding is against the

manifest weight when "the opposite conclusion is clearly evident or the finding is arbitrary,

unreasonable, or not based in the evidence." Samour, Inc. v. Board of Election Commissioners,

16

(2007). A trial court's legal conclusions are reviewed de novo. Samour,

Inc.,

.

¶ 52 A. Personal Liability for Fraud

¶ 53 The factual underpinning 1 for the court’s conclusion that the Swansons could be held

personally liable for fraud is its finding that “Swanson and DJ undisputedly proceeded with the

bank loans and on the closing without disclosing to Stump the existence of MIC and without

including Stump in MIC as a member."

¶ 54 The Swansons argue that the trial court's findings that "Stump did not have all the facts"

and that their actions with respect to Stump were "fraudulent in nature" were against the manifest

weight of the evidence. They further argue that plaintiffs failed to prove they had a special or

fiduciary relationship with Stump.

¶ 55 Stump responds that it was not necessary to establish a fiduciary relationship to prove

fraudulent inducement. He further responds that the evidence shows that the Swansons made

three affirmative misrepresentations to him with respect to the Mokena property: (1) that the

money borrowed against the Mokena property would be spent only on that project; (2) that they

would enter into a written LLC operating agreement with Stump as a 50% member immediately

after the closing; and (3) that they would enter into a written purchase and sale agreement for the

Mokena property.

1 No statutory objection has been raised as to the Swansons' personal liability. There is a

statute which appears to be directly on point. See 805 ILCS 180/10-10(a), (d), 13-10 (West

2010). The statute has not, however, been raised and its possible effect has not been briefed so

we deem it waived and do not consider it.

17 ¶ 56 To prevail on an action for fraud, a plaintiff must establish by clear and convincing

evidence (1) a false statement of material fact; (2) knowledge by defendant that the statement is

false; (3) intent to induce the other party to act; (4) reliance by plaintiff on that

misrepresentation; and (5) injury caused by that reliance. Hassan v. Yusuf,

(2011). Fraud may be perpetrated by a misrepresentation or by concealment.

¶ 57 For fraud in the inducement, the defendant must have made a false representation of a

material fact knowing or believing it to be false and doing it for the purpose of inducing the

plaintiff to act.

A representation may be made by words, actions or other conduct amounting

to a statement of fact.

A fiduciary relationship is not necessary to establish fraud. See In re

Estate of Kaminski,

(1990).

¶ 58 Here, the trial court found that the Swansons committed fraud against Stump by creating

an LLC that did not include Stump as a member. We agree. Donald Sr. and Donald Jr. made

affirmative representations that the loan proceeds from the Mokena property would be held by an

LLC of which Stump would be a 50% member, inducing Stump to convey the property to them

and their company. While negotiations were going on between Stump and Donald Sr.

concerning the terms of the proposed LLC, Donald Sr. and Donald Jr. formed, without telling

Stump they were doing so, Mokena Investment Company I in which they were the only

members. They were also the only persons listed on the only bank account designated for receipt

and disbursement of the loan proceeds. Stump was injured by his reliance on their

representations because he deeded his property for the benefit of a company in which he had no

interest. The trial court's finding of their personal liability for the actual damages resulting from

the fraud is not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

¶ 59 B. Personal Liability for Breach of Contract

18 ¶ 60 We next consider the Swansons’ argument that they should not be individually liable for

breach of contract on the Mokena project because they were not parties to the contract. Stump

concedes that although the companies are liable for breach of contract, Donald Sr. and Donald Jr.

cannot properly be held personally liable. We do not read the trial court’s order as imposing

damages for breach of contract. The finding of breach was made in conjunction with the court’s

discussion of whether the statute of frauds precluded relief for Stump because of the absence of a

written contract. The court found that it did not and then went on to find that the oral contract

induced by fraud was voidable, that Stump sought to void it through rescission, and that

rescission was warranted. The court granted rescission and found that, in order to be made

whole, Stump was entitled to compensatory damages equal to the amount of the bank’s lien

($2,612,216.67). It was this compensatory damages amount that was assessed against Swanson

Development, Mokena Investment Company I, trust No. 2184, as well as Donald Sr. and Donald

Jr., individually. There has been no challenge to this award. The trial court’s award of this relief

is affirmed.

¶ 61 C. Assessment of Punitive Damages

¶ 62 Finally, we consider the propriety of imposing punitive damages against the Donald Sr.

and Donald Jr. They argue that there was no evidence that they committed fraud against Stump

related to the Mokena property because Stump knew or should have known he was not a member

of an LLC when he attended the closing. Additionally, they argue that silence, particularly on

the part of Donald Jr., is insufficient to establish fraud.

¶ 63 Stump responds that punitive damages were properly awarded against Swansons for their

fraudulent acts and further asserts that Swanson Jr. was not found liable for his silence, but for

his active participation in the fraudulent conduct.

19 ¶ 64 Punitive damages are not favored in the law. Petty v. Chrysler Corp.,

(2003). "A court may award punitive damages if the defendant's tortious acts are

malicious or display reckless disregard for another's rights."

"The purpose of punitive

damages is to punish the defendant and deter others from the same conduct."

Punitive

damages should only be awarded in cases with aggravated circumstances–such as fraud,

willfulness, wantonness, or malice–and "should not be awarded if the defendant's misconduct is

not above and beyond the conduct needed for the basis of the underlying cause of action."

(Internal quotation marks omitted.)

¶ 65 "To determine whether punitive damages are appropriate, the trier of fact can properly

consider the character of the defendant's acts, the nature and extent of the harm to the plaintiff

that the defendant caused or intended to cause and the wealth of the defendant." (Internal

quotation marks omitted.) Slovinski v. Elliott,

(2010). Evidence of the

defendant's financial status is necessary for an appellate court to properly review a challenge to

an award of punitive damages. Powers v. Rosine,

. "A trial court

must evaluate available evidence of a defendant's financial worth in calculating punitive

damages, but an award will not be overturned just because the defendant did not present

evidence of financial worth at trial." Gambino v. Boulevard Mortgage Corp.,

(2009).

¶ 66 In reviewing a trial court's decision to award punitive damages, the appellate court must

take a three-step approach, "considering (1) whether punitive damages are available for the

particular cause of action, using a de novo standard, (2) whether, under a manifest weight of the

evidence standard, the defendants acted fraudulently, maliciously or in a manner that warrants

20 such damages, and (3) whether the trial court abused its discretion in imposing punitive

damages." Linhart v. Bridgeview Creek Development, Inc.,

(2009).

¶ 67 A plaintiff has a common law right to punitive damages in a fraud case. Cripe v. Leiter,

(1997). Thus, the first factor is satisfied here.

¶ 68 Turning to the second factor, we review the trial court's reasons for imposing punitive

damages to determine if its judgment was against the manifest weight of the evidence. See

Linhart,

. Here, the trial court found that Donald Sr. and Donald Jr. were

actively involved in the fraud committed against Stump. We agree. In direct contravention of

the oral agreement with Stump, they created Mokena Investment Company I weeks prior to the

August closing, they made themselves the sole members of the company and the sole recipients

of loan proceeds, they excluded Stump from 50% (or any) membership in the company, and they

did not tell him any of this. In addition, Stump testified that he did not know of the formation of

the LLC prior to closing–testimony the trial court clearly found credible. Therefore, we do not

find that the trial court's award of punitive damages is against the manifest weight of the

evidence. Moreover, any doubts Stump might have had about whether the documentation would

be completed were allayed by three factors: Donald Sr. repeatedly represented that the

documents would be completed after the closing; active negotiation on the creation of the LLC

with Stump as a member was ongoing prior to the closing; and Donald Sr. assured Stump at the

closing that the documents, including the LLC operating agreement, would be completed after

the closing. At no time did he tell Stump such an agreement was already in effect and in the

possession of the bank.

¶ 69 As further evidence of culpable personal conduct, we note that Donald Sr. gave Stump

personal financial statements that he had previously prepared and that he knew were false for the

21 purpose of calming him down so he would continue to go forward on the Mokena project. We

further note that both Swansons played fast and loose with the LLCs and with the loan proceeds.

None of the organizational formalities for LLCs were followed with Peotone Properties and

Mokena Investment Company I, including noticing and recording meetings, keeping books, and

strictly observing who was authorized to sign documents and loan applications on behalf of the

LLCs. All loan proceeds were funneled into Swanson Development and mixed with monies

from other sources and used indiscriminently for all of the Stump projects. In addition, $500,000

was used as a nonrefundable down payment for land for the Petratos project. Stump and

O’Malley denied Stump was a party to that project and his name did not appear in any of the

documents. Donald Sr’s testimony about Stump’s possible involvement was equivocal at best.

Clearly, however, the money came from proceeds from Stump’s land and it was diverted from

the Mokena development and was lost through Donald Sr.’s actions.

¶ 70 We consider, as the third factor, whether the trial court abused its discretion by awarding

punitive damages. In determining whether punitive damages are appropriate, the trial court was

required to assess not only the nature and extent of the harm to plaintiffs but also the wealth of

defendants. See Slovinski,

. Here, there was evidence, albeit conflicting, from

personal financial statements and credit reports regarding the wealth of the Swansons. This

information included the fact that Donald Jr. was living in a $300,000 home and that Donald Sr.

had purchased a luxury car and a utility vehicle from loan proceeds which were to be used for

development of the Mokena property. Both had also taken substantial amounts of money from

loan proceeds for their personal use. In addition, three of Donald, Sr.’s personal financial

statements claimed, variously, assets totaling $3,048,000, $4,603,000, and $8,230,000 without

liabilities, showed interests in other LLCs; and reported additional personally held real property.

22 A personal financial statement prepared for Donald Jr. by his father listed a net worth of

$595,000 without liabilities. It is possible that not all of the claims are false. After

consideration of the foregoing facts, suggesting an ability to pay, and the clear evidence of harm

caused to Stump by the Swansons’ conduct, we cannot find that the trial court abused its

discretion in ordering Donald Jr. and Donald Sr. to pay punitive damages. The imposition of

personal and punitive damages challenged in appeal No. 3-11-0784 is affirmed.

¶ 71 II. The Stump Consolidated Appeal–Appeal Nos. 3-11-0785 and 3-12-0086

¶ 72 Stump has raised two issues in this appeal. The first is his contention that, because the

bank was on "inquiry notice" of Stump’s interest in the property prior to making the Frankfort

and Mokena loans, the bank was not a bona fide "purchaser" whose mortgage lien could properly

be superior to Stump’s vendor’s liens or to his title to the Mokena property that was restored to

him when the court granted his prayer for rescission. Stump’s second issue is that waiver does

not stand as a bar to his Frankfort and Mokena claims. We consider the two issues together.

¶ 73 A. Equitable Vendor’s Liens Were Created in This Case

¶ 74 The specific findings made by the court and challenged by Stump as to count IV were

that Stump held an equitable lien against the Swanson defendants on the Frankfort property but

that the bank’s mortgage lien was superior. On counts VIII and IX, the court granted Stump’s

claim for rescission of his oral contract and deed but, again, held the bank’s lien was superior to

Stump’s restored title. After entry of the judgment, the trial court authorized foreclosure by the

bank of its mortgages and validated the sale of the property to the bank. These latter judgments

are included in the consolidated appeals.

¶ 75 Stump asserts that the key to the resolution of his challenge to the foreclosure decisions is

the understanding and application of the concept of “inquiry notice.” He argues that for several

23 enumerated reasons grounded in irregularities disclosed in the loan application process, the bank

was on inquiry notice of Stump’s prior ownership interest and of the fact that the purchase price

on the properties had not been paid; because of the inquiry notice, the bank is charged with

knowledge of all facts it could have learned through prudent inquiry; because of its imputed

knowledge, the bank is not a bona fide “purchaser” without notice of any interest of others in the

land; and, because the bank is not a bona fide purchaser, its liens are subordinate to the vendor’s

lien (Frankfort) and title (Mokena) held by Stump.

¶ 76 The bank responds that: it is a bona fide purchaser without notice and its mortgage liens

have priority; inquiry notice is irrelevant in this case because Stump failed, by act and omission,

to create a vendor’s lien and there was nothing to find; even if a lien had been created, it was

waived; and a vendor’s lien is not an interest in property but rather is “merely a remedy for the

debt.” The bank also argues that finding a vendor’s lien in this case would change existing law

and eviscerate the Conveyances Act (765 ILCS 5/1 et seq. (West 2010)).

¶ 77 Over more than a century of consideration, the case law concerning vendor's liens has

become complex and confusing–a fact amply demonstrated by the complexity of the trial court’s

underlying findings and the parties’ appellate briefs. Therefore, we begin our consideration with

an examination of the equitable vendor’s lien itself.

“A vendor’s lien does not grow out of an agreement

between the parties, but is simply an equity raised by courts of

chancery for the benefit of vendors of realty, which will be

enforced or denied as the exigencies of each particular case may

require, and rests on the principle of natural justice that one

obtaining possession of another’s estate ought not in conscience to

24 be allowed to keep it without paying the consideration. [Citation.]

A vendor’s lien is not recognized by our statute, but is a creature of

the courts of equity, [citation], and such liens are created to prevent

injustice which can arise when one parts with an interest in land

and the purchaser retains the realty but refuses to pay. [Citation.]”

(Emphasis added.) Mills v. Mills,

(1960).

See also Fischer v. Abernathy,

(1917) (a vendor’s lien is a lien recognized

in equity that "arises in cases where the owner of land conveys the same by deed, thus divesting

himself of the legal title, and where some part or all of the purchase price remains unpaid.").

¶ 78 In its decision in Ross v. Clark,

(1907), the supreme court stated: “The

vendor’s or grantor’s lien is only permitted as security for unpaid purchase money, which must

be a certain, ascertained amount. The lien does not exist in behalf of any contingent, uncertain or

unliquidated demand. [Citation.]” Ross v. Clark,

. Similarly, the appellate court

in 1960 said in Mills: “A vendor’s lien is viewed with disfavor and will not be enforced unless

clearly established, and will only be permitted as security for unpaid purchase money.

[Citation.]” Mills,

.

¶ 79 These principles gleaned from older cases were reiterated when the appellate court

revisited equitable vendor’s liens more recently in Krajcir v. Egidi,

(1999).

In that case the court described the vendor’s lien as follows:

“In cases where a lien has not been reserved expressly, a

lien is raised in equity in favor of the vendor who has parted with

legal title without receiving payment of the full purchase price; it

arises in every sale and conveyance of land when the purchaser has

25 not paid in full. [Citation.] Such an implied lien is not an interest or

estate in realty or a specific, absolute charge thereon, but an

equitable right in the vendor by a proceeding in chancery to resort

to the property in case the purchase price is not paid; it is not a

debt or right of property, but merely a remedy for the debt which is

limited to the property or interest therein sold. [Citation.]” Krajcir,

.

While the language in the cited cases does recognize a security interest, it is an equitable interest

which creates a remedy against the defaulting vendee for the unpaid purchase money. It is not an

interest in the land.

¶ 80 In the instant case, as in Krajcir, Stump asserts that he retained no mortgage or other

express reservation of interest in the property, but that title did pass through the sale to Swanson

Development to the trust and the agreed-upon purchase price was not paid. Accordingly, an

equitable vendor’s lien would arise in favor of Stump which he could assert against the Swanson

defendants by a proceeding in chancery, resorting, in appropriate circumstances, to the property

for relief. See Mills,

.

¶ 81 Although Stump failed to protect his right to be paid by establishing and recording a legal

lien to give notice of his preserved property interest to persons reviewing the chain of title, there

is ample evidence in the record, including the Prairie Creek I and II agreements, that the parties

had agreed upon a definite purchase price ($1,460,250) for the Frankfort property and that Stump

intended to be paid by Swanson Development Company or its privies for that property by

December 31, 2007. Similarly the record establishes that Stump was to be paid $4,500,000 for

the Mokena property and the sources, method and partial timing for payment of the purchase

26 price. The parties do not dispute these facts. There is, therefore, a clearly established debt for an

amount certain with regard to both properties and proof that it has not been fully paid.

¶ 82 The cases we have previously cited indicate that equitable vendor’s liens exist solely to

protect a seller of land who conveyed his property but has not retained and recorded a legal

interest and who has not been paid, by creating a mechanism recognized in equity by which he

can compel payment of the purchase price by his vendee. Consistent with that fact, the trial

court in the instant case declared the existence of an equitable vendor’s lien that could be

asserted by Stump to secure payment of the purchase price for the Frankfort property by the

purchaser. We find no error in this decision. Equity would approve the creation of the vendor’s

liens in conjunction with the Frankfort property.

¶ 83 B. Stump’s Liens Were Not Waived

¶ 84 The bank contends, and the trial court stated, that Stump waived his vendor's lien by

providing good and merchantable title, signing closing documents showing that consideration

was paid in full, failing to reserve a lien in the contracts, failing to record a lien, and failing to let

the world know that a vendor's lien existed. The bank also argues the lien was waived because

Stump induced another (presumably the bank) to deal with the property as unencumbered.

¶ 85 Stump initially challenges the bank’s right to even raise this argument because waiver

was not included as an affirmative defense in the bank’s answer. It is true that the defense was

not separately pled as required by section 2-613(d) of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS

5/2-613(d) (West 2010)).

¶ 86 The bank responds that it did raise the issue in its pleadings, that Stump introduced

testimony and exhibits at trial related to waiver, and that he failed to object to any of the bank’s

waiver arguments at trial.

27 ¶ 87 Although Stump denies that the testimony and evidence referred to by the bank was

introduced at trial for the purpose of refuting the bank’s waiver arguments, we find no indication

in the record that he filed any motion prior to the trial court’s decision objecting to the failure to

plead the separate affirmative defense. It seems apparent that the pleading defect was not

brought clearly to the attention of the judge and, for the court, the possible waiver of Stump’s

vendor’s liens was in issue and ripe for resolution. In that circumstance, we find Stump has

waived the bank’s alleged waiver of its waiver defense. American Family Mutual Insurance Co.

v. Albers,

(2011) (holding that a plaintiff waives any objection to

defendant's failure to plead an affirmative defense by failing to object at the trial level). We now

turn to the merits of the bank’s waiver argument.

¶ 88 Because vendor's liens are disfavored, whenever, from any circumstances, a court can

infer that a vendor did not rely on his lien for security, the court should treat it as waived.

Franklin v. Hillsdale Land & Cattle Co.,

(1897). The main principle that

governs courts of equity in enforcing a vendor's lien is the implied agreement existing between

the vendor and the vendee that the former shall hold a lien on the lands sold for the payment of

the purchase money.

. When, therefore, it appears that the vendor did not rely on the

lien, this does away with that implied agreement, and courts hold the lien waived.

¶ 89 A vendor's lien is waived if the vendor (1) takes other security for the purchase money, or

(2) performs an act manifestly declaring an intention not to rely on the lien. Wendell v. Pinneo,

(1906). The burden of proof of the waiver rests upon the party alleging it.

¶ 90 The bank’s argument that giving a warranty deed defeats the vendor’s lien is incorrect. It

is in just such a situation that equity creates the lien. Krajcir,

. Similarly,

28 the contention that conveyance of the Mokena property by quitclaim deed divested the lien lacks

merit. A quitclaim deed divests the vendor of every interest, including equities, that he possesses

at the time the property is conveyed. See 765 ILCS 5/10 (West 2010) (“Every [quitclaim] deed

*** shall be deemed and held a good and sufficient conveyance, release and quit claim *** in fee

of all of the then existing legal or equitable rights of the grantor ***.” (Emphasis added.)). The

quitclaim deed cannot divest the vendor of an equitable interest, such as Stump's equitable lien,

which does not come into being until after the property is sold and some or all of the purchase

price remains unpaid.

¶ 91 We also find no acts by Stump clearly showing his intention to waive his vendor's lien.

Indeed, there is evidence that he grew increasingly worried that he would not be paid and took

unsuccessful steps to secure payment of his purchase price. The fact that Stump did not record

his lien documents in the chain of title cannot constitute a waiver because, by its definition, a

vendor's lien is not a property interest and is not recordable. No argument has been made that

the vendor’s liens were extinguished in any manner as to Donald Sr., Donald Jr., and Swanson

Development. It is undisputed that Stump had no relationship and no dealings with the bank.

He did not “induce” it to deal with the property as unencumbered.

¶ 92 Although the trial court stated that plaintiffs had waived their liens, we do not find that to

be the import of the order. The court found that the liens had been created and they remained

enforceable against the Swanson defendants–a fact which is inconsistent with a finding of

waiver. We believe that what the court actually, and properly, found as to the bank, albeit in

different terms, is that the same acts and omissions that led to the creation and continued

viability of Stump’s vendor’s lien had cost Stump any right to enforce his lien against the bank.

¶ 93 C. Applying Inquiry Notice to Vendor’s Liens is Not Equitable

29 ¶ 94 Stump, nonetheless, persists in seeking to extend the reach of his implied vendor’s liens

beyond his purchaser to reach a stranger to the sale/purchase transactions (the bank) and to

compel relinquishment or reduction of that stranger’s mortgage lien interest in the property. He

thus argues that an equitable vendor’s lien can be used to actually wrest a legal property interest

from the possession of a third party.

¶ 95 More than a century ago, our supreme court indicated that such a situation should not be

countenanced:

“A vendor’s lien, in general, is viewed with disfavor,

having arisen in times whose peculiar conditions and institutions

were alien to our own. It is from its nature secret and unknown to

the world–often productive of harm. [Citations.] This court has

therefore frequently held that the rights under such a lien ought not

to be enforced except where they are distinctly and clearly made

out; that they should not be extended beyond the requirements of

the settled principles of equity. [Citations.]” (Emphasis added.)

Ross,

.

In a similar vein, the supreme court and the appellate court have urged restriction of the reach of

vendors liens, stating that these secret liens on real estate often produce injustice and should not

be encouraged, and that respect to third parties, the doctrine of implied liens should not be

extended or enlarged. Franklin,

; Trustees of Schools v. Wright,

(1850).

¶ 96 It seems clear from these cases that Illinois courts have long looked with disfavor not

only on the equitable vendor’s lien itself but also on its extension beyond the actual parties to the

30 sale. Because attempts to address this concept in more recent years have resulted in a complex

and confusing jurisprudence, we undertake a more fundamental analytical approach.

¶ 97 In the instant case, the bank has no vendor/vendee relationship with Stump in regard to

the either the Frankfort or Mokena property and no equitable vendor’s lien could, by definition,

arise independently as to the bank, nor does Stump claim that one has. The question then

becomes whether, and on what basis, Swanson’s equitable or moral obligation to pay the agreed-

upon purchase price to Stump can be imposed upon the bank as an obligation substantial enough

to supercede the bank’s legal mortgage liens and cause the property–now legally owned and

mortgaged by another–to be the source of payment to Stump or to revert to Stump.

¶ 98 Stump maintains that such a shift of responsibility can be effected because the concept of

“inquiry notice” applies to defeat the good faith or bona fide nature of the bank’s actions in

making the loans and securing its mortgage liens. He contends the bank had constructive

knowledge, through its own actions and omissions, of his vendor’s lien and it could not,

therefore, be a bona fide purchaser. We cannot agree with Stump’s argument for the following

reasons.

¶ 99 Stump asserts that his position that the bank can be charged with knowledge of his

vendor’s lien is supported by the Conveyances Act, specifically citing section 30 of the Act. 765

ILCS 5/30 (West 2010). In response, the bank expresses concern that if we find this vendor’s

lien exists and is enforceable, we will have changed Illinois law and the Conveyances Act will be

“eviscerated.”

¶ 100 We do not find that Act to be implicated in any analysis of vendor’s liens. The Act’s

effect is set out in section 30, cited by Stump, which provides:

31 “All deeds, mortgages and other instruments of writing which are

authorized to be recorded, shall take effect and be in force from

and after the time of filing the same for record, and not before, as

to all creditors and subsequent purchasers, without notice; and all

such deeds and title papers shall be adjudged void as to all such

creditors and subsequent purchasers, without notice, until the same

shall be filed for record.” 765 ILCS 5/30 (West 2010).

Krajcir plainly states that the vendor’s lien is not an interest or estate in the property. Krajcir,

. Nor, by definition, is it an “instrument[] of writing which [is] authorized

to be recorded.” 765 ILCS 5/30 (West 2010). Therefore, the Act’s plain language precludes its

application to the equitable vendor’s lien. Moreover, since it is not a written document, such a

vendor’s lien cannot be discovered in a reasonable search of the chain of title. Hence the

supreme court’s characterization of it as “secret.” Ross.

. Indeed, Stump’s security

interest did not appear in the title search undertaken by Chicago Title on behalf of the bank.

¶ 101 Finally, with regard to the Conveyances Act, even if its language did not disallow it, the

inclusion of equitable vendor’s liens within the Act’s coverage would frustrate its purpose. In re

Hill,

(Bankr. N.D. Ill. 1993) (“The primary means of charging any party with

notice of an interest in Illinois real property is to record that interest."); Cabeen v. Breckenridge,

(1868) (“It is the obvious design of our recording laws, to protect purchasers

from latent legal or equitable titles.”); King v. De Kalb County Planning Department,

(2009) (the purpose of the Conveyances Act is to give third parties the

opportunity to ascertain the status of title to the property and to protect subsequent purchasers

against unrecorded interests). The protection intended by the Conveyances Act is also extended

32 to mortgage lenders. In re Ehrlich,

(Bankr. N.D. Ill. 1986) (the Act protects

“bona fide mortgagee[s] for value” (applying Illinois law)).

¶ 102 The equitable vendor’s lien is not recognized by statute but is solely a creature of the

courts of equity. Mills,

. Therefore, Stumps’ reliance on the Conveyances

Act is unavailing. We find no legal justification for applying inquiry notice to vendor’s liens.

¶ 103 We, therefore, consider whether equity would approve the application of inquiry notice to

the equitable vendor’s lien.

¶ 104 Under the concept of inquiry, or constructive, notice, a person will be charged with notice

when that person has knowledge of facts or circumstances that would cause a person of prudence

to make further inquiry. Glenview State Bank v. Shyman,

(1986). If

that person does not investigate further, he or she will be charged with notice of any facts that

may have been discovered by the inquiry.

A purchaser is placed on “inquiry notice” when

facts revealed in the title search process would cause a reasonable individual to think twice about

completing the transaction. In re Application of County Collector,

(2009). Nothing irregular was revealed in the title search.

¶ 105 Stump acknowledges that the bank owed him no duty and that there was neither a

contractual nor a fiduciary relationship between him and the bank that gave rise to obligations on

the bank. His attempt to prioritize his vendor’s lien over the mortgage liens is solely grounded in

his assertion of “inquiry notice.” Our analysis of this argument has two prongs: we first

consider what kind of notice is required to impute knowledge of the intangible equitable

vendor’s lien to and, ultimately and in essence, shift the obligation for payment of the unpaid

purchase price onto a third party, not privy to the sale/purchase transaction. For reasons of

33 judicial economy, we consider, second, whether inquiry notice, if applicable in this case, would

have caused the bank to reconsider making the loan.

¶ 106 1. Type of notice necessary to bind third parties

¶ 107 Generically, a vendor asserting an equitable lien comes into court without having taken

the most elemental legal steps to protect his interest in being paid for his property. There is no

written preservation of a property interest, no recording to apprise a future purchaser or

mortgagee that the seller retains any kind of interest in or against the property. He has only a

gentleman’s agreement and an intangible right to be paid, created in equity and characterized by

the courts of chancery as a “lien,” between himself and his vendee. On what basis might equity

impose an obligation on a stranger to the original transaction to attempt to ferret out a possible

retained interest–not a property interest in land but a remedy for a debt assertable in a proper

case by the vendor against the land–that is based on an oral agreement and a handshake, is not in

writing and appears nowhere in the chain of title?

¶ 108 We find there is little or no equitable basis for such an extension of inquiry notice or for

such a burden on transfers of property or interests therein.

¶ 109 Although we have cited cases in which Illinois Supreme and Appellate Courts have

expressed disapproval of the very concept of equitable vendor’s liens, have indicated that such

liens have on occasion been the cause of injustice, and have voiced a belief that they should not

be extended to third parties, we have not found any recent case in which our supreme court has

directly addressed the scope and function of such a lien. We, therefore, assume its continued

viability. However, because it exists outside of the normal statutory framework crafted by the

legislature for facilitating and protecting transfers of property and because it can frustrate the

34 certainty and freedom of alienation of property interests, we believe the supreme court, faced

with this issue, would limit its reach.

¶ 110 We, therefore, hold that the concept of inquiry notice is not applicable to equitable

vendor’s liens and that the only time–if at all–a purchaser of a property interest who is a stranger

to the original transaction can be burdened with the original vendee’s equitable–essentially

moral–obligation for the unpaid purchase price is when the subsequent purchaser or mortgagee

for value has actual knowledge about the prior purchase that would render his own purchase or

mortgage tantamount to complicity in fraud. Stump does not claim the bank had actual notice.

¶ 111 Our conclusion finds some support in a 1926 supreme court decision involving not a

vendor’s lien but an unrecorded deed, which should be easier to uncover than an equitable

vendor’s lien. The court stated:

"The title of a purchaser whose deed has been recorded will not be

postponed to a prior unrecorded conveyance except upon clear proof of actual

notice of the earlier deed or of circumstances which should have induced an

honest and prudent purchaser to make inquiry which would have disclosed the

truth. Mere suspicion will not establish an inference of fraudulent intent. The

proof must be so clear that the inference of bad faith is a necessary conclusion."

(Emphasis added.) Cessna v. Hulce,

(1926).

¶ 112 More specifically, in the instant case, not only has Stump not documented or recorded his

retained interest in the properties in the chain of title, he agreed to (and did) convey unrestricted

title, ostensibly representing that the consideration had been paid, for the purpose of allowing

Swansons to do precisely what they did–use the property as collateral for loans. Because he

wanted to remain in the background, Stump deliberately obscured his relationship to the

35 property. Moreover, neither he nor his legal representative ensured that his financial interests

were secured either by membership in the LLCs formed to receive loan proceeds or by the

execution of development agreements documenting the sale, thereby further obscuring his

retained interest in the land.

¶ 113 Stump clearly did not anticipate the fraud of his vendees, which the trial court found and

which is unchallenged in this appeal. We sympathize with his plight because of the magnitude

of his loss and the position in which he now finds himself because of misplaced trust in the

Swansons. However, the position is largely one of his own making, created by his own actions

and omissions and those of his grandson/attorney described above. In equitable terms, with

respect to third parties, Stump lacks “clean hands” because he substantially enabled the fraud

perpetrated against him by the Swansons and prevented the bank from discovering his

connection to the property.

¶ 114 Stump’s argument can be construed as a claim that it is the bank that lacks clean hands

because it ignored its own policies and applicable federal regulations in underwriting the loans

on the Frankfort and Mokena properties and allegedly willfully closed its eyes to substantial

evidence of Swansons’ fraud. He asserts that, in violation of the bank’s own policies and

because of Merlin Karlock’s conflict of interest: there was only one officer of the bank

performing its due diligence where there should have been two; Catherine Boicken exceeded the

limit of her individual lending authority; Boicken also ignored gross and obvious inaccuracies in

the several personal financial disclosures of Donald Sr. and Donald Jr. and serious discrepancies

between those disclosures and their credit reports that she secured. While all of those allegations

appear to be true, they relate to duties owed by its agents to the bank and its shareholders. In the

final analysis, even though all of its policies were not carefully followed, the bank adequately

36 protected its interests by commissioning a title search which disclosed no clouds on title,

ascertaining that the appraised value of the collateral equaled or exceeded the amounts of the

loans it was making, and assuring itself that its lien stood in first position.

¶ 115 As Stump has acknowledged, the bank had no duty to nor contractual or fiduciary

relationship with him. It had no obligation to delve into the details of the underlying sale of the

property by Stump to Swanson Development Company. Again in equitable terms, the bank has

clean hands with regard to Stump. We find nothing in the bank’s flawed underwriting of the

loans that constitutes actual notice that Stump’s purchase price had not been or was not being

timely paid; that Stump was being victimized by his buyers; that vendor’s liens had arisen on

behalf of Stump which might be assertable against the properties; that there was any interest or

estate in the land existing prior to its own; or that by completing the loans it was being complicit

in fraudulent conduct.

¶ 116 2. Inquiry notice, even if applicable, would not help Stump

¶ 117 Recognizing that this case may undergo further review and that the supreme court may

disagree with the sweep of our decision, and in the interest of judicial economy, we consider

what further inquiry by the bank may have shown. In the instant case, the actual transaction in

which the bank was involved was making loans to Swanson Development Company through

Peotone Properties, and Mokena Investment Company I, LLC, as trust beneficiaries, for which

the Frankfort and Mokena properties were collateral. If, at the time the loans were being sought

and made, the bank had spoken with Stump or otherwise followed up on any of the information

Stump now claims was available to it, it would have found nothing that would have disclosed

Stump’s vendor’s liens.

37 ¶ 118 Rather, it would have found that Stump and his wife, through their trust, had been the

owners of the Frankfort and Mokena properties; that Stump had voluntarily entered into plans for

development projects with Donald Sr., Donald Jr., and Swanson Development Company; that as

part of their agreements, Stump would sell the properties to Swanson Development Company for

the purpose of using them as collateral for loans whose proceeds were to partially pay Stump for

the property and to facilitate the two development projects; that, pursuant to the agreement,

Stump had conveyed unrestricted title to the Frankfort property (warranty deed) and the Mokena

property (quitclaim) deed to trusts set up for the purpose of facilitating loans; that Stump–like

the bank--did not initially anticipate collecting his purchase price from the personal assets of the

Swansons, but rather from loan proceeds and fruits of the development projects to be generated

by Swansons through the creation of beneficiary LLCs and through the use of his property and

their expertise and experience; that Stump was looking to the loan proceeds and to the profits

from the development of the property as the source of his purchase price; and that, although the

Frankfort purchase price had not been paid, it was not due until December 31, 2007, and, except

at the time of the February 2008 Mokena loan, was not yet delinquent. In short, the bank would

have found a plan that was apparently being carried out as the parties to the development projects

had envisioned. There would have been nothing in this discovery to cause a prudent lender to

suspect the existence of vendor’s liens or to refuse to make the loans.

¶ 119 Moreover, there was nothing about the title documents or the conditions of the properties,

such as possession by another, that would have led the bank to inquire further about the

properties' ownership. We find nothing in the title search that should have put the bank on

inquiry notice that could lead to the knowledge (or a reasonable suspicion) that the property had

38 not been legitimately conveyed to Swanson Development Company or that the purchase price

would not be paid as Stump contemplated.

¶ 120 Plaintiffs' assertion that the bank should have questioned how the defendants purchased

the properties puts an undue burden on the bank. Because Swanson Development Company held

title to the properties and the documents did not show that consideration had not been paid as

contemplated, the bank had no obligation to inquire further and its duty ended with its title

search and appraisals.

¶ 121 D. Effect of Restoration of Mokena Title

¶ 122 Finally, we consider, very briefly, the possible effect on the bank of the restoration of

Stump’s title to the Mokena property following the judgment of rescission based on fraudulent

inducement. As a result of the rescission, the court declared the oral agreement of the parties and

the deed to the Mokena property cancelled. Title was restored to Stump but the trial court held

the “Bank’s lien is properly first in time and thus, takes priority over any ownership interest of

Plaintiffs.”

¶ 123 We deal here purely with a question of notice. Stump’s position is analogous to that of

the person referred to in section 30 of the Conveyances Act who holds a legal interest but has not

recorded it. At the time the bank commissioned and Chicago Title completed the title search,

Stump had no recorded ownership interest in the property. Neither actual nor inquiry notice

could have disclosed that Stump would file a lawsuit asserting fraud and that he would prevail,

thereby recovering title to his property. Stump’s title would not appear as current in any search

of the chain of title at the time the loans were made. Thus, with regard to the Mokena property,

the bank was a bona fide mortgagee for value without notice of Stump’s restored title.

39 ¶ 124 For the foregoing reasons, the bank was entitled to foreclose its mortgages on the

properties and the trial court’s judgment to that effect is affirmed.

¶ 125 CONCLUSION

¶ 126 On the Swanson appeal, the trial court's judgment against Donald Sr. and Donald Jr.

based on their personal liability for fraud in the inducement is affirmed; their personal liability

for compensatory damages following rescission of the oral Mokena agreement is affirmed; and

the award of punitive damages is affirmed.

¶ 127 On the Stump appeal, we affirm the court's judgment that the bank is entitled to foreclose

its mortgage liens and affirm its orders authorizing and confirming the sales of both the Frankfort

and Mokena properties to the bank.

¶ 128 No. 3-11-0784, Affirmed.

¶ 129 Nos. 3-11-0785 and 3-11-0886, Affirmed and remanded.

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