No. 2-13-1058 Opinion filed September 10, 2014 ______________________________________________________________________________

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

SECOND DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________

PACE COMMUNICATIONS SERVICES ) Appeal from the Circuit Court CORPORATION and TUNICA PHARMACY, ) of Lake County. INC., Individually and as the Representatives) of a Class of Similarly Situated Persons, ) ) Plaintiffs and Citation Petitioners- ) Appellants, ) ) v. ) No. 04-L-1043 ) EXPRESS PRODUCTS, INC., ) ) Defendant ) ) Honorable (Cumberland Mutual Fire Insurance Company, ) Diane E. Winter, Citation Respondent-Appellee). ) Judge, Presiding. ______________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE SPENCE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices McLaren and Jorgensen concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 Pace Communications Services Corporation and Tunica Pharmacy, Inc., represented a

class of similarly situated persons (collectively, plaintiffs) in a class action (the class action)

against Express Products, Inc. (Express), for, among other allegations, violations of the

Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991 (TCPA) (

(2000)). Cumberland

Mutual Fire Insurance Company (Cumberland) was one of Express’s insurers. While plaintiffs

were litigating the class action in the circuit court of Lake County, Cumberland sought in the

United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania a declaration that it had no

duty to defend or indemnify Express (the federal action). Plaintiffs and Express settled the class

action in 2009 for about $8 million, with plaintiffs agreeing to pursue the judgment not from

Express but only from Express’s insurers. Accordingly, plaintiffs filed under section 2-1402 of

the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-1402 (West 2010)) a citation to discover

Cumberland’s assets (the citation proceeding) in an effort to recover the judgment.

¶2 In September 2011, while the citation proceeding was still pending, the district court

found that Cumberland did not have a duty to defend or indemnify Express. Plaintiffs moved for

summary judgment in the citation proceeding, and Cumberland moved to dismiss based on the

declaratory judgment. The circuit court denied plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment and

granted Cumberland’s motion to dismiss, finding that the declaratory judgment precluded

relitigating whether Cumberland had a duty to indemnify Express. Plaintiffs appeal from the

dismissal of the citation proceeding, and for the reasons set forth herein, we affirm.

¶3 I. BACKGROUND

¶4 Plaintiffs filed the class action in December 2004, alleging that Express violated

provisions of the TCPA by faxing unsolicited advertisements to persons and companies in

Illinois and other states, without the recipients’ consent. Cumberland had issued Express

sequential annual liability policies covering the period during which the alleged violations

occurred.

¶5 Express notified Cumberland of the class action via a February 22, 2006, letter. On April

11, 2006, Cumberland responded that it was declining coverage, asserting that the faxes that

plaintiffs allegedly received were not sent during the policy periods. On April 20, 2007,

Cumberland revisited its decision to decline coverage and agreed to participate in Express’s

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defense, under a reservation of rights.

¶6 On June 20, 2008, Cumberland filed the federal action. On June 24, 2009, Express

moved for judgment on the pleadings, because Cumberland had not joined plaintiffs as necessary

parties to the federal action, and the district court denied the motion.

¶7 Meanwhile, in May 2009, Express agreed with plaintiffs to settle the class action for just

under $8 million. 1 After Express filed a “Motion for Preliminary Approval of the Class Action

Settlement Agreement and Notice to the Class” on June 15, 2009, Cumberland sent Express a

letter stating that under the insurance policies, Express could not, except at its own cost, assume

any obligation or incur any expense (other than for first aid) without Cumberland’s consent. On

October 13, 2009, following a fairness hearing, the circuit court entered its “Final Approval of

Settlement Agreement and Judgment” against Express. The settlement agreement stipulated that

plaintiffs would seek recovery against only Express’s two insurers, Cumberland and Maryland

Casualty Company. It further stipulated that plaintiffs’ counsel would undertake, at no cost to

Express, the defense of Express in its coverage lawsuits, which included the federal action.

Consequently, plaintiffs’ counsel joined Express’s defense in the federal action and argued its

eventual appeal.

¶8 In October 2009, following the entry of the judgment against Express, plaintiffs filed the

citation proceeding. Cumberland filed a motion to dismiss the citation proceeding for lack of

personal jurisdiction in Illinois and, in the alternative, to dismiss or stay the action due to the

1 The precise judgment Express agreed to was for $7,999,996. In approving the

settlement, the trial court found that Express faxed 41,064 advertisements (out of 125,191

advertisements faxed to the entire class) during the 2002 and 2003 coverage periods. The TCPA

allows for liquidated damages of $500 per violation.

(b)(3)(B) (2000).

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pending federal action. The circuit court denied Cumberland’s motion, and Cumberland

appealed to this court, challenging only the determination of personal jurisdiction. We affirmed

the circuit court’s finding of personal jurisdiction. Pace Communications Services Corp. v.

Express Products, Inc.,

(2011).

¶9 Meanwhile, in the federal action, on January 8, 2010, Express filed a second motion for

judgment on the pleadings, arguing, among other things, that it had no further interest in the

federal action and no incentive to litigate, because it had settled the class action with plaintiffs.

The district court ordered that the motion be treated as one for summary judgment and it directed

Cumberland to file its own motion for summary judgment with respect to the coverage dispute.

In September 2011, the district court denied Express’s summary judgment motion and granted

Cumberland’s, holding that, under Pennsylvania law, Cumberland did not have a duty to defend

or indemnify Express under the relevant insurance policies. Maryland Casualty Co. v. Express

Products, Inc., Nos. 09-857, 08-2909,

(E.D. Pa. Sept. 22, 2011). The United

States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit dismissed Express’s appeal as untimely.

Cumberland Mutual Fire Insurance Co. v. Express Products, Inc.,

(3d

Cir. 2013).

¶ 10 On remand in the citation proceeding, plaintiffs moved for summary judgment, arguing

that Cumberland had a duty to indemnify Express in the class action and therefore was required

to pay the judgment. The circuit court denied plaintiffs’ motion because it found that plaintiffs

were bound by the declaratory judgment in the federal action. For the same reason, on

September 24, 2013, the circuit court granted Cumberland’s motion to dismiss the citation

proceeding.

¶ 11 Plaintiffs timely appealed.

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¶ 12 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 13 Although plaintiffs argue multiple issues on appeal, if relitigation of Cumberland’s duty

to indemnify Express is barred by collateral estoppel, we need not reach plaintiffs’ arguments as

to whether Cumberland had a duty to indemnify Express or whether the settlement agreement

between plaintiffs and Express was reasonable. Accordingly, we begin by addressing whether

the declaratory judgment in the federal action bars relitigation of Cumberland’s duty to

indemnify Express and thus defeats the citation proceeding.

¶ 14 A. Standard of Review

¶ 15 We first note that it was not the claim to discover Cumberland’s assets that the circuit

court found barred but, rather, the issue of Cumberland’s duty to indemnify Express. Regardless,

the application of both “true res judicata” (claim preclusion) and collateral estoppel (issue

preclusion) are legal questions, which we review de novo. Lieberman v. Liberty Healthcare

Corp.,

(2011); see Hayes v. State Teacher Certification Board,

(2005) (res judicata separated into two distinct doctrines). The issue of

Cumberland’s duty to indemnify Express was dispositive in the circuit court’s grant of

Cumberland’s motion to dismiss and denial of plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment. We

review de novo a ruling on a motion to dismiss generally or a motion for summary judgment.

Simmons v. Homatas,

(2010) (“A grant or denial of a motion to dismiss is a

question of law that we review de novo.”); American States Insurance Co. v. CFM Construction

Co.,

(2010) (“The appellate court applies a de novo standard of review

to the trial court’s grant or denial of a summary judgment motion.”); see Eclipse Manufacturing

Co. v. United States Compliance Co.,

(2007) (turnover order arising

from section 2-1402 proceeding was subject to de novo review). Moreover, we review a choice-

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of-law issue de novo. G.M. Sign, Inc. v. Pennswood Partners, Inc.,

.

¶ 16 B. Collateral Estoppel

¶ 17 Plaintiffs submit three reasons why the federal declaratory judgment does not have

preclusive effect in the citation proceeding: (1) the declaratory judgment is void under

Pennsylvania law; (2) the law-of-the-case doctrine establishes that the declaratory judgment does

not bind plaintiffs; and (3) the declaratory judgment does not meet the requirements for collateral

estoppel to apply. We address each argument in turn.

¶ 18 1. Whether the Declaratory Judgment is Void

¶ 19 Plaintiffs argue that the declaratory judgment is void because, under Pennsylvania law,

underlying tort plaintiffs have a substantial independent interest in insurance coverage and are

therefore necessary parties to coverage actions, such as the federal action. See Vale Chemical

Co. v. Hartford Accident & Indemnity Co.,

(Pa. 1986) (underlying tort

plaintiffs were necessary parties to state declaratory judgment action between insurers and the

underlying defendant-insured); Richards v. Trimbur,

(Pa. Super. Ct. 1988)

(where personal injury plaintiff is not joined to a state declaratory judgment action between

insurer and insured over coverage, the court lacks jurisdiction to enter a declaratory judgment).

Plaintiffs contend that the declaratory judgment here had no preclusive effect because it was

entered by a court lacking subject matter jurisdiction, i.e., the judgment is void under

Pennsylvania law.

¶ 20 The Erie doctrine provides that a federal court sitting in diversity (

(2006)) is to apply state substantive law and federal procedural law. Chamberlain v. Giampapa,

(3d Cir. 2000) (citing Erie R.R. v. Tompkins,

(1938)).

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Plaintiffs’ argument implicitly assumes that, as in Vale, section 7540 of the Pennsylvania

Judicial Code (PA Code) (42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 7540 (West 2010)) was applicable

substantive law such that their joinder in the federal action was a jurisdictional necessity.

However, Vale does not speak to declaratory judgment actions brought in federal court pursuant

to the section 2201 of title 28 (

(2006)), but rather applies only to actions

brought in state court pursuant to section 7540 of the PA Code. See Liberty Mutual Insurance

Co. v. Treesdale, Inc.,

(3d Cir. 2005) (holding that Vale addressed procedural

and jurisdictional issues, not substantive principles of law, and that thus Erie did not require the

district court to apply Pennsylvania law to underlying plaintiffs’ petition to intervene in

insurance coverage dispute). Therefore, while section 7540 requires that “[w]hen declaratory

relief is sought, all persons shall be made parties who have or claim any interest which would be

affected by the declaration” (42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 7540(a) (West 2010)), it applies only in

Pennsylvania state court actions, not in a federal diversity action as here.

¶ 21 The relevant procedures in federal court are found in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure

(FRCP) and section 2201. Section 2201 does not contain a provision similar to section 7540(a)

of the PA Code requiring all interested persons be made parties to the action, nor does Rule 19 of

the FRCP (Fed. R. Civ. P. 19) necessarily require joinder of an underlying plaintiff in a coverage

dispute between an underlying defendant and its insurer.

¶ 22 Plaintiffs allude in their reply brief to the “outcome-determination” test. See Hanna v.

Plumer,

(1965); Guaranty Trust Co. of New York v. York,

(1945). They argue that allowing Cumberland to “run” to federal court to “avoid” state court is

in direct violation of the Erie doctrine. However, they do not explain why the outcome of this

case would be different if the declaratory judgment had come from a state court. The district

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court applied Pennsylvania contract law (see Maryland Casualty Co.,

, at

*10), the same substantive law that a Pennsylvania state court would have applied in deciding

whether the insurance policies required Cumberland to defend or indemnify Express. Although

Rule 19 and section 2201 did not require joinder, the “touchstone” of Erie is whether the federal

rule “significantly affect[s] the result of a litigation,” regardless of whether it is technically a rule

of procedure or substance. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Shady Grove Orthopedic

Associates, P.A. v. Allstate Insurance Co.,

(2010). We cannot say, nor have

plaintiffs argued, that the district court would have interpreted the contracts differently had it

been required to join plaintiffs in the federal action. Simply, the choice of joinder rules did not

affect Express’s substantive rights in an outcome-determinative way.

¶ 23 Under the Erie doctrine, the district court was not required to follow the Pennsylvania

law that would have required joining plaintiffs to the dispute, and the applicable federal law did

not require joinder. Therefore, we find unavailing plaintiffs’ argument that the declaratory

judgment is void for failure to join plaintiffs.

¶ 24 2. Whether the Law of the Case Prevented Application of Issue Preclusion

¶ 25 Plaintiffs argue that, even if the declaratory judgment is not void, the law-of-the-case

doctrine established that the declaratory judgment did not apply against plaintiffs. Plaintiffs

contend that Cumberland argued the issue of whether the declaratory judgment bound plaintiffs

when it argued its motion to dismiss based on a lack of personal jurisdiction or alternatively to

stay or dismiss because of the concurrently pending federal action. The circuit court denied the

motion, reasoning that the federal action was not between the same parties and thus did not bar

the concurrent Illinois proceeding. Plaintiffs contend, therefore, that the circuit court already

settled the issue of whether they were bound by the outcome of the federal action, finding that

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they were not, and that the law-of-the-case doctrine barred the subsequent determination that

plaintiffs were bound by the federal declaratory judgment.

¶ 26 The law-of-the-case doctrine generally bars relitigation of an issue previously decided

in the same case. Krautsack v. Anderson,

(2006); People v. Patterson,

. Moreover, when a question could have been raised on a prior appeal

but was not, that question is deemed forfeited. Kreutzer v. Illinois Commerce Comm’n,

. Plaintiffs argue that Cumberland could have raised the issue of the

declaratory judgment’s preclusive effect when it appealed the circuit court’s finding of personal

jurisdiction over it (see Pace Communications Services Corp.,

), but that it

did not and thus the issue is forfeited and barred.

¶ 27 We need not determine whether Cumberland forfeited the issue—or whether the issue

could have been raised in Cumberland’s appeal—because whether the declaratory judgment

bound plaintiffs is a separate issue from the denial of the motion to dismiss the citation

proceeding. See American Service Insurance Co. v. China Ocean Shipping Co. (Americas) Inc.,

(“[A] ruling will not be binding in a subsequent stage of

litigation when different issues are involved ***.”). Cumberland moved to dismiss under section

2-619(a)(3) (735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(3) (West 2010)), which allows dismissal where “there is

another action pending between the same parties for the same cause.” (Emphasis added.) The

circuit court denied the motion because the federal action did not involve the same parties: the

federal action was between Express and Cumberland, and the citation proceeding was between

plaintiffs and Cumberland.

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¶ 28 Cumberland argues that the circuit court recognized that, under Pennsylvania law, 2 the

parties did not have to be identical for the declaratory judgment to have preclusive effect.

However, the “same parties” requirement under section 2-619(a)(3) likewise does not require

that the parties be identical, only that their interests be sufficiently similar. May v. SmithKline

Beecham Clinical Laboratories, Inc.,

(1999). Regardless, the circuit

court faced two separate and distinct issues: (1) whether the citation proceeding should have

been stayed or dismissed due to the concurrent federal action; and (2) whether the declaratory

judgment precluded plaintiffs’ litigation of the issue of coverage. By ignoring that these were

separate and distinct issues, plaintiffs improperly conflate section 2-619(a)(3)’s requirement of

the “same parties” with Pennsylvania law’s requirement that the same parties or their privies be

involved in both litigations for issue preclusion to apply (see Rue v. K-Mart Corp.,

(Pa. 1998)). The circuit court had to determine under Pennsylvania law whether the

requirements of collateral estopped were satisfied, regardless of its ruling on the motion to

dismiss. See Scheffel & Co., P.C. v. Fessler,

(2005) (law of the

case not applicable when different issues involved; two different restrictions in restrictive

covenant agreement were separate issues); Lake Bluff Heating & Air Conditioning Supply, Inc. v.

Harris Trust & Savings Bank,

(1983) (rulings on a party’s

obligation to convey title and on its obligation to repair were different issues, rendering law-of-

the-case doctrine inapplicable). In other words, the court did not previously decide whether the

2 As discussed in the next section, Pennsylvania law applies to the determination of

whether collateral estoppel applied.

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outcome of the federal action bound plaintiffs on the issue of coverage. We therefore reject the

argument that the law-of-the-case doctrine applies here. 3

¶ 29 3. Whether Issue Preclusion Applied

¶ 30 Plaintiffs argue that, even if the declaratory judgment is not void and the law-of-the-case

doctrine does not apply, the issue of Cumberland’s duty to indemnify Express was not barred by

collateral estoppel. They argue that the declaratory judgment did not preclude relitigation of the

issue because: (1) the district court did not have personal jurisdiction over plaintiffs; (2) the issue

in the federal action was not identical to the issue here; (3) plaintiffs were not parties to the

federal action or in privity with Express; and (4) Express had no incentive to litigate the federal

action.

¶ 31 Before addressing these arguments, however, we must determine what law we are to

apply. The foreign judgment here was not rendered by another state court—and thus this is not

an issue of full faith and credit (Semtek International Inc. v. Lockheed Martin Corp.,

(2001))—but was instead rendered by a federal court sitting in diversity jurisdiction.

Therefore, under Semtek, the declaratory judgment has the same preclusive effect judgment as

3 Additionally, the application of the law-of-the-case doctrine requires a final judgment.

People v. Patterson,

(1992). A denial of a motion to dismiss, as occurred

here, is an interlocutory order, which “may be modified or revised by a successor court at any

time prior to final judgment.” Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Illinois Commerce Comm’n,

(2006). Therefore, the law-of-the-case doctrine did not apply not only because

the issues were not the same, but also because, even if the issues had been the same, the court’s

denial of the motion to dismiss was not final.

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would a judgment of a court of the state in which the federal court sat: that is, we apply

Pennsylvania law. Id. at 508.

¶ 32 a. Personal Jurisdiction

¶ 33 Plaintiffs argue that the district court did not have personal jurisdiction over them in the

federal action. Due process requires that a party have minimum contacts with the forum state for

a court to exercise personal jurisdiction over it (International Shoe Co. v. Washington,

(1945)), and here plaintiffs did not avail themselves of the privilege of conducting

activities within the forum state, nor did Cumberland even attempt to obtain personal jurisdiction

over them. Therefore, plaintiffs argue, Cumberland’s use of the declaratory judgment against

them in the citation proceeding violated due process.

¶ 34 Cumberland is correct that plaintiffs’ argument is a red herring. Under Pennsylvania law,

collateral estoppel may apply when “the party against whom the plea is asserted was a party or in

privity with a party in the prior case.” (Emphasis added.) Office of Disciplinary Counsel v.

Kiesewetter,

(Pa. 2005). Pennsylvania law has well established that being in

privity with a party to a judgment is sufficient to satisfy the identity-of-parties requirement of

collateral estoppel. See, e.g., Vignola v. Vignola,

. Personal jurisdiction over

nonparties in the prior action is unnecessary when privity is established. See Adzigian v. Harron,

(E.D. Pa. 1969) (when enforcing a foreign judgment, court must ask

whether one of two things existed in the foreign judgment: (1) personal jurisdiction or (2)

privity).

¶ 35 In short, plaintiffs are arguing about personal jurisdiction when they should be arguing

about privity. Cumberland established issue preclusion in the circuit court under the theory that

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plaintiffs were in privity with Express in the federal action. Plaintiffs’ personal jurisdiction

argument is misplaced, irrelevant to our analysis, and we therefore disregard it.

¶ 36 b. Elements of Collateral Estoppel

¶ 37 Plaintiffs’ three remaining arguments all attack whether the elements of collateral

estoppel were satisfied in this case. As noted, we review de novo the application of collateral

estoppel (Lieberman,

), and we now examine whether the elements of

collateral estoppel were present in this case.

¶ 38 Collateral estoppel (or issue preclusion) 4 applies under Pennsylvania law if:

“(1) the issue decided in the prior case is identical to the one presented in the later case;

(2) there was a final judgment on the merits; (3) the party against whom the plea is

asserted was a party or in privity with a party in the prior case; (4) the party or person

privy to the party against whom the doctrine is asserted had a full and fair opportunity to

litigate the issue in the prior proceeding and (5) the determination in the prior proceeding

was essential to the judgment.” R.W. v. Manzek,

(Pa. 2005).

Plaintiffs first argue that the issues were not identical between the federal action and the citation

proceeding. Plaintiffs’ basis for this argument is that the circuit court relied on a Third Circuit

holding that predicted Pennsylvania law, rather than relying on Pennsylvania precedent. They

cite Pekin Insurance Co. v. XData Solutions, Inc.,

, to argue

that, since there was no Pennsylvania precedent contrary to the relevant Illinois law, the circuit

court did not need to predict Pennsylvania law but instead should have applied Illinois law.

4 Like Illinois, Pennsylvania uses the terms “issue preclusion” and “collateral estoppel”

interchangeably. See Hebden v. Workers Compensation Appeal Board (Bethenergy Mines, Inc.),

, 1304 (Pa. 1993).

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¶ 39 This argument is another red herring. Plaintiffs are arguing about what law should be

applied to the issue of coverage, but what we must ask is whether the issue was the same in the

federal action and the citation proceeding, not what law should decide it. See Rue,

. The issues in both the federal action and the citation proceeding were identical, that is,

whether Cumberland had a duty to indemnify Express. What law applies to decide that issue is

inapposite. In fact, plaintiffs’ argument betrays its position: arguing which state’s law applies to

the same coverage issue assumes that the issue is identical. Accordingly, we reject plaintiffs’

argument and find that the first element, identity of issues, was met.

¶ 40 As to whether there was a final judgment on the merits, plaintiffs argue only that the

declaratory judgment is void, an argument we disposed of supra. Therefore, because the district

court entered a final, declaratory judgment, the second element was met.

¶ 41 Plaintiffs take exception to the third element, arguing that they were neither parties nor

privies to the federal action. They argue as follows. Privity requires “an identification of interest

of one person with another as to represent the same legal right.” (Internal quotation marks

omitted.) Catroppa v. Carlton,

. For purposes of collateral estoppel,

privity requires more than the mere fact that persons be “interested in the same question or in

proving the same facts.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) See Bergdoll v. Commonwealth of

Pennsylvania,

, 197 n.4 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 2004). Under Pennsylvania law, a

coverage action is not a private matter between the insurer and the insured; the injured third party

has an interest in the action, and the insurer cannot cut off rights against the injured third party

merely by obtaining a judgment against the insured. See Vale,

(underlying

plaintiff had an interest in declaratory judgment action between underlying defendant and its

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insurer) 5 Vale supports the proposition that plaintiffs have rights concerning coverage,

independent of Express. These independent rights could not be extinguished by the judgment

secured by Cumberland against Express alone. Moreover, the settlement agreement between

plaintiffs and Express did not include an assignment of rights but only guaranteed Express the

benefit of legal representation by plaintiffs’ counsel. In the context of collateral estoppel,

Pennsylvania has rejected the notion that counsel is in privity with a represented party. See

Ammon v. McCloskey,

(Pa. Super. Ct. 1995) (finding defendant lawyer was

not in privity with his client from a prior action for purposes of collateral estoppel, where

assignee of that client subsequently sued the lawyer for malpractice and sought to estop the

lawyer from arguing whether the client waived a certain defense in the prior action).

Accordingly, the fact that plaintiffs’ counsel provided Express with legal representation is not

enough to establish privity between plaintiffs and Express for purposes of collateral estoppel.

¶ 42 Cumberland responds as follows. Privity is established when “a substantive legal

relationship exists *** that binds the nonparty” (Nationwide Mutual Fire Insurance Co. v.

George V. Hamilton, Inc.,

(3d Cir. 2009)), and a contract can satisfy that

relationship (id. at 311). Here, the circuit court correctly determined that the settlement

agreement created a substantive legal relationship between plaintiffs and Express, which

established privity for purposes of collateral estoppel. The settlement agreement limited

plaintiffs to recovery from Express’s insurers and stipulated that plaintiffs and Express would

cooperate in obtaining payment of the judgment from Cumberland. Furthermore, the settlement

5 Plaintiffs cite many more cases, but those cases are from Illinois. Under Semtek,

Pennsylvania law controls the application of collateral estoppel in this case, and we therefore

look only to Pennsylvania law to interpret privity.

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agreement provided that “Plaintiffs and their counsel will undertake, at no cost to [Express], the

defense of Express in the four coverage lawsuits,” including actions to recover against

Cumberland, and that Express would waive conflicts of interest with respect to plaintiffs’

counsel’s representation of it in those lawsuits. In fact, plaintiffs’ counsel did provide

representation to Express, appearing “Of Counsel” in the federal action and being listed as

attorneys before the Third Circuit on Express’s appeal. In effect, the settlement agreement

provided that plaintiffs would be responsible for protecting their interest in recovery through

defense of Express in coverage suits and prosecution for Express in recovery suits. This

established privity between plaintiffs and Express for purposes of collateral estoppel.

¶ 43 Cumberland also argues that plaintiffs’ status as Express’s judgment creditors established

privity between them. A judgment creditor stands in the shoes of the insured and is bound by a

prior action involving the insured’s rights under an insurance policy. See American Surety Co.

of New York v. Dockson,

(Pa. 1942) (elucidating who is a party in privity for

purposes of res judicata by stating that those in privity include “attaching creditors”); T.A. v.

Allen,

, ¶ 11 (an insured’s judgment creditors were precluded from pursuing

garnishment action against insurer following declaratory judgment establishing that the insurer

had no duty to indemnify the insured). 6

¶ 44 We agree with Cumberland. Ammon is not helpful in this case, because it presented a

wholly different context: whether a lawyer was in privity with a former client for purposes of

collateral estopped in a legal malpractice action that was brought by the former client’s assignee.

6 We note, however, that in Allen the judgment creditor was a party to the declaratory

judgment action that established that the insurer did not owe a duty to indemnify the insured.

Allen,

, ¶ 2.

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Here, it is irrelevant whether plaintiffs’ lawyers were in privity with anyone. Rather, we must

determine whether plaintiffs themselves were in privity with Express in the federal action. The

proper question is whether the settlement agreement established a substantive legal relationship

between plaintiffs and Express sufficient to find privity under Pennsylvania law (see Nationwide

Mutual Fire Insurance Co.,

), and the fact that plaintiffs agreed to have their

counsel represent Express, at no cost to Express, to defend coverage suits and prosecute recovery

actions supported that the settlement agreement established such a legal relationship.

Furthermore, Vale, as discussed supra, does not aid us. Vale interpreted section 7540 of the PA

Code—which did not apply to the federal action—and was based on procedure, not on an

interpretation of a litigant’s substantive rights.

¶ 45 The circuit court properly found that the settlement agreement established privity

between plaintiffs and Express. The agreement created a substantive legal relationship between

them in substance if not form. The quid pro quo of the agreement was that Express agreed to a

judgment entered against it, and plaintiffs agreed not to pursue recovery from Express and

agreed to defend Express in coverage disputes and prosecute recovery actions, through their

counsel. Plaintiffs stepped into Express’s shoes by assuming responsibility for Express’s rights

and obligations. As stated in Ammon, privity in its broadest sense includes “such an

identification of interest of one person with another as to represent the same legal right.”

(Internal quotations marks omitted.) Ammon,

. The agreement perfectly aligned

plaintiffs’ interests with Express’s. Regardless of Express’s incentive to litigate—an issue we

address infra—plaintiffs’ and Express’s interests were the same, that is, both plaintiffs’ and

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Express’s legal interest in the federal action was a finding that Cumberland owed a duty to

indemnify Express. Accordingly, the third element of collateral estoppel is satisfied. 7

¶ 46 Plaintiffs next argue that the fourth element was not met, in that they did not have a full

and fair opportunity to litigate the issue of coverage in the federal action. They contend that

Express had no economic incentive to litigate the issue in the federal action. See Rue,

(discussing the intersection of an incentive to litigate and collateral estoppel). They cite

Express’s pleadings in the federal action where Express explained that, under the terms of the

settlement agreement, the interest in coverage from Cumberland shifted from it to plaintiffs. The

pleadings further asserted that Express no longer had an interest in coverage and that, because

plaintiffs were not parties to the federal action, any opinion the district court rendered would be

purely advisory.

¶ 47 Plaintiffs’ argument ignores the quid pro quo of the settlement agreement, elevating form

over substance. Plaintiffs agreed that their counsel would defend Express, at no cost to Express,

in coverage disputes, and they undertook the recovery efforts against Cumberland at their sole

expense. Plaintiffs’ position would effectively give them two bites at the same apple: if Express,

7 Moreover, Pennsylvania case law supports that, as a matter of law and without need to

reference an agreement between the persons involved, creditors are in privity with their debtors

for purposes of res judicata. See American Surety Co. of New York,

; Munoz v.

Sovereign Bank,

(3d Cir. 2009) (explaining that Pennsylvania law

requires an identity of parties for application of res judicata, which includes those in privity with

parties, and those in privity include attaching creditors). While American Surety Co. of New

York and Munoz addressed claim preclusion, not issue preclusion, we note that issue preclusion

is an even broader concept than claim preclusion. Catroppa,

.

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represented by plaintiffs’ counsel in the federal action, were to lose (as it ultimately did),

plaintiffs would get a second chance to litigate the issue of coverage in the citation proceeding.

This is exactly the type of undesirable relitigation that collateral estoppel bars. See Meridian Oil

& Gas Enterprises, Inc. v. Penn Central Corp.,

(Pa. Super. Ct. 1992). The

settlement agreement effectively linked Express’s incentive to litigate with that of plaintiffs, as

evidenced by plaintiffs’ agreement to assume the defense of Express in coverage disputes.

Accordingly, we reject plaintiffs’ argument and hold that the fourth element was met.

¶ 48 Plaintiffs do not dispute the fifth element, that the coverage issue was essential to the

declaratory judgment. The federal action was an action to determine whether Cumberland owed

coverage to Express. Not only was the issue of coverage essential to the judgment but, in fact, it

was the judgment—that Cumberland was not obliged to cover Express under the policies.

Accordingly, we hold that the fifth element was met.

¶ 49 As all the elements were met, the circuit court properly applied collateral estoppel in the

citation proceeding, with respect to its rulings on both plaintiff’s summary judgment motion and

Cumberland’s motion to dismiss. Furthermore, because collateral estoppel applied, we need not

address plaintiffs’ further arguments that Cumberland owed a duty to indemnify Express and that

the settlement amount, for which Cumberland otherwise would have had to indemnify Express,

was reasonable.

¶ 50 C. Breach of Duty to Defend

¶ 51 Plaintiffs argue that Cumberland was estopped from raising any policy

defense• including, they assume, collateral estoppel• in the citation proceeding, because it

breached its duty to defend. Under Employers Insurance of Wausau v. Ehlco Liquidating Trust,

(1999), an insurer must “(1) defend the suit under a reservation of rights

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or (2) seek a declaratory judgment that there is no coverage,” or it will be estopped from raising

policy defenses to coverage if it is later found to have wrongfully denied coverage. Plaintiffs

point to Cumberland’s initial denial of coverage and subsequent letter confirming that it would

defend Express under a reservation of rights. Plaintiffs claim that Cumberland did not honor its

pledge to defend under a reservation of rights and failed to pay any defense costs. Plaintiffs

acknowledge that Cumberland sought a declaratory judgment but highlight that it did not join

plaintiffs in the federal action. Moreover, they claim that the federal action was not brought

within a reasonable time. See Central Mutual Insurance Co. v. Kammerling,

(1991) (affirming that insurer’s delay in bringing declaratory judgment action after

reservation of rights—7 years after the alleged breach by the insured took place, 10 months after

it had notice of the loss, and months after it had notice of a possible settlement of the

controversy—estopped insurer form raising policy defenses). Plaintiffs continue that estoppel

“applies only where an insurer has breached its duty to defend. Thus, a court inquires whether

the insurer had a duty to defend and whether it breached that duty.” Ehlco,

.

Plaintiffs do not argue but rather assume that Cumberland had a duty to defend.

¶ 52 Fatal to plaintiffs’ argument is that the federal action established that Cumberland did not

have a duty to defend Express. There can be no breach of a duty where there is no duty to begin

with. Moreover, Cumberland initiated the federal action to declare its lack of a duty in June

2008, well before Express settled the class action in

(finalized in October 2009).

These facts distinguish this case from Kammerling and align it with State Automobile Mutual

Insurance Co. v. Kingsport Development, LLC,

(2006) (finding

Kammerling inapposite and a seven-month delay in seeking a declaratory judgment reasonable

because the underlying action was still ongoing at the time of filing and because the insurer

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consistently denied having a duty to defend the insured). Therefore, Cumberland initiated an

action for a declaratory judgment in a reasonable time. Accordingly, Cumberland was not

estopped from raising any policy defense. 8

¶ 53 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 54 For the aforementioned reasons, we affirm the Lake County circuit court’s judgment

dismissing plaintiffs’ section 2-1402 citation to discover assets.

¶ 55 Affirmed.

8 Moreover, it is unclear that arguing the application of collateral estoppel is necessarily a

policy defense as contemplated by Ehlco. Cumberland did not have to argue under the insurance

policies to successfully present its defense, but, rather, had to establish only that the declaratory

judgment met the elements of collateral estoppel.

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