Opinion filed August 26, 2014 _____________________________________________________________________________

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

THIRD DISTRICT

A.D., 2014

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court ) of the 12th Judicial Circuit, ) Will County, Illinois, Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) v. ) Appeal No. 3-12-0522 ) Circuit No. 09-CF-78 JERAMY J. GREEN, ) ) Defendant-Appellant. ) The Honorable ) Sarah Jones, Judge, Presiding. _____________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE McDADE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices Holdridge and O'Brien concurred in the judgment and opinion.

_____________________________________________________________________________

OPINION

¶1 Jeramy J. Green (Green), the defendant, was charged with first degree murder. He filed

several pretrial motions including a motion to quash arrest and suppress evidence. The trial court

granted the State's motion for a directed finding at the close of Green's motion hearing. It found

the investigatory stop leading to Green's arrest proper and that the defense failed to shift the

burden to the State. It also found the unrecorded portion of Green's custodial interview

voluntary and reliable rebutting the inadmissibility provision of section 103-2.1 of the Illinois Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (the Code). (725 ILCS 5/103-2.1 (West 2008)). Section

103-3(a) of the Code regarding family members was found to be inapplicable. 725 ILCS 5/103-

3(a) (West 2008). Green's motion to reconsider was denied. The case proceeded to a bench

trial. Green was convicted of first degree murder and sentenced to 36 years' imprisonment. He

appeals the trial court's ruling on his pretrial motion to quash his arrest and suppress evidence.

¶2 FACTS

¶3 The following account of events is drawn from the testimony at Green's bench trial.

¶4 Around 11:30 p.m. on January 7, 2009, Lieutenant Marc Reid (Reid) responded to a

dispatch call in Joliet and observed the dead body of Brittany Brooks (Brittany). Through a

police database, Reid learned that she had been involved in prior domestic incidents with Green.

Reid also spoke with Brittany's parents and learned of recent threatening text messages between

Brittany and Green. Reid discovered four addresses associated with Green and that a Pontiac

Grand Am was registered to him.

¶5 After providing them with the information he had regarding the investigation, Reid sent

several detectives to each of the four addresses. Reid noted there was no probable cause to arrest

Green and no specific information existed at the time directly linking Green to Brittany's death.

He assigned Detectives Patrick Schumacher (Schumacher), Moises Avila (Avila), and Stephen

Diehl (Diehl) to investigate the house at 1018 Summit, one of the four addresses.

¶6 Upon arriving at the house, the detectives did not see Green's Pontiac Grand Am. Avila

testified they drove by the front and then the rear of the house checking for vehicles parked in

either area that might have occupants sitting with the engine running and lights off waiting to

leave or having just arrived and found none. He testified that they returned to the front of the

house and observed a Honda minivan (minivan) and a Chevy Monte Carlo (car) driving away.

2 He stated that the two vehicles had not been in the front when they originally arrived. He had no

knowledge that the vehicles or persons in them were associated with the house.

¶7 Diehl testified differently from Avila. He stated that when that the squad car drove by the

front and then rear of the house, he saw the minivan and car parked in the back of the house and

also saw them leaving from the back of the house within minutes of the detectives' arrival. He

did not see anyone get into the cars but speculated its occupants came from the house since the

cars were parked on the property.

¶8 Schumacher testified similarly to Diehl, stating that after checking the area around the

house for Green's car, he saw two vehicles leaving from the rear of the house. He also had no

knowledge of who owned the vehicles or who was in them. He radioed dispatch for assistance

providing the description of the vehicles and the direction in which they were heading so they

could be stopped and checked for occupants. No traffic violations had been committed.

¶9 Officer Daniel Rupp heard the dispatched stop request. He intercepted and stopped the

minivan. Rupp exited his car, drew his weapon for general safety purposes, and ordered the

female driver, Green's sister, out of the minivan. When she complied, he handcuffed her and

placed her in his squad car. She testified that she was driving Green, who was a passenger in the

minivan, to the police station.

¶ 10 Sergeant Matthew Breen having also heard the stop request, exited the police station, and

drove his car to where Rupp had stopped the minivan. Breen went to the passenger side of the

minivan and spoke with a man who identified himself as Green. Although Breen was previously

unaware Green was in the minivan, he recognized him as a person of interest relative to Brittany.

Breen saw blood on Green's person, ordered him out of the minivan, and handcuffed him for

officer safety purposes.

3 ¶ 11 Schumacher, Diehl, and Avila arrived at the stopped minivan. Breen walked Green to

Diehl, who noted a large amount of blood on Green's sweatshirt and took it into evidence. Green

told Diehl that he had been on his way to the police station to make a statement when the

minivan was stopped. Green was then walked to the police station.

¶ 12 At the police station, Reid ordered Diehl to start the recording equipment for the

interrogation room, which Diehl failed to do properly.

¶ 13 At 3:23am, Diehl and Avila presented and read Green a waiver of rights form, which

Green signed. He agreed to speak with the detectives and did not ask for an attorney. Green was

offered food, water, and the opportunity to use the restroom. Diehl noted that Green was in his

mid-twenties, had a small cut on his hand but no other injuries, and exhibited no mental

deficiencies.

¶ 14 At 4:44 a.m., Detective John Ross (Ross) was assigned to watch the interrogation on the

recording computer and discovered that the equipment had not been recording. He started it and

notified Reid of the error. Diehl and Avila, who were interrogating Green at the time, were not

informed that the first 1 hour and 23 minutes of the custodial interview had not been recorded.

They were told of the error when they later left the interrogation room. Diehl was reprimanded

for not setting the equipment up properly.

¶ 15 Diehl and Avila both testified that People's Exhibit No.12, a video recording of Green's

interrogation beginning at 4:44 a.m., accurately reflected their entire interview of Green. During

the taped portion of the custodial interview, the detectives repeated the first version of events

leading to Brittany's final moments that Green had given them during the unrecorded portion.

Green never denied providing that account to them and his demeanor remained calm.

4 ¶ 16 The detectives testified that they used profanity and raised their voices in an effort to get

Green to display some emotion and admit his involvement in Brittany's death. They told Green

several times that the crime scene did not match his story. The detectives admitted they were not

trained to use profanity.

¶ 17 Later during the interrogation, Reid provided crime scene photos of Brittany's body

which the detectives showed to Green. One of the photos placed directly in front of Green

showed only one set of footprints in the snow, countering Green's first exculpatory statement.

The other photos of Brittany's body at the crime scene were placed sporadically on the table.

After Green repeatedly failed to explain the discrepancies between his story and the crime scene

photos, Diehl picked up a photo of Brittany, held it up to Green, and demanded that Green look

at Brittany's dead body and explain how she got there.

¶ 18 Diehl later left the room and was replaced by Ross. While Avila and Ross were in the

interrogation room, Green gave a second version of events leading to Brittany's death after which

both detectives left the room. Ross reentered a few minutes later with Detective Christopher

Schott. Schott told Green he had been listening to the interview and that things did not add up.

Schott stated that the police had spoken with his cousin, his sister, and his sister's husband and

what they told the detectives did not match Green's story. Green stated several times that he had

told his family inconsistent and incomplete stories because of embarrassment. The detectives

told Green that his family would understand embarrassment but not lying and that his family

wanted the truth. Ross eventually left the room and Detective Shawn Filipiak took his place.

¶ 19 Green accused Filipiak of spitting in his face. Pushing Green, Filipiak denied spitting on

him. Schott intervened. Filipiak offered to leave the room for Green's comfort and then left.

Schott was alone with Green. Green was given water, food and allowed to use the restroom.

5 ¶ 20 Schott continued the interrogation and exhorted Green to tell him what happened. The

following are excerpts of the discussion.

SCHOTT: I said if you don't talk to me about it, I can't – I

can't put this – I can't – I can't explain this, all right? And right

now, your family wants to know. I mean, they're worried about

you. We're worried about what's going on. You've got to explain it.

You've already told me that it got out of hand, but you've got to

explain to me. You've got to let me know what's going on. So

what happened? I'm not – I don't want to sit here and – I'm not

(inaudible). I'm not going to sit here and put words in your mouth.

I don't want to sit here and make stuff up. I don't want to make a

scenario up. I want you to –

GREEN: My family still here?

SCHOTT: Huh?

GREEN: My family still here?

SCHOTT: They're around, yeah. Why? Do you want to see

them?

***

GREEN: Can I see my family?

SCHOTT: Going to answer my questions?

GREEN: If I answer these questions, can I see my family?

SCHOTT: I'll talk to my boss. You answer the questions

and I'll talk to my boss.

6 GREEN: So if I answer these questions, I'm going to be

able to see my family?

SCHOTT: Then I'll talk to my boss.

GREEN: How?

SCHOTT: I said that I'll talk to my boss, but you have to

answer the question and you have to answer them truthfully. You

have to give me something to go with. I can't go in there, ask for a

favor, if I got nothing to offer. Do you understand? See you gotta

tell me the truth so I know what's going on, okay? Did you stab

her? Did you?

GREEN: No.

Green continued to insist a third person was there, but acknowledged that he was the one who

hurt the deceased. In response to several more denials of involvement, Schott told Green:

"How am I supposed to let you see your family if you don't

talk to me about it; if you don't give me something, which

is the truth? You see what I'm saying? You're gonna send

me out there with nothing. What am I supposed to do? You

understand? See you gotta tell me the truth. You said you

unintentionally hurt her, right? Is that what you're saying? I

can't hear you. Is that what you're saying?"

Green then admitted stabbing Brittany after she introduced a knife into their argument. Schott

left the interrogation room to get Green water and ask his supervisor about allowing Green to see

7 his family. Schott returned to the room to ask more questions, and Green told him where he had

dropped the knife after leaving Brittany's car.

¶ 21 After Green used the restroom, Schott asked him to sign a consent form for leave to

search his house, but Green refused.

¶ 22 ANALYSIS

¶ 23 Denial of Motion to Quash and Suppress

¶ 24 Green first argues that because the State failed to provide evidence that a reasonable and

articulable suspicion existed for the minivan to be seized, the trial court erred in granting the

State's motion for directed verdict and denying his motion to quash his arrest and suppress

evidence. He contends that the case should be remanded for a new trial excluding any evidence

gathered as a result of the seizure. We disagree and affirm the denial of Green's motion.

¶ 25 A ruling on a motion to quash an arrest and suppress evidence in the State's favor at the

close of defendant's evidence presents mixed questions of law and fact. People v. Nitz,

(2007). The trial court's findings of historical fact will be upheld on review

unless they are against the manifest weight of the evidence, but “a reviewing court remains free

to undertake its own assessment of the facts in relation to the issues presented and may draw its

own conclusions when deciding what relief should be granted.” People v. Lee,

(2005). The ultimate question of whether to quash and suppress is reviewed de novo.

.

¶ 26 A defendant moving to quash an arrest and suppress evidence must make a prima facie

case that the police lacked probable cause. People v. Brexton,

(2003).

Green argues that the initial investigatory stop that ultimately generated the probable cause for

his arrest was illegal.

8 ¶ 27 Terry v. Ohio,

(1968), sets forth the principles we use to analyze the

reasonableness of investigatory stops. Under Terry, a police officer may conduct a brief,

investigatory stop of a person where the officer reasonably believes that the person has

committed, or is about to commit a crime. Terry,

; People v. Gherna,

(2003). Determining whether the stop was an unreasonable seizure is a two-step

process. People v. Sparks,

(2000). First, we decide whether the stop

was justified at its inception; next, we determine whether the scope of the stop was proportional

to the circumstances that justified the interference in the first place. Terry,

;

Sparks,

.

¶ 28 Justification of an investigatory stop at its inception is reviewed objectively. People v.

Thomas,

(2001). "[T]he police officer must be able to point to specific and

articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably

warrant that intrusion." Terry,

. The officer's suspicion must amount to more than

an inarticulate hunch (Terry,

; People v. Close,

(2010)),

but need not rise to the level of suspicion required for probable cause (United States v. Sokolow,

(1989); Close,

). The collective knowledge of all of the

officers involved in the apprehension of a defendant, even if such knowledge is not told to the

arresting officer, may be considered by the trial court in determining whether a reasonable

suspicion existed. People v. Hoekstra,

(2007).

¶ 29 Citing People v. Ertl,

(1997), Green argues that the officers’

collective knowledge did not amount to suspicion that is more than an inarticulate hunch. In

Ertl, the court held that the defendant's estranged wife's police call did not justify a Terry stop of

the defendant. Ertl,

. In that case, the wife telephoned the police and

9 advised them that she and defendant had been involved in an altercation at her house.

The

Ertl court found that the defendant's stop was not a valid Terry stop because (1) the wife's

information “was based on limited and somewhat speculative observations and consisted largely

of [her] subjective fears”; (2) the wife did not witness the defendant commit any criminal act and

could not predict that he was going to do so; (3) the police only corroborated “innocent” details

of the wife's tip, including the description of the defendant's vehicle and its location; (4) the

officers did not observe defendant engage in any unlawful or threatening behavior before they

stopped him; and (5) although “there were several officers” available to go to the wife's location

and verify the information she provided, they did not do so.

.

¶ 30 The case at hand is distinguishable from Ertl. Here the information relied upon by the

police stemmed from various sources armed with incriminating facts. After interviewing

Brittany's family members and checking the police database, the police were aware that Green

had recently sent Brittany threatening text messages and there was a history of domestic

incidents between them. Thus, Green had already been implicated in earlier criminal domestic

incidents and in threatening further such incidents. The police learned of four addresses

associated with the defendant, including the Summit Street house, and knew the kind of vehicle

registered to him. Though they did not see Green's Pontiac Grand Am at the house, the three

detectives saw the minivan and the car depart from the vicinity of that house minutes after their

arrival. A reasonable officer could form an articulable suspicion that Green or someone assisting

him to evade responsibility for harming Brittany was present in one of those vehicles leaving that

specific location. Although the minivan was not observed engaging in any unlawful or

threatening acts, the police had more than a mere hunch to justify its seizure.

10 ¶ 31 The scope of the stop was also proportional to the circumstances. Green, citing People v.

Mendez,

(2007), argues that the address investigated and where the minivan

originated was too remote in time and proximity to the crime to justify the later Terry stop.

Green requests the court to take judicial notice of the exact distance of the house from the crime

scene and that the seizure occurred three hours after the crime. Yet, "[t]he size of the area in

which the offender might be found, as indicated by such facts as the elapsed time since the crime

occurred" is one of six factors the Mendez court indicated could be considered as grounds for

stopping a suspect soon after an offense is committed. Mendez,

(citing

People v. Brown,

(1980)). The "[k]nown or probable direction of the

offender's flight" is also a factor for consideration. Id. at 776. In this case, the house the vehicles

departed from is one of the four known addresses associated with Green. The detectives were

assigned to those addresses because they were probable destinations for Green. According to at

least two of the officers, the two vehicles were at the Summit Street house and they left there

around 3:00a.m.

¶ 32 Additionally, our case is distinguishable from Reid v. Georgia,

(1980),

the origin of the quote the defendant cites to in People v. Croft,

(2004).

In Reid, other than the fact that upon disembarking from a known location, the airplane, the

defendant's conduct, "[p]reced[ing] another person and occasionally look[ing] backward at

him," is all the police could assert as grounds for the stop. Reid,

. The Court

stated that the conduct on which the officers relied "[d]escribe[d] a very large category of

presumably innocent travelers, who would be subject to virtually random seizures."

Thus, the

stop was not a valid Terry stop. In this case, however, though noting they did not actually know

who was in the minivan when they initiated the stop, there was little or no likelihood that a large

11 category of innocent persons would have been affected. In addition to the incriminating

information gathered about Green prior to the detectives' dispatch, the minivan left the house of

one of Green's known addresses. Two of the three assigned detectives testified that the minivan

was one of the two vehicles they observed leaving from the rear of the house. One of those two

detectives testified that he had seen both vehicles parked in the parking lot/driveway at the rear

of the house. The detectives described the vehicles and the direction each was traveling in the

dispatch. The category of presumably innocent persons potentially affected in the particular

circumstance of this case is significantly limited.

¶ 33 Thus, the minivan's seizure was based on a reasonable and articulable suspicion. Since

Green does not contest the officer's probable cause to make the arrest after the stop, Green's

arrest was valid. Evidence found subsequent to that valid stop and arrest was lawfully obtained.

¶ 34 Alleged Violation of Due Process

¶ 35 Finally, we briefly address Green's constitutional claim that his due process rights were

violated when the trial court failed to include Avila's conflicting testimony about the location of

the vehicles. The trial court’s factual findings in its order included the testimony of Schumacher

and Diehl that the seized minivan had been parked in the rear of the house and left from there.

The court did not include, or presumably consider, Avila's testimony that the vehicles had not

been at the back but departed from the front area of the house.

¶ 36 Green argues that this constitutes a major discrepancy that the trial court failed to clarify.

He cites People v. Mitchell,

(1992), and People v. Bowie,

(1976), as controlling authority. However, these cases are distinguishable.

¶ 37 In Bowie, the court held that a defendant is denied due process "[w]here a record

affirmatively indicates *** that the trial judge did not remember or consider the crux of the

12 defense when entering judgment." Bowie,

. In Mitchell, the supreme court

reversed the judgment of the trial court because, as in Bowie, the trial court did not remember the

crux of the defense when entering judgment. Mitchell,

.

¶ 38 Here, the record reflects that the trial judge interrupted defense counsel during his closing

argument to indicate that the court's notes included the deviation in Avila's testimony, thereby

showing the testimony had not been forgotten. Moreover, it is doubtful whether the differing

testimony of Avila is the crux of Green's defense. He does not argue or even mention the

discrepancy in his closing argument at the hearing on the motion to quash arrest and suppress

evidence. He notes only Schumacher's testimony of seeing "a couple of cars leaving the scene"

and suggests no significance to the variance in the departure locations described by the

detectives.

¶ 39 For these reasons, we find Green's due process rights were not abridged and the evidence

resulting from the arrest could properly be used at trial.

¶ 40 Admissibility of Unrecorded Custodial Statements

¶ 41 Green argues that the trial court erred in admitting his custodial interview statements at

his bench trial because the State was ineffective in sustaining its burden of proving that the

statements were voluntary and reliable pursuant to section 103-2.1 of the Code (725 ILCS 5/103-

2.1 (West 2008)). He asserts that cumulatively (1) his request to see his family members

conditioned upon an inculpatory statement; (2) his subjection to repeated profanity and crime

scene photos of the Brittany's body; and (3) a custodial interview lasting five straight hours with

essentially no breaks resulted in two involuntary and unreliable exculpatory statements and a

final inculpatory statement. The State argues it showed by a preponderance of the evidence

voluntariness and reliability in the custodial interview statements based on the totality of the

13 circumstances exception provided under section 103-2.1(f) of the Code (725 ILCS 5/103-2.1(f)

(West 2008)). We find the State's argument persuasive and affirm the denial of Green's motion.

¶ 42 When reviewing a denial of a motion to suppress, great deference is given to the trial

court's findings of fact and due weight is given to inferences reasonably drawn from those facts.

Ornelas v. United States,

(1996). We review only for clear error.

Court

factual findings are reversed only if they are against the manifest weight of the evidence;

however, the question of whether the confession was voluntary is reviewed de novo. In re G.O.,

(2000). Thus our determination on that issue is made independently and

without reference to the trial court's conclusion.

¶ 43 Green's petition for de novo review of the entire cause is not appropriate. The trial court

was privy to the live testimony. People v. Valle,

(2010) (noting the role

live testimony has in resolving a disputed issue of fact). We defer to its fact finding unless it is

against the manifest weight of the evidence.

¶ 44 Section 103-2.1 of the Code requires that statements made during a custodial interview be

presumed inadmissible as evidence against the accused in any criminal proceeding brought under

section 9-1 of the Code unless they were electronically recorded and the recording is

substantially accurate and not intentionally altered. 725 ILCS 5/103-2.1(b) (West 2008). This is

a rebuttable presumption. Section 103-2.1(f) of the Code provides an exception to this presumed

inadmissibility if the State shows by a preponderance of the evidence that the statements were

voluntarily given and are reliable, based on the totality of the circumstances. (725 ILCS 5/103-

2.1(f) (West 2008)).

¶ 45 Both parties agree on the following facts. Green was subjected to a custodial

interrogation for the crime of firstdegree murder, a criminal proceeding listed under section 9-1

14 of the Code. 725 ILCS 5/103-2.1(b) (West 2008). Therefore, the Joliet police department was

required to electronically record the entire interrogation of Green. However, nothing from the

start of the interrogation at 3:23 a.m. until 4:44 a.m., a period of 81 minutes or 1 1/3 hours, was

recorded due to Diehl's failure to activate the recorder. Ross started the device at 4:44 a.m. and

the rest of the interview was recorded. The trial court found that the failure to record was

unintentional. It also held that the initial unrecorded exculpatory statement given by Green was

voluntary and reliable due to Green's lack of objection when Diehl and Avila in repeated the

exculpatory statement after the recording was finally started.

¶ 46 While this court might take issue with the form of Green's "acquiescence" – mere silence

when the officers recounted his alleged, but unrecorded, exculpatory statement during the

recorded portion of the custodial interview – this issue is not before us. A silent response to the

officers' random recounting of pieces of a story may very well not amount to an "agreement"

regarding what had been discussed prior to the start of the recording. However, Green has

conceded that the officers' account was accurate by not only failing to challenge it on appeal but

also affirming it in his brief. 1

¶ 47 Nevertheless, Green does challenge the legal finding of the court that the State sustained

its burden of showing that the statements made during the recorded portion of the interrogation

were voluntary and reliable. "[T]he test for voluntariness of a statement is whether the defendant

made the statement freely, voluntarily, and without compulsion or inducement of any sort, or

whether the defendant’s will was overcome at the time he or she confessed." People v. Gilliam,

(1996). The assessment is based on the totality of the circumstances.

1 Green concedes at page 10 of his brief that the recount given by the officers is the

exculpatory statement he gave during the unrecorded portion of the custodial interview.

15 Gilliam notes several factors to consider in determining voluntariness such as the defendant’s

age, education intelligence, mental capacity, physical condition at the time of questioning, the

legality and duration of the detention and questioning, whether the defendant was advised of his

constitutional rights, and any physical or mental abuse by police including the existence of

threats or promises.

.

¶ 48 Green's first assertion that his final inculpatory statement was conditioned on a promise

to see his family is without merit. The trial court found that Green was a 23-year-old adult, with

prior criminal justice experience, not lacking in mental capacity or physical ability, and not

exhibiting diminished intelligence. He does not fit the profile of an adult in need of familiar

assistance when requested during a custodial interview. 2 He erroneously relies on section 103-3

of the Code (725 ILCS 5/103-3 (West 2008)) and also cites a distinguishable case, Haynes v.

Washington,

(1963).

¶ 49 Section 103-3 of the Code states that "[p]ersons who are arrested shall have the right to

communicate with an attorney of their choice and a member of their family by making a

reasonable number of telephone calls or in any other reasonable manner." 725 ILCS 5/103-3

(West 2008). The intention of this section of the Code is to "[p]ermit a person held in custody to

notify his family of his whereabouts" to enlist their help for procedural safeguards such as hiring

an attorney. People v. Prim,

(1972) ; 725 ILCS 5/103-3(a) (West 2008). "[T]his

2 People v. Westmorland,

(2007), discusses the Illinois

courts' transition to the acceptance of a profound need of parental assistance when requested by

newly of-age offspring as opposed to previous cases holding that an adult's request for assistance

should only be honored if the request is made of a licensed attorney familiar with the legal

system.

16 statute does not give the defendant the right to have a member of his family present with him

during interrogation or even to visit with him while in custody other than at regular visiting

periods." Prim,

.

¶ 50 Yet, Green argues that his facts are similar to and possibly worse than those of Haynes.

From the time he was arrested until his confession 16 hours later plus an addition several days,

Haynes' continuous requests to call an attorney and also to call his wife to inform her of his

location and make legal arrangements were disregarded and used as an unfulfilled condition for

his inculpatory statements. Haynes,

. He was not "advised by authorities of his

right to remain silent, warned that his answers might be used against him, or told of his rights

respecting consultation with an attorney."

The court found that the officers' conditioning the

ability to speak with an attorney or spouse regarding his whereabouts on signing an inculpatory

statement was an impermissible method of obtaining a confession.

.

¶ 51 Here Green's family knew of his whereabouts and why he was being interviewed before

the custodial interview started. His sister was the driver of the minivan and testified that she and

Green were headed to the police station for Green to give a statement about the events leading to

Brittany's death. He was walked into the station from her minivan. Green was also told

throughout the custodial interview that his story and the statements given by his family members

did not match.

¶52 Further, the record does not show that Green's requests for his family were made for legal

advice. He signed a waiver of rights form acknowledging he was fully informed of and validly

waived his right to counsel. It is not contested.

¶ 53 Next, Green argues that the officers' interrogation method was improper. It is improper

to use fear or threats to elicit confessions. Gilliam,

. However, the profanity

17 complained of by Green, though impolite, contextually amounted to the officers' characterization

of Green's account of the events leading to Brittany's death. The crime scene photos were

brought in to show that Green's first exculpatory statement did not match the scene. Though the

photos depicting Brittany at the scene were graphic, they were not solely used to elicit a response

from Green. They were also used to show that the statement of occurrences given by Green in

his first exculpatory statement were not consistent with the crime scene.

¶ 54 Green's final argument points to the length of his interrogation. He asserts he was

subjected to six separate officers interrogating him for five hours until he finally gave his

inculpatory statement. He argues that he was only given a four-minute break where there were

no detectives in his interrogation room and supports this argument by citing Spano v. New York,

(1959). However, we do not believe the Supreme Court was referencing Green's

type of conditions when it discussed being overborne by official pressure and fatigue in Spano.

The defendant in Spano was interrogated by 15 law enforcement officials for an uninterrupted

eight hours that "began in early evening, continued into the night, and did not bear fruition until

the not-too-early morning." Spano,

. The only semblance of a break involved

moving from one interrogation area to another.

The defendant was not allowed to speak with

the attorney he had already retained and who had delivered him to the custody of the police

pursuant to a bench warrant. His confession was found to be involuntary because he was

"overborne by official pressure, fatigue and sympathy falsely aroused" by a ruse created by the

police and executed by his friend.

.

¶ 55 Green's custodial interview varies greatly from Spano. There is no bright-line rule in

Illinois regarding the allowable length of an interrogation. Interrogations lasting six or eight

hours do not render a statement involuntary. People v. Ramey,

(1992);

18 People v. Terrell,

(1989). Green was fully informed of his rights and never

requested that the interrogation end or asked for an attorney. He was given several opportunities,

which he notes in the facts of his brief, to break for food and water as well as use the restroom.

Further, Green stated he was on his way to the police station to give a statement at the time the

minivan was seized. Thus, the start of the interrogation was in accord with his alleged timeline.

As the trial court noted, the interview length was extended because Green's versions of events

continued to change. Therefore, the duration of his custodial interview does not render his

statements involuntary or unreliable because there was no overbearing official pressure or

fatigue.

¶ 56 Each of Green's contentions fails on its own merit. Such failings even when viewed

collectively, do not overcome the trial court's finding that the State met its burden that Green's

custodial statements were given voluntarily and are reliable.

¶ 57 CONCLUSION

¶ 58 The trial court's ruling is affirmed. The investigatory stop leading to Green's arrest was a

valid Terry stop. Additionally, Green's custodial statements were given voluntarily and are

reliable and could properly be used against him.

¶ 59 Affirmed.

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