No. 1-13-0567 Fifth Division December 5, 2014

______________________________________________________________________________

IN THE APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS FIRST DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________

) THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court ) of Cook County. Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) No. 06 CR 20692 v. ) ) The Honorable DAMON SIMON, ) Frank Zelezinski, ) Judge Presiding. Defendant-Appellant. ) ) ______________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE GORDON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices McBride and Reyes concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 Following a bench trial, defendant Damon Simon was convicted of first degree murder

for the shooting death of Robert Hill and sentenced to 50 years in the Illinois Department of

Corrections. Defendant filed a direct appeal and, while the appeal was pending, filed a pro se

petition for postconviction relief that was summarily dismissed at the first stage of the

proceedings. We affirmed the trial court in both defendant’s direct appeal (People v. Simon,

) and in his appeal from the dismissal of his postconviction petition

(People v. Simon, No. 1-09-2199 (2011) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23)).

Defendant subsequently filed another petition for postconviction relief, raising additional No. 1-13-0567

claims, including a claim of actual innocence. The trial court denied defendant leave to file

the petition, finding that defendant had not demonstrated the cause and prejudice required for

successive postconviction petitions. Defendant appeals, and we affirm.

¶2 BACKGROUND

¶3 The evidence at trial has been described twice before by the appellate court, in our

opinion affirming the trial court on direct appeal (People v. Simon,

) and in our order affirming the dismissal of defendant’s first postconviction petition

(People v. Simon, No. 1-09-2199 (2011) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23)).

Those prior orders are incorporated here by reference, and the facts will be described only as

needed for the resolution of the issues now before us.

¶4 I. Trial

¶5 On August 14, 2006, defendant was arrested and subsequently indicted for first degree

murder (720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(1) (West 2004)) for the July 21, 2006, shooting death of Robert

Hill (the victim). In his answer to the State’s motion for pretrial discovery, defendant stated

that he would assert the affirmative defense of self-defense. Defendant waived a jury trial

and proceeded with a bench trial on November 12, 2008.

¶6 During the State’s case-in-chief, the State presented four witnesses who testified to the

circumstances of the shooting. Aaron Jackson testified that he was attempting to purchase

marijuana from defendant, who was sitting in the passenger seat of a vehicle parked in the

parking lot of Corona’s Food Mart in Calumet Park, when defendant turned to reach behind

his seat. Defendant turned around quickly to face forward, looking surprised, and left the

vehicle, removing a gun from his waistband. Jackson observed the victim approaching, riding

a bicycle in the direction of the vehicle. Defendant walked up to the victim, pointing the gun

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at him. Jackson heard defendant tell the victim, “talk that shit now,” to which the victim

responded “what, what,” while holding up his hands with his palms facing out; the victim

was not holding anything in his hands and appeared surprised. Defendant stood in place and

shot the victim twice. After Jackson observed defendant shoot the victim, Jackson “[t]ook

off,” but heard an additional four gunshots. Jackson later testified that after the shooting, he

observed defendant “tak[ing] off” in the vehicle.

¶7 Anthony Green testified that approximately five minutes before the shooting, he was

standing with defendant in front of the home of the victim’s girlfriend, Star Gardner. Green

observed the victim come out from the home with a handgun in his back pocket. When

defendant observed the gun, he “disappeared.” Green ran up to the victim and told him to put

the gun away because both the victim and defendant were Green’s friends and he did not

want to see either killed. The victim then went back to Gardner’s home; when he emerged

from the home, Green no longer observed the gun.

¶8 Green testified that he had observed the victim “pistol-whip” defendant several days

before the shooting. Green also testified that he had heard about the victim previously

shooting defendant and when the State objected, the trial court sustained the objection.

¶9 After speaking with the victim, Green left to find defendant and went to Corona’s Food

Mart, located a block from Gardner’s home, to purchase a beverage. Green encountered

defendant inside the store and they had a conversation as they walked from the store to a

vehicle in the parking lot in which a man unknown to Green was sitting in the driver’s seat;

defendant entered the vehicle. Green spoke to defendant through the vehicle’s passenger

window when defendant pushed Green back and drew a gun. Green backed up, turned

around, and observed the victim on a bicycle. Defendant opened the door, left the vehicle,

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and fired at the victim while he was on the bicycle. Green testified that once he observed the

victim being shot the first time, “it was like, I blanked out.”

¶ 10 The State questioned Green about a statement that Green gave to a police detective a few

days after the shooting; Green acknowledged making the statement, but could not recall the

date because he “[u]sed a lot of drugs.” In the statement, Green stated that the victim did not

have a weapon and never moved toward defendant. Green testified that while the statement

included that assertion, “to be realistic, I didn’t know what the hell was going on.” He

acknowledged that he signed the page and was allowed to make corrections but “I can’t

barely even read cursive, so I don’t know how I can correct something that [the detective]

wrote.” However, Green admitted that there were several places within the statement where

he had made corrections.

¶ 11 Green testified that after the victim was shot, Green was in shock and backed up, leaving

the scene. He did not observe defendant entering the vehicle and leaving. The State read from

Green’s statement that Green was attempting to leave the scene when he observed defendant

in a vehicle and heard defendant yell “GDK,” which Green knew to mean “Gangster Disciple

killer.” After hearing the statement, Green testified that defendant “jumped in the car[, rode]

past and said it to me, GDK.” Green later testified that the yell could have come from

defendant or from another member of the Black P Stones named Mooney1 who was nearby.

Green testified that he was a Gangster Disciple with the victim, but that there were no other

Gangster Disciples in the area of the shooting. Green later testified that there were people

near the victim when he was riding his bicycle toward defendant, and the people were the

same ones who had been present when the victim had pistol-whipped defendant.

1 The original appellate record did not identify Mooney. However, Green’s affidavit, submitted with defendant’s successive postconviction petition, identifies Mooney as Aaron Jackson.

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¶ 12 Green testified that he observed defendant shooting the victim once, after which “it was

over for me.” The State read from Green’s statement that once defendant shot the victim once

or twice, the victim “went down,” and defendant stood over the victim, shooting him “maybe

five or six or seven times altogether.” During cross-examination, the defense questioned

Green about the assertion in the statement, and Green testified that the statement could not be

true because the gun could not have held that many bullets. Green further testified that the

detective taking his statement did not write down “the majority of what the truth was or what

I had to say,” but admitted that most of the assertions in the statement were true; while still

under cross-examination, Green later testified that the assertions in the statement were not

true but then admitted during redirect examination that he had reviewed the statement shortly

before trial and told the State’s Attorney the statement was true. During cross-examination,

Green testified that he was considered a suspect at the time he gave his statement to police

and heard the detective’s account of what had occurred prior to giving his statement. He

testified that he signed the statement because he was in fear of being sent to jail and that he

had been in the holding cell of the Calumet Park police department for three days without

being given food or water before signing the statement. Green also testified that he was

unable to read the majority of the statement.

¶ 13 After Green’s testimony, the State called Eric Celauro, a former assistant State’s Attorney

who worked in the Cook County State’s Attorney’s office on July 25, 2006, to testify about

his interview with Green and the circumstances under which the statement was obtained.

Celauro was contacted by two detectives from the Calumet Park police department about

interviewing Green. The interview took place in the State’s Attorney’s office and Celauro,

Green, and the two detectives were present. Celauro informed Green that he could either

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write a statement himself or Celauro could write it for him, after which Green would check it

for accuracy. Green requested Celauro to write the statement. The State then asked to publish

the statement, and defense counsel objected. The court allowed the statement to be admitted

into evidence and published, both for purposes of impeachment and substantively.

¶ 14 In the statement, Green said that on the day of the shooting, he observed the victim

leaving his girlfriend’s house and further observed the handle of a gun protruding from the

victim’s back pocket. Since Green knew the victim well, he told the victim to “cool out” and

put the gun away because there were children nearby. At the time, defendant was outside,

one building away, and at some point, defendant went inside.

¶ 15 A short time later, as Green left Corona’s Food Mart after a brief visit, he observed

defendant sitting in the passenger seat of the vehicle and walked over and spoke with

defendant. Green observed a handgun in defendant’s lap. Defendant looked around Green

“like he saw someone,” and Green turned and observed the victim on a bicycle. Defendant

pushed Green away and exited the vehicle. Defendant was a few feet from the victim and

walked toward him with a pointed gun. Green did not observe the victim with a weapon and

the victim never moved toward defendant. The victim attempted to get off of his bicycle as

defendant “got right up on him” and said something like, “what’s that shit you was talking

about.” The victim laid his bicycle on the ground and stood with his hands in the air, saying

something like, “are you going to do this in broad daylight,” and partially turned his back on

defendant.

¶ 16 Defendant began shooting the victim from a foot or two away. After the first or second

shot, the victim “went down” and defendant stood over him and continued shooting “maybe

five or six or seven times altogether.” Green said that at some point, Jackson or someone

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named Mooney2 had ridden in on a bicycle and observed the scene as well. Green attempted

to walk away from the scene and observed defendant “jump” into the vehicle and drive away,

yelling “GDK” from the vehicle, which meant “Gangster Disciple killer.”

¶ 17 Also in response to Green’s testimony, the State called as a witness Dan Maloney, an

assistant Cook County State’s Attorney who was a witness to a conversation between one of

the prosecutors, Shital Thakkar, and Green on November 12, 2008, during defendant’s trial.

Maloney testified that Green did not want to be involved and did not know why he was

“locked up,” after which Thakkar explained to Green that he was arrested and held pending

his testimony at trial due to a warrant issued after he did not appear in court after being

subpoenaed. Thakkar told Green that he would review Green’s statement with him and, if

something was untrue, Green should inform Thakkar. Thakkar took Green’s handwritten

statement and read it to Green, asking every few sentences if the statement was true; Green

responded to each question that the statement was true. Green began laughing when Thakkar

read the assertion regarding defendant yelling “GDK” and said something to the effect of “it

was just funny; I can’t believe he said that”; Green acknowledged remembering the incident.

¶ 18 The State additionally called Antrelle Clayborn as a witness, who testified that on July

21, 2006, he was driving his automobile when he received a cell call from defendant.

Defendant told Clayborn that he had just observed Clayborn driving down the street and

asked Clayborn to pick him up in the alley behind defendant’s house. Clayborn complied and

defendant entered Clayborn’s vehicle with a 40-ounce beer and began talking about an

incident that had occurred between defendant and someone else. Clayton also stated that

2 As noted, in his affidavit, Green now states that Jackson and Mooney are the same person.

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“[defendant] said it was somebody on the front that he thought had a gun who was going to

shoot him,” but the court sustained the State’s objection on hearsay grounds.

¶ 19 Defendant asked Clayborn to drive to Corona’s Food Mart. Clayborn parked the vehicle

and defendant exited the vehicle and entered the store while Clayborn waited. Defendant

exited the store four or five minutes later and entered the vehicle. Anthony Green walked up

to the passenger side of the vehicle and spoke with Clayborn.

¶ 20 Clayborn testified that the victim came “riding up” on his bicycle, not riding at a fast

speed, and was riding toward the store, which was in the same direction as the vehicle;

Clayborn opined that “[h]e wasn’t never close to us or nothing.” The victim was alone when

he entered the parking lot.

¶ 21 Clayborn testified that defendant lifted his shirt and Clayborn observed the handle of a

handgun in defendant’s waistband and defendant told Green to move out of the way so that

defendant could open the door. Defendant jumped out of the vehicle while pulling out his

gun, “said a few words” that Clayborn was unable to hear, and shot the victim while he was

still on his bicycle. Clayborn was able to see both of the victim’s hands when he was riding

up to the store and testified that both of his hands were on the handlebars of the bicycle and

he was not holding anything else; Clayborn further testified that the victim’s hands never left

the handlebars.

¶ 22 Clayborn was preparing to leave after the shooting when defendant opened the door and

jumped into the vehicle. Defendant told Clayborn that the victim “ ‘had to get it.’ ”

¶ 23 The State also called Mohammed Suleiman as a witness. Suleiman was working at

Corona’s Food Mart on the day of the shooting and observed defendant enter the store, make

a purchase, and leave. Defendant entered a vehicle, sitting on the passenger side. A man

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named Yale was standing near the passenger side door of the vehicle. Suleiman was

sweeping the rug near the store’s glass front door and observed the victim riding on his

bicycle alone, coming from the opposite side of the parking lot. The victim did not have a

gun in his hand and Suleiman did not observe the victim reaching for his waistband; while he

was riding his bicycle, the victim’s hands were on the handlebars.

¶ 24 Suleiman turned around to roll up the store’s rug and heard several shots. He turned back

and observed the victim on the ground and defendant entering the vehicle and leaving.

Suleiman noticed a gun in defendant’s hand. Suleiman testified that he never actually saw

defendant shoot the victim because by the time he turned around, defendant was running

toward the vehicle. Suleiman was able to see the victim lying on the ground with blood “all

over his shirt” while he was calling police. No one approached the victim or took anything

from him. Suleiman observed the fallen victim until the police arrived within a matter of

seconds.

¶ 25 The State also called a Calumet Park police officer as a witness, who testified that there

was no weapon recovered from the scene.

¶ 26 After presenting its witnesses, the State made an oral motion in limine to bar on the basis

of hearsay Star Gardner’s anticipated testimony that the victim told her that he had

previously “slapped the defendant around.” The trial court granted the motion in limine to bar

that statement.

¶ 27 The parties stipulated that Dr. Nancy Jones, a forensic pathologist with the Cook County

medical examiner’s office, would testify that she performed a postmortem examination of the

victim on July 22, 2006, in which she found a “through-and-through” gunshot wound to the

victim’s lateral chest, which she classified as an entrance wound. There were also three

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gunshot wounds to the left back, from which medium caliber, partially copper jacketed, lead

bullets were recovered. None of the gunshot wounds included evidence of close-range fire.

Dr. Jones would further opine that the cause of the victim’s death was multiple gunshot

wounds and the manner of death was homicide.

¶ 28 The parties also stipulated that Illinois State Police forensic scientist William Anselme

would testify that the three bullets were fired from the same firearm. The parties further

stipulated to the fact that defendant was arrested with probable cause on August 14, 2006.

¶ 29 In his case-in-chief, defendant called Patricia Simms to testify on his behalf. Simms was

visiting her daughter on July 21, 2006, when defendant knocked on the door. After defense

counsel asked Simms what happened when she answered the door, the State objected and the

trial court sustained the objection.

¶ 30 Prior to defendant knocking on the door, Simms had observed the victim and another

man called Yayo outside. Simms answered the door and defendant asked if he could come in.

The State objected and the court sustained the objection, instructing Simms: “Ma’am, you

can’t testify as to anything that he told you.” Simms testified that defendant appeared scared.

He made a telephone call for someone to pick him up and left through the back door;

defendant was in the house for less than five minutes.

¶ 31 Defendant also testified on his own behalf. On July 21, 2006, defendant was walking

down the street with Green when the victim came out of an apartment. Defendant observed a

pistol in the victim’s back pocket. The victim was approximately 10 feet from defendant and

told defendant, “ ‘I got you now; I’m going to kill you.’ ” Green told the victim, “ ‘Man, hold

on. Man, you don’t need to be doing this out here.’ ”

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¶ 32 Defendant testified that it was not the first occasion in which the victim had threatened

him with the same gun. Approximately two or three days earlier, defendant was with Green

when the victim and three of his friends approached. The victim told defendant that “he

didn’t want to see [defendant] around there no more.” The victim’s friends held defendant

down and the victim “pistol-whipped” defendant, hitting him across the head several times

with the butt of the gun. Green told them to stop and ran away. Defendant did not have a gun

during the incident and thought that the victim was going to kill him.

¶ 33 On July 21, when the victim threatened to kill defendant, defendant did not have a gun.

After the victim threatened him, defendant testified that “I felt he was going to kill me. I was

in fear of my life. He said he was going to kill me. He said he was going to kill me. I was in

fear of my life.” Defendant ran next door to Simms’ house and “asked her please let me come

in the house ‘cause somebody out there got a gun; he talking about he gonna kill me.” Simms

opened the door and allowed defendant to come inside. Defendant observed Clayborn driving

past the window and called him to ask him to pick defendant up. At the time, the victim was

still in front talking with Green. When Clayborn arrived, defendant ran to his vehicle and

they drove away. Clayborn asked defendant why he was running out of the back door of

Simms’ house, and defendant told him “ ‘This guy in the front, he got a gun, man; he just

told me he gonna kill me, man, just get me away from the area.’ ”

¶ 34 They stopped at the store and both went inside, where defendant purchased potato chips.

Defendant did not have a gun when he went into the store, nor did he have a gun at Simms’

house or when exiting the store. When they came out, defendant jumped into the passenger

seat. Green was walking past and stopped at the passenger side of the vehicle, where he said

that he wanted a ride to work. Clayborn told Green that he could not have a ride unless he

11 No. 1-13-0567

had money for gas. While they were talking, defendant looked to the right and saw the victim

approaching on a bicycle at a fast pace toward the vehicle with some friends following him

on foot; defendant testified that the friends were the same three friends as in the pistol-

whipping incident.

¶ 35 Defendant had been leaning back in the passenger seat and when he turned, he and the

victim caught each other’s attention. Defendant testified that “[o]ur face[s] saw each other,

and I just -- he just pointed at me and I looked back at [Clayborn] and I told him, man, we

got to go, man, this is the same guy that just had a gun on me.” Defendant first noticed the

victim when he was 30 to 35 feet away and the victim rode his bicycle to within a few feet of

the passenger side of the vehicle. While the victim was riding his bicycle, defendant observed

him reach into his back pocket, where defendant had previously seen his gun. The victim

dismounted the bicycle and pulled his gun, stating “ ‘I got you now,’ ” and Clayborn passed

defendant a gun. Defendant did not have a gun before that time, and the gun that Clayborn

passed to him did not belong to defendant; defendant did not know whether the gun was

loaded.

¶ 36 Defendant exited the vehicle; he testified that he was “trapped.” The victim pointed his

gun at defendant and said that he was going to kill him. Defendant fired his gun because he

was afraid that the victim would kill him; he did not know how many times he shot the

victim, but “just kn[e]w the gun went off.” Defendant testified that he never shot the victim

in the back. The victim did not fire his gun. Defendant then entered the vehicle and Clayborn

drove away; defendant did not say anything after the shooting. Defendant was scared after

the shooting and did not know what to do. Defendant did not tell Clayborn to drive away, did

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not force Clayborn to drive him to Clayborn’s family’s house, and did not ask anyone to

dispose of the gun because the gun was not his.

¶ 37 Defendant testified that he had only a few interactions with the victim over several years

and did not know him very well, but that “[f]or some reason,” the victim did not like him.

Defendant also testified that the victim robbed him several years ago. However, defendant

testified that “I ain’t wanna kill him. I ain’t have no plans on seeking no revenge on him.”

Defendant testified that he was defending himself.

¶ 38 After defendant testified, the defense rested its case-in-chief and the parties presented

their closing arguments. The court found that both sides agreed that defendant was the person

who killed the victim and that the only question was whether he was justified in doing so by

acting in self-defense. The court found that defendant and the victim had “history behind

them,” including defendant’s testimony that the victim robbed and pistol-whipped defendant.

However, the history did not justify the shooting. The court found that accepting defendant’s

testimony would result in a finding that the shooting was justified by self-defense but noted

that other testimony needed to be considered as well. After recounting the other witnesses’

testimony, the court concluded that it did not accept defendant’s testimony and did not find it

credible, including a consideration of second degree murder:

“Defense testimony I heard, and I listened very deeply to find if he acted in self-

defense or even unreasonably acted in self-defense. I do not accept the defendant’s

testimony. I do not find it credible, and on that basis I believe the State has

established their burden here.”

The court found defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of first degree murder.

13 No. 1-13-0567

¶ 39 On May 4, 2009, the parties came before the trial court for sentencing and defendant’s

posttrial motion for a new trial. The court denied the motion for a new trial and sentenced

defendant to 50 years in the Illinois Department of Corrections. Defendant filed a notice of

appeal the same day.

¶ 40 II. Direct Appeal and Postconviction Petition

¶ 41 On direct appeal, defendant argued that his conviction should be reduced to second

degree murder and remanded for resentencing because he acted with an actual, though

unreasonable, belief in self-defense. Alternatively, defendant claimed that he was entitled to

a new trial because: (1) the trial court erred in barring evidence that supported defendant’s

theory of self-defense, (2) the trial court relied on an erroneous recollection of the evidence

in weighing witness credibility, and (3) the State failed to disclose a witness’ felony

conviction and allowed the witness to provide perjured testimony when it failed to correct the

witness’ misstatement of his criminal history. We affirmed defendant’s conviction. Simon,

.

¶ 42 On June 12, 2009, 39 days after sentencing, defendant filed a pro se petition for

postconviction relief. In the petition, defendant raised a number of arguments, including the

claim that his trial counsel was ineffective for (1) filing a posttrial motion without reviewing

trial transcripts after requesting that defendant pay additional funds to obtain the transcripts

and (2) failing to argue for second degree murder despite defendant’s specific request for him

to do so. On the same day, defendant filed a pro se posttrial motion to reconsider his

sentence. On June 19, 2009, defendant filed a pro se posttrial motion to convert the petition

for postconviction relief into a motion for a new trial. On July 10, 2009, the trial court denied

defendant’s motion for a new trial and his motion to reconsider his sentence “for

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untimeliness and for lack of jurisdiction due to a notice of appeal being filed.” The court

further denied defendant’s postconviction petition, finding it to be frivolous and patently

without merit. Defendant appealed the denial of his postconviction petition, and we affirmed.

Simon, No. 1-09-2199.

¶ 43 III. Successive Postconviction Petition

¶ 44 On October 16, 2012, defendant filed a petition for leave to file a successive

postconviction petition. Defendant claimed that there was cause for his failure to raise all

claims in his initial postconviction petition in that the initial petition “was intended as a post-

trial motion, and only labeled as a post-conviction petition after Petitioner was misguided to

do so by a jail-house lawyer.” Defendant further claimed that without leave to file the

successive petition, he would be “effectively denied the right to present constitutional claims

of a serious magnitude, including allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel.”

¶ 45 In the successive postconviction petition, defendant raised a number of ways in which he

claimed his trial counsel was ineffective. Additionally, defendant claimed he had new

evidence that he acted in self-defense and therefore was actually innocent of first degree

murder. In support of his claim, defendant attached the affidavit of Anthony Green, who

testified on behalf of the State at defendant’s trial. In his affidavit, Green stated that on the

day of the shooting, the victim approached defendant in the parking lot on his bicycle and

was accompanied by the same friends who pistol-whipped defendant two days prior to the

shooting. Green further stated that the victim had a gun and told defendant that he would kill

defendant. Green stated that Aaron Jackson, not defendant, yelled “GDK” and that one of the

victim’s friends removed the victim’s gun from the scene. Green stated that the reason he did

not come forward with this information earlier was that he was “scared” and that the police

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“said they [were going to] lock me up for accessory to murder if I didn’t make the statement

in which when I did make a statement they used what they wanted to use.” Green further

stated that “the reason I didn’t clear it up at [defendant’s] trial[] was because the State

threatened to lock me up longer if I didn’t cooperate with them[.] I didn’t want to be locked

up any longer[.] I was told what to say so I said it[.] I just wanted to get it over with and go

home[,] not even thinking about what will happen to [defendant].”

¶ 46 On January 18, 2013, the trial court denied defendant leave to file his successive

postconviction petition, finding that defendant “fail[ed] to meet the cause and prejudice test

that is necessary for the Court to allow him to file a successive petition.” This appeal follows.

¶ 47 ANALYSIS

¶ 48 On appeal, defendant argues that he should have been granted leave to file a successive

postconviction petition because (1) he presented a claim of actual innocence based on the

affidavit of Green, a “key State witness”; and (2) he demonstrated cause and prejudice for his

failure to previously raise several meritorious claims concerning trial counsel’s

ineffectiveness.

¶ 49 I. Successive Postconviction Petitions

¶ 50 A postconviction proceeding is a collateral proceeding, as opposed to a direct appeal of

the underlying judgment. People v. Ortiz,

(2009). The purpose of the

postconviction process is to permit review of constitutional issues that were not, and could

not have been, reviewed on direct appeal. Ortiz,

. Thus, issues that could

have been or were raised on direct appeal or a prior petition are generally considered waived,

for purposes of the postconviction process. See Ortiz,

. The Post-Conviction

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Hearing Act (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2012)) generally contemplates that a defendant

will file only one postconviction petition. Ortiz,

.

¶ 51 However, there are two ways to overcome the procedural bar to filing a successive

petition: (1) the Pistonbarger cause-and-prejudice test; and (2) the Ortiz actual innocence

test. People v. Ortiz,

(2009) (describing two ways to overcome the

procedural bar); People v. Pistonbarger,

(2002). The cause-and-

prejudice test set forth by our supreme court in Pistonbarger was subsequently codified into

statute by our General Assembly, when it added section 122-1(f) of the Code of Criminal

Procedure of 1963. See Pub. Act 93-493 (eff. Jan. 1, 2004). Section 122-1(f) provides, in full:

“Only one petition may be filed by a petitioner under this Article without leave of the

court. Leave of court may be granted only if a petitioner demonstrates cause for his or

her failure to bring the claim in his or her initial post-conviction proceedings and

prejudice results from that failure. For purposes of this subsection (f): (1) a prisoner

shows cause by identifying an objective factor that impeded his or her ability to raise

a specific claim during his or her initial post-conviction proceedings; and (2) a

prisoner shows prejudice by demonstrating that the claim not raised during his or her

initial post-conviction proceedings so infected the trial that the resulting conviction or

sentence violated due process.” 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2012).

Both elements of the cause-and-prejudice test must be satisfied in order for the defendant to

prevail. People v. Guerrero,

.

¶ 52 However, the Pistonbarger cause-and-prejudice test, set forth above, is not the only way

to overcome the procedural bar against filing a successive postconviction petition. In Ortiz,

our supreme court stated: “we hold that in a nondeath case, where a defendant sets forth a

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claim of actual innocence in a successive postconviction petition, the defendant is excused

from showing [the] cause and prejudice” described in section 122-1(f). Ortiz,

. See also People v. Anderson,

(2010) (our supreme court in

Ortiz “specifically rejected the State’s claim that all successive postconviction petitions are

subject to that [cause-and-prejudice] test”). The Ortiz court held that “the due process clause

of the Illinois Constitution affords postconviction petitioners the right to assert a freestanding

claim of actual innocence on newly discovered evidence.” Ortiz,

.

¶ 53 In the case of a claim of actual innocence, “leave of court should be denied only where it

is clear, from a review of the successive petition and the documentation provided by the

petitioner that, as a matter of law, the petitioner cannot set forth a colorable claim of actual

innocence.” People v. Edwards,

. “Stated differently, leave of court

should be granted when the petitioner’s supporting documentation raises the probability that

‘it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have convicted him in the light of

the new evidence’ [citation].” Edwards,

(quoting Schlup v. Delo,

(1995)). The defendant must show that the evidence in support of his actual

innocence claim is: (1) newly discovered; (2) material and not merely cumulative; and (3) of

such a conclusive character that it would probably change the result on retrial. Ortiz,

. Evidence is considered “newly discovered” if (1) it has been discovered since the

trial; and (2) the defendant could not have discovered it sooner through due diligence. Ortiz,

. “Evidence is considered cumulative when it adds nothing to what was

already before the jury.” Ortiz,

. To determine whether the evidence “would

probably change the result of retrial,” the court must conduct a case-specific analysis of the

facts and evidence. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Ortiz,

.

18 No. 1-13-0567

¶ 54 Satisfying either the Pistonbarger cause-and-prejudice test or the Ortiz actual innocence

test will overcome the procedural bar against successive petitions. In the case at bar,

defendant seeks leave to file his successive petition on both bases.

¶ 55 II. Actual Innocence Claim

¶ 56 Defendant first argues that the trial court erred in denying him leave to file a successive

postconviction petition because he set forth a colorable claim of actual innocence. Defendant

claims that newly discovered evidence provided by Green establishes that the victim was

armed and threatening to kill defendant immediately before defendant shot him in self-

defense and further establishes that one of the victim’s friends removed the victim’s gun

from the scene before the police arrived.

¶ 57 As noted, in the case of a claim of actual innocence, “leave of court should be denied

only where it is clear, from a review of the successive petition and the documentation

provided by the petitioner that, as a matter of law, the petitioner cannot set forth a colorable

claim of actual innocence.” Edwards,

. “Stated differently, leave of

court should be granted when the petitioner’s supporting documentation raises the probability

that ‘it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have convicted him in the light

of the new evidence’ [citation].” Edwards,

(quoting Schlup,

). The defendant must show that the evidence in support of his actual innocence claim

is: (1) newly discovered; (2) material and not merely cumulative; and (3) of such a

conclusive character that it would probably change the result on retrial. Ortiz,

. Evidence is considered “newly discovered” if (1) it has been discovered since the trial;

and (2) the defendant could not have discovered it sooner through due diligence. Ortiz,

. “Evidence is considered cumulative when it adds nothing to what was already

19 No. 1-13-0567

before the jury.” Ortiz,

. To determine whether the evidence “would

probably change the result of retrial,” the court must conduct a case-specific analysis of the

facts and evidence. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Ortiz,

.

¶ 58 Our supreme court has noted that the denial of a successive postconviction petition

raising a claim of actual innocence is reviewed either de novo or for an abuse of discretion,

but has declined to decide the question of the applicable standard of review. Edwards,

. Like our supreme court, we have no need to resolve the issue, as

defendant’s claim in the case at bar fails under either standard of review. See Edwards,

(“We need not decide this question in this case, however. Petitioner’s claim

of actual innocence here fails under either standard of review.”).

¶ 59 In the case at bar, the “newly discovered evidence” defendant points to as support for his

actual innocence claim is in the form of Green’s affidavit. In his affidavit, Green stated that

on the day of the shooting, the victim approached defendant in the parking lot on his bicycle

and was accompanied by the same friends who pistol-whipped defendant two days prior to

the shooting. Green further stated that the victim had a gun and told defendant that he would

kill defendant. Green stated that Aaron Jackson, not defendant, yelled “GDK” and that one of

the victim’s friends removed the victim’s gun from the scene. Green stated that the reason he

did not come forward with this information earlier was that he was “scared” and that the

police “said they [were going to] lock me up for accessory to murder if I didn’t make the

statement in which when I did make a statement they used what they wanted to use.” Green

further stated that “the reason I didn’t clear it up at [defendant’s] trial[] was because the State

threatened to lock me up longer if I didn’t cooperate with them[.] I didn’t want to be locked

20 No. 1-13-0567

up any longer[.] I was told what to say so I said it[.] I just wanted to get it over with and go

home[,] not even thinking about what will happen to [defendant].”

¶ 60 Green’s affidavit does not support a colorable claim of actual innocence. First, several of

the statements in the affidavit were already introduced during defendant’s trial, either

through Green’s testimony or through his statement to police, admitted as substantive

evidence at trial. For instance, at one point during his trial testimony, Green testified that

there were people near the victim when he was riding his bicycle toward defendant and that

those people were the same ones who had been present when the victim had previously

pistol-whipped defendant. Similarly, while Green was inconsistent in his testimony on the

issue, he testified at one point that the yell of “GDK” could have come from defendant or

Mooney, whom he now identifies in his affidavit as Aaron Jackson. Thus, these assertions

are not “new.”

¶ 61 Additionally, the arguably “new” information in Green’s affidavit contradicts his

testimony at defendant’s trial and his statement to police. For instance, in his statement to

police, Green stated that the victim did not have a weapon and never moved toward

defendant. Green’s affidavit attempts to explain this contradiction by stating that the reason

he did not come forward with this information earlier was that he was “scared” and that the

police “said they [were going to] lock me up for accessory to murder if I didn’t make the

statement [and] when I did make a statement they used what they wanted to use.” Green

further stated that “the reason I didn’t clear it up at [defendant’s] trial[] was because the State

threatened to lock me up longer if I didn’t cooperate with them[.] I didn’t want to be locked

up any longer[.] I was told what to say so I said it[.] I just wanted to get it over with and go

21 No. 1-13-0567

home[,] not even thinking about what will happen to [defendant].” However, these claims are

affirmatively rebutted by the record.

¶ 62 As the State notes, Green’s testimony at trial does not demonstrate that Green

“cooperate[d] with” the State because the State “threatened to lock [him] up longer” if he did

not do so. Instead, the record reflects that Green was extremely reluctant to testify

consistently with his statement and, in fact, attempted to distance himself from the statement

wherever possible. When the State questioned Green about the statement, Green

acknowledged making the statement, but could not recall the date because he “[u]sed a lot of

drugs.” When the State asked about Green’s claim in the statement that the victim did not

have a weapon and never moved toward defendant, Green testified that while the statement

included that assertion, “to be realistic, I didn’t know what the hell was going on.” He

acknowledged that he signed the page and was allowed to make corrections but “I can’t

barely even read cursive, so I don’t know how I can correct something that [the detective]

wrote.” On cross-examination, when the defense questioned Green about his assertion in the

statement that once defendant shot the victim once or twice, the victim “went down,” and

defendant stood over the victim, shooting him “maybe five or six or seven times altogether,”

Green testified that the statement could not be true because the gun could not have held that

many bullets. Green further testified that the detective taking his statement did not write

down “the majority of what the truth was or what I had to say,” but admitted that most of the

assertions in the statement were true; while still under cross-examination, Green later

testified that the assertions in the statement were not true but then admitted during redirect

examination that he had reviewed the statement shortly before trial and told the assistant

State’s Attorney the statement was true. During cross-examination, Green also testified that

22 No. 1-13-0567

he was considered a suspect at the time he gave his statement to police and heard the

detective’s account of what had occurred prior to giving his statement. He testified that he

signed the statement because he was in fear of being sent to jail and that he had been in the

holding cell at the Calumet Park police department for three days without being given food

or water before signing the statement. Green also testified that he was unable to read the

majority of the statement. Thus, far from cooperating with the State due to its threats “to lock

[him] up longer” if he did not do so, Green’s trial testimony demonstrates that he was

actively not cooperating with the State. In fact, due to Green’s testimony, the State called two

witnesses specifically to testify as to the circumstances under which Green’s statement was

obtained and the prosecutor’s conversation with Green prior to his trial testimony. Thus, we

cannot find that Green’s affidavit supports a colorable claim of actual innocence and,

therefore, the trial court did not err in denying defendant leave to file his successive

postconviction petition.

¶ 63 We find defendant’s attempts to draw an analogy between his case and those of People v.

Molstad,

(1984), and People v. Sparks,

(2009), to be

unpersuasive. First, neither of the cases involved a successive postconviction petition, so the

question before the reviewing court was slightly different than that present in the case at bar.

In Molstad, the court was reviewing a posttrial motion for a new trial (Molstad,

), while in Sparks, the court was reviewing a first-stage dismissal of an initial

postconviction petition (Sparks,

). See Edwards,

(holding that the standards for a first-stage postconviction petition and a successive

postconviction petition are different, in part because “treating successive petitions the same

as initial petitions *** ignores the well-settled rule that successive postconviction actions are

23 No. 1-13-0567

disfavored by Illinois courts”). Most importantly, in both cases, the “newly discovered

evidence” submitted by the defendant was in the form of affidavits of witnesses who were

unknown or unavailable to testify at the defendant’s trial. Molstad,

(testimony of codefendants was newly discovered evidence that could not have been earlier

discovered, as codefendants could not be forced to incriminate themselves); Sparks,

(testimony of eyewitness unknown to the defendant and who had been

threatened by the actual shooter was arguably newly discovered evidence). Here, by contrast,

Green was available and, in fact, testified at defendant’s trial. Thus, Molstad and Sparks do

not support defendant’s argument and we affirm the denial of leave to file the actual

innocence portion of defendant’s successive petition.

¶ 64 III. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

¶ 65 Defendant also argues that the trial court erred in denying him leave to file a successive

petition raising several claims of ineffective assistance of counsel because he satisfied the

Pitsonbarger cause-and-prejudice test. As noted, the cause-and-prejudice test set forth by our

supreme court in Pistonbarger was subsequently codified into statute by our General

Assembly, when it added section 122-1(f) of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963. See

Pub. Act 93-493 (eff. Jan. 1, 2004). Under section 122-1(f), leave to file a successive petition

“may be granted only if a petitioner demonstrates cause for his or her failure to bring the

claim in his or her initial post-conviction proceedings and prejudice results from that failure.”

725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2012). Section 122-1(f) further provides that: “(1) a prisoner

shows cause by identifying an objective factor that impeded his or her ability to raise a

specific claim during his or her initial post-conviction proceedings; and (2) a prisoner shows

prejudice by demonstrating that the claim not raised during his or her initial post-conviction

24 No. 1-13-0567

proceedings so infected the trial that the resulting conviction or sentence violated due

process.” 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2012). Both elements of the cause-and-prejudice test

must be satisfied in order for the defendant to prevail. Guerrero,

. Our

review of the trial court’s dismissal of defendant’s postconviction petition is de novo. People

v. Edwards,

(2001). De novo consideration means we perform the same

analysis that a trial judge would perform. Khan v. BDO Seidman, LLP,

(2011).

¶ 66 As an initial matter, defendant argues that we should not consider his postconviction

petition to be a successive petition, but instead should consider it to be an initial

postconviction petition. After defendant filed his initial postconviction petition, he sought to

convert it into a motion for a new trial. Thus, since he did not wish for the first

postconviction petition to in fact be considered a postconviction petition, he argues that the

instant petition should be considered his initial petition. We have no need to answer this

question, however, as even under the more lenient standards of a first-stage initial

postconviction petition, defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claims would fail.

¶ 67 The Illinois Supreme Court has found that, to determine whether a defendant was denied

his or her right to effective assistance of counsel, an appellate court must apply the two-prong

test set forth in Strickland v. Washington,

(1984). People v. Colon,

(2007) (citing People v. Albanese,

(1984) (adopting Strickland)).

Under Strickland, a defendant must prove both (1) his attorney’s actions constituted errors so

serious as to fall below an objective standard of reasonableness; and (2) absent these errors,

there was a reasonable probability that his trial would have resulted in a different outcome.

People v. Ward,

(2007) (citing Strickland,

).

25 No. 1-13-0567

¶ 68 Under the first prong of the Strickland test, the defendant must prove that his counsel’s

performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness “under prevailing

professional norms.” Colon,

; People v. Evans,

(2004).

Under the second prong, the defendant must show that, “but for” counsel’s deficient

performance, there is a reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding would have

been different. Colon,

; Evans,

. “[A] reasonable

probability that the result would have been different is a probability sufficient to undermine

confidence in the outcome–or put another way, that counsel’s deficient performance rendered

the result of the trial unreliable or fundamentally unfair.” Evans,

; Colon,

. In other words, the defendant was prejudiced by his attorney’s

performance.

¶ 69 To prevail, the defendant must satisfy both prongs of the Strickland test. Colon,

; Evans,

. “That is, if an ineffective-assistance claim can be

disposed of because the defendant suffered no prejudice, we need not determine whether

counsel’s performance was deficient.” People v. Graham,

(2003). We do

not need to consider the first prong of the Strickland test when the second prong cannot be

satisfied. Graham,

.

¶ 70 In the case at bar, defendant argues that his trial counsel was ineffective in the following

ways: (1) failing to present any mitigating evidence at sentencing; (2) misleading defendant

into waiving his right to a jury trial by promising him that he would be acquitted if he chose a

bench trial; (3) coming to court intoxicated on at least one occasion prior to trial; and (4)

failing to present available evidence of self-defense. We cannot find that any of these claims

even arguably demonstrate ineffective assistance of counsel.

26 No. 1-13-0567

¶ 71 First, with regard to defendant’s argument concerning counsel’s failure to present

mitigating evidence at sentencing, “failure to offer evidence in mitigation does not, in and of

itself, demonstrate deficient performance.” People v. Orange,

(1995).

Furthermore, “[e]ven where counsel’s performance is deficient due to the failure to

investigate mitigating evidence and present it to the [fact finder], the defendant must still

demonstrate prejudice to sustain a claim.” People v. Pulliam,

(2002). In

the case at bar, defendant argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to present

mitigating evidence at sentencing, pointing to nine affidavits from defendant’s family

members who would have been willing to testify on defendant’s behalf. These affidavits all

state, in essence, that defendant was well-behaved and helpful growing up and demonstrated

a strong work ethic through his employment history. However, defendant’s presentence

investigation report contained similar information about defendant’s personal history,

including his good relationship with his family and his employment history. Thus, as the

presentence investigation report was considered by the trial court in sentencing defendant,

the additional testimony of defendant’s family members would have been essentially

cumulative and defendant can show no prejudice on this basis. See People v. Phyfiher,

(2005) (“Trial counsel cannot be faulted for failing to introduce

mitigation evidence that was already presented in the report. [Citation.] Defendant cannot

make out a claim of ineffectiveness where the testimony he claims should have been offered

was cumulative to evidence already in the record.”); People v. Griffin,

(1997) (finding no prejudice where testimony from the defendant’s family members as to the

defendant’s troubled childhood would have been cumulative, as the information was already

presented through the presentence investigation report). This distinguishes defendant’s case

27 No. 1-13-0567

from those he cites, which are death-penalty cases in which the record affirmatively

demonstrated a lack of investigation and the court found the proffered mitigating evidence

had the potential of influencing the sentence. See Orange,

; People v.

Steidl,

(1997).

¶ 72 Additionally, “we must assess prejudice in a realistic manner based on the totality of the

evidence. Accordingly, it is improper to focus solely on the potential mitigating evidence.”

People v. Coleman,

(1995); People v. Easley,

(2000). Instead, “the nature and extent of the evidence in aggravation must also be

considered.” Coleman,

; Easley,

. In the case at bar, the

trial court placed the most weight on the fact that the victim was shot to death during the

middle of the day in front of a grocery store and that numerous gunshots were fired. The

court also noted that, although he had no prior felony background, defendant was “not a

newcomer” to the criminal justice system. For these reasons, the trial court sentenced

defendant to 50 years, 5 years above the statutory minimum. Given this evidence in

aggravation, “[t]he failure of defendant’s trial counsel to place more information from

defendant’s past onto the scale probably would not have tipped it in defendant’s favor.”

Easley,

. Accordingly, we cannot find even an arguable basis for

ineffectiveness here.

¶ 73 Next, with regard to defendant’s claim that he waived his right to a jury trial because trial

counsel promised him an acquittal, defendant’s affidavit in support of his postconviction

petition states: “I told counsel that I wanted to go with a jury trial. He brought up that he

knows the judge and that he will be *** basing it off ‘law’ which will be essential for me to

get acquitted. He promised me freedom with a bench trial. Told me if I went with a jury, they

28 No. 1-13-0567

could bring up that I was in a gang. Even though I was in a gang at the time, that was not a

factor as to the shooting. He promised me that I will go home with a bench trial. So I went

along with his decision.” (Emphasis in original.) “When a defendant’s challenge to a jury

waiver is predicated on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the court must determine:

(1) whether counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness; and

(2) ‘whether there exists a reasonable likelihood that the defendant would not have waived

his jury right in the absence of the alleged error.’ ” People v. Batrez,

(2002) (quoting People v. Maxwell,

(1992)).

¶ 74 The decision of whether to choose a bench trial or jury trial belongs to the defendant, not

to his counsel. People v. McCarter,

(2008). However, “advice on

waiving a jury trial constitutes the type of trial strategy and tactics that cannot support a

claim of ineffectiveness.” People v. Elliott,

(1998). In the case at

bar, defendant’s counsel on appeal focuses on the portion of defendant’s affidavit in which

defendant states that trial counsel “promised me freedom with a bench trial” and “promised

me that I will go home with a bench trial. So I went along with his decision.” (Emphasis in

original.) However, the sentence before the quoted language provides important context to

the rest of defendant’s statements: “He brought up that he knows the judge and that he will

be *** basing it off ‘law’ which will be essential for me to get acquitted.” It is clear from the

entirety of defendant’s affidavit that trial counsel was advising defendant to waive a jury trial

because counsel knew that the judge would base his decision on the law instead of on the fact

that defendant was a gang member, as a jury might do. This type of advice does not

constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.

29 No. 1-13-0567

¶ 75 Defendant attempts to draw an analogy between his case and that of People v. Smith,

(2001), in which the defendant alleged that his trial counsel advised the

defendant “that it would be better to take a bench trial because the judge owed [the attorney]

a favor and would have information not available to the jury” and the appellate court found

the allegations sufficient to survive the first stage of the postconviction process. We do not

find the situation here analogous to that one. Here, there is no allegation that trial counsel had

any sort of illicit agreement with the judge that led to the waiver of a jury trial. Instead, trial

counsel merely advised defendant that he would be more likely to obtain “freedom” with a

bench trial because the judge would be “basing it off ‘law.’ ” We find the situation here more

analogous to that present in People v. Hobson,

(2008), in which the

defendant alleged: “ ‘When I told him [defense counsel] that I shot the deceased in self

defense, he told me to waive a jury and take a bench trial. He told me that the judge ***

would find me not guilty if I took a bench trial, that he knew the judge and the judge was

alright.’ ” On appeal, authoring justice Joseph Gordon noted that “we cannot dismiss as

unreasonable counsel’s strategic decision to advise his client to opt for a bench trial with a

trial judge whom defense counsel knew as sympathetic, rather than a trial with an

unpredictable jury, whom defense counsel knew nothing about.” Hobson,

. Further, the court found that “defense counsel’s advice to defendant to waive his right to

a jury because ‘he knew the judge and [the judge] was alright’ and would find him not guilty,

constituted a prediction based upon counsel’s evaluation of the mitigating circumstances of

the case which counsel intended to assert on behalf of defendant and his knowledge by

reputation and/or by experience of the trial judge’s previous record.” Hobson,

. In the case at bar, the advice trial counsel allegedly gave defendant is similar, and

30 No. 1-13-0567

accordingly, we cannot find that it forms the basis for an ineffective assistance of counsel

claim.

¶ 76 Next, defendant claims that trial counsel “came to court intoxicated and smelling of

liquor on at least one occasion before trial.” Even if these assertions are accepted as true, the

fact that defense counsel was under the influence of drugs or alcohol does not establish per se

ineffective assistance of counsel. See People v. Burris,

(2000)

(“That counsel was using alcohol or drugs at the time of defendant’s trial does not establish

per se ineffective assistance.”); People v. Barraza,

(1993)

(specifically “reject[ing] the argument that we should find that defense counsel was

ineffective per se because of an allegation that defense counsel was alcohol impaired”);

People v. White,

(1989); People v. Bernardo,

(1988). In the case at bar, defendant does not allege that trial counsel’s intoxication on an

unspecified pretrial date prejudiced him in any way. In the absence of any prejudice,

defendant cannot make even an arguable claim for ineffective assistance of counsel. See

White,

. Defendant argues in his brief that “prejudice may be presumed

where counsel’s representation constructively amounted to a denial of counsel.” However,

defendant has not pointed to any way in which trial counsel’s representation “constructively

amounted to a denial of counsel” other than a bare allegation that trial counsel was

intoxicated on an unspecified pretrial court date. We will not presume prejudice under the

facts as alleged and accordingly find no basis for a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.

¶ 77 Finally, defendant claims that trial counsel failed to present relevant evidence of self-

defense. Specifically, defendant argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to

introduce medical records that showed defendant had been shot in 2004, which would have

31 No. 1-13-0567

corroborated defendant’s claim that the victim had previously shot defendant and supported

his self-defense claim. 3 On direct appeal, we discussed a similar issue concerning evidence

that defendant had been shot by the victim, namely, Green’s attempt to testify that he had

heard that the victim had previously shot defendant. Simon,

. Although we found that there was no error in the exclusion of Green’s

testimony, we also found that even if there had been error, the evidence was not so closely

balanced that it threatened to tip the scales of justice against defendant. Simon,

. Specifically, we noted:

“Defendant was permitted to testify that the victim had robbed him, which was the

same incident in which he was supposedly shot. Additionally, Green and defendant

both testified to the pistol-whipping incident, so the trial court was aware that there

was a history of the victim acting violently toward defendant. The trial court also

heard from Green and defendant that the victim had threatened defendant with a gun

several minutes prior to the shooting. Finally, the evidence was weighed heavily

against defendant, with four eyewitnesses to the circumstances of the shooting. Any

additional testimony concerning the victim’s violent behavior toward defendant

would not have tipped the scales in defendant’s favor.” Simon,

.

We also noted that, “[h]ere, *** defendant testified to the robbery, the pistol whipping, and

the threat shortly before the shooting. His testimony regarding the pistol whipping and the

threat were corroborated by Green’s testimony, and Clayborn and Simms testified to

defendant’s demeanor directly after receiving the threat. Several witnesses also testified to

3 Defendant also states that “Alex Cruz and his brother Chico” were present during the prior shooting, but was unable to obtain affidavits from either of them.

32 No. 1-13-0567

the victim’s membership in the Gangster Disciples gang. Thus, *** there was evidence of

several instances of violent behavior by the victim and multiple witnesses testifying.” Simon,

.

¶ 78 While in the case at bar, defendant’s burden is lower than on direct appeal, where he was

arguing plain error, we find our previous analysis equally applicable to determining whether

there is even an arguable basis for an ineffective assistance claim. In his brief, defendant

claims that if defense counsel had used defendant’s medical records to question defendant

about the incident in which the victim shot defendant, “evidence of [the victim’s] history of

violence and aggression could easily have changed the court’s assessment as to how

threatening he actually was.” However, in light of the evidence of self-defense that was

presented at trial, in addition to defendant’s ability to testify that he had been previously

robbed by the victim, we see no way that the inclusion of this additional evidence would

have had any impact on the outcome of the trial and, accordingly, defendant cannot raise

even an arguable ineffectiveness claim.

¶ 79 In the case at bar, therefore, even looking at the postconviction petition in the way

defendant urges---as an initial postconviction petition instead of as a successive one---

defendant’s arguments do not present even an arguable basis for ineffective assistance of

counsel. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in denying defendant leave to file his

postconviction petition.

¶ 80 CONCLUSION

¶ 81 The trial court did not err in denying defendant leave to file a successive postconviction

petition because (1) the petition did not present a colorable claim of actual innocence and (2)

33 No. 1-13-0567

even examining the petition under the more lenient standard of an initial postconviction

petition, there is no basis for defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claims.

¶ 82 Affirmed.

34