THIRD DIVISION March 31, 2015

Nos. 1-13-1887, 1-13-2105 & 1-13-2424 (consolidated)

BETHANY YOUNG, ) Appeal from the ) Circuit Court of Plaintiff-Appellee and Cross-Appellant, ) Cook County ) v. ) No. 10 L 13167 ) ALDEN GARDENS OF WATERFORD, LLC, ) Honorable ) Ronald Bartkowicz, Defendant-Appellant and Cross-Appellee ) Judge Presiding. ) (Patricia McCormick, Plaintiff; and ) The Alden Group, Ltd., Defendant). )

JUSTICE MASON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Presiding Justice Pucinski and Justice Hyman concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 Defendant-appellant Alden Gardens of Waterford, LLC, appeals from the judgment

entered on a jury verdict finding it liable under the Illinois Whistleblower Act (740 ILCS 174/20

(West 2010)) for retaliating against a former employee, plaintiff-appellee Bethany Young, based

on her refusal to engage in conduct that would have resulted in a violation of the law. On appeal,

Alden Gardens contends that the trial court erred in denying its motion for summary judgment on

the Whistleblower Act claim and in denying its motions for a directed verdict and judgment

notwithstanding the verdict (judgment n.o.v.). Alden Gardens also argues that the verdict was

the product of trial errors and was against the manifest weight of the evidence and on those

grounds seeks a new trial. Finally, Alden Gardens disputes the amount of attorney fees awarded Nos. 1-13-1887, 1-13-2105, & 1-13-2424, cons.

to counsel for Young. On cross-appeal, Young argues that the trial court erred in awarding her

less than all of the attorney fees and costs sought. We find no error and affirm.

¶2 BACKGROUND

¶3 Alden Gardens, a licensed long-term care facility, employed Young as a registered nurse

from January 10, 2008, to April 22, 2010. Young and coplaintiff Patricia McCormick, who was

also employed at Alden Gardens, filed a complaint against Alden Gardens and The Alden Group,

Ltd., alleging retaliation in violation of the Nursing Home Care Act (210 ILCS 45/3-810 (West

2010)) (count I), the Whistleblower Act (740 ILCS 174/30 (West 2010)) (count II) and common

law retaliatory discharge (count III). McCormick has not appealed an adverse jury verdict and is

not a party to this appeal.

¶4 The Alden Group is a holding company that owns stocks and other interests in various

nursing home facilities, including Alden Gardens. 1 Alden Gardens is a sheltered care facility.

Such facilities are for independent adults and residents have private apartments with kitchen

facilities. In contrast, in a skilled nursing facility residents share rooms and the facility has

hospital beds and provides more in-depth health care.

¶5 A. The Amended Complaint

¶6 According to the amended complaint, from October 2009 to April 2010, Young and

McCormick witnessed several instances of staff errors that jeopardized resident safety and

constituted abuse or neglect of residents at Alden Gardens. As relevant to this appeal, one such

1 As The Alden Group was ultimately dismissed from the case, a ruling that Young has not appealed, this opinion will refer only to Alden Gardens as the defendant, except where necessary to distinguish between the two entities. Similarly, because McCormick has not appealed the adverse jury verdict, we will generally limit our discussion of the facts to those pertaining to Young and omit evidence particular to McCormick. -2- Nos. 1-13-1887, 1-13-2105, & 1-13-2424, cons.

instance occurred on November 20, 2009 when Young's supervisor, Sarah Werrline, directed

Young to help her falsify residents' medication administration records. Young refused.

¶7 Young generally alleged that following the November 20, 2009 incident, her work hours

were reduced, she was not offered available shifts, and her performance evaluation ratings

declined. Young ultimately resigned on April 22, 2010. She claimed she was constructively

discharged.

¶8 Although the amended complaint alleged other conduct by Young and McCormick

directed at bringing shortcomings at Alden Gardens to the attention of the Illinois Department of

Public Health (the Department), the trial court ultimately determined that those allegations were

not relevant because both plaintiffs left Alden Gardens before Alden Gardens received formal

notice of the Department's complaint. As Young does not challenge this limitation on the

evidence presented at trial, we will not summarize those allegations here.

¶9 B. Procedural History

¶ 10 On May 29, 2012, after the close of discovery, trial was set for December 3, 2012;

dispositive motions were due by July 20, 2012. On July 20, Alden Gardens filed a motion for

summary judgment.

¶ 11 On November 19, 2012, the trial court granted Alden Gardens' motion for summary

judgment in part. The court ruled in favor of Alden Gardens on count I, Young's claim for

retaliation under the Nursing Home Care Act, finding that the Act's provisions then in effect

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afforded nursing home employees no private right of action for retaliatory discharge 2, and on

count III, the common law retaliatory discharge claim, as the common law does not permit

recovery for a constructive discharge, but only for retaliatory termination of employment. The

trial court denied summary judgment as to count II under section 20 of the Whistleblower Act

(740 ILCS 174/20 (West 2010)) and the case proceeded to trial on that count.

¶ 12 At a pretrial conference, the trial court ruled that the discovery deposition of Nancy

Tamul, a nurse employed at Alden Gardens at the time, would be treated as an evidence

deposition. The record does not reflect the basis for the court's ruling. The court directed the

parties to designate portions of Tamul's deposition to be read to the jury and later ruled on

objections to the designations. The record does not reflect that Alden Gardens raised any issue

regarding Tamul's availability to testify either before trial or before excerpts from Tamul's

deposition were read to the jury.

¶ 13 The court also limited the evidence of retaliation that Young could rely on at trial to the

incident involving her refusal to assist Werrline in falsifying residents' records and the claimed

reduction in her work hours and responsibilities that followed. The court reasoned that although

witnesses had testified to other incidents in various depositions, the only facts pled in the

amended complaint related to the falsification of records and that it would be unfair to require

Alden Gardens to defend against new factual allegations so close to trial. Thus, as framed by the

amended complaint, Young's claim was limited to the contention that Alden Gardens reduced her

2 Effective July 29, 2010, the Nursing Home Care Act was amended to provide for a private right of action for nursing home employees. See 210 ILCS 45/3-810 (West 2010). The trial court found this amendment effected a substantive change in the law and, therefore, that it could not be applied retroactively to plaintiffs' claims. -4- Nos. 1-13-1887, 1-13-2105, & 1-13-2424, cons.

work hours and responsibilities, resulting in her constructive discharge, in retaliation for her

refusal to falsify residents' records.

¶ 14 C. Jury Trial

¶ 15 Trial commenced on December 3, 2012. Young testified that the nurses at Alden

Gardens are responsible for, among other things, distributing and administering medications to

the residents and performing diagnostic tasks. For those residents of Alden Gardens who are

diabetic, a physician normally orders monitoring of their blood glucose levels. Nurses are

required to check the residents' blood glucose levels and administer insulin based on the results.

Test results and the insulin given are entered into a blood glucose monitoring log, which is part

of the resident's medical chart. The resident's physician makes recommendations for treatment

based on the results of blood glucose tests as reflected in the log.

¶ 16 Werrline was hired as the wellness director for Alden Gardens in August of 2009. On

November 20, 2009, Young notified Werrline that she had noticed that 10 to 20 entries in the

blood glucose monitoring log for certain residents were missing from the previous night. In

particular, several entries for each resident were missing. While Young did not know whether

the blood glucose tests had, in fact, been done, she assumed the absence of entries meant that

blood glucose levels for those residents had not been tested.

¶ 17 According to Young, she then observed Werrline filling in numbers in the blanks of the

logs and putting other nurses' initials by the entries, including the initials of nurses who had not

been scheduled to work the previous night. Werrline asked Young to help her fill in numbers

and sign off on the log because Werrline did not want all the entries to be in her handwriting.

Young refused and Werrline sighed, rolled her eyes, and continued to fill in the blanks.

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¶ 18 Young testified she refused to comply with Werrline's request because it was illegal and

it was a disservice to the residents, since a physician would be making recommendations for

treatment based on the recorded glucose levels. Young knew from nursing school that it was

illegal to fill in blanks in a patient's record with numbers that were not accurate.

¶ 19 On cross-examination, Young acknowledged that there is a difference between a blood

glucose log and a medical administration record. In the blood glucose log, nurses document a

resident's blood glucose level at different times during the day and record how much insulin was

given to the resident. The medical administration record shows the medications given to the

resident, apart from insulin. Young testified that both the blood glucose log and the medical

administration record are contained in "the same book" and are part of a resident's "chart."

¶ 20 Young immediately reported Werrline's conduct to Alden Gardens' executive director,

Rob Anderson. Young told Anderson that Werrline was falsifying medical records and had

asked her to do the same but that she refused. Young also told Anderson that something should

be done. Anderson advised Young to talk to Werrline and did not take any other action.

¶ 21 Thereafter, Young testified, her experience at Alden Gardens changed. Young's hours

were reduced, she was no longer asked to fill in for shifts that were available, and she was no

longer asked to train staff as she had done before. Nurses who were junior to Young in terms of

their tenure at Alden Gardens were offered shifts before they were offered to Young, contrary to

Young's past experience. At the time of the November 2009 incident, Young was working 30 to

40 hours a week. After November 2009, the amount of hours declined and continued to do so to

the point that in April 2010, she was working only two eight-hour shifts per week. Additionally,

Young testified that before the November 2009 incident, she had received glowing work

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performance evaluations, but after the incident, Werrline gave her an evaluation that was, while

not negative, not as favorable as previous evaluations.

¶ 22 Young testified she stayed at Alden Gardens after the November 2009 incident because

she needed the money and because she felt that she could help the residents by protecting them

from the danger posed by the actions of Werrline and other staff members. She testified that this

time period was stressful, that she could not sleep, and when she did sleep, she had nightmares.

She also experienced anxiety at work and felt that her nursing license was possibly in jeopardy.

¶ 23 During her tenure at Alden Gardens, Young was making $27.56 an hour. On cross-

examination, Young acknowledged that she started looking for a job after the November 2009

incident but she did not take another job until she began working part-time in April 2010,

earning $25 an hour. She took a different full-time position in June 2010, which paid $22.50 an

hour.

¶ 24 Excerpts from Tamul's deposition were read to the jury. Tamul, a nurse with 48 years'

experience, was employed at Alden Gardens from September 2009 through April 2012. Tamul

observed what she considered to be retaliation against Young. Young's hours were cut, although

Young asked Werrline for more hours. Tamul testified that Werrline treated Young differently

after the November 2009 incident, specifically, "she was very disrespectful, denigrating, loud,

rude, had no respect for anyone's privacy. It was done in the middle of the office in front of

everyone, very inappropriate." Additionally, Tamul noticed several staff and management

errors, such as inadequate documentation in the charts and medication administration errors.

¶ 25 Danette Temple is the staffing development coordinator at Alden Management Services,

a consulting entity that provides support services to long-term facilities, such as payroll services

and assisting in developing policies and procedures. Temple testified that in her role as the

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staffing development coordinator, she was responsible for staff education for the various

facilities Alden Management Services contracts with, including Alden Gardens. Temple

provides education and training to nurses and administration on nursing policies, procedures, and

nursing standards.

¶ 26 At trial, Temple claimed to be unable to state whether falsifying information on a blood

glucose chart violated the law. She was impeached with her deposition in which she admitted

that making false entries in a resident's medical record is a violation of Illinois law. Further,

although late entries are not uncommon, Temple acknowledged that it also violates Illinois law

for a nurse to fail to note on the record that an entry is a late entry. Temple also admitted that

blood glucose test results dictate what medications a physician may order for the patient and that

if those results are documented incorrectly or if they are not taken, the physician does not have

the necessary information to make the appropriate medical orders for that resident.

¶ 27 After the close of Young's case, Alden Gardens moved for a directed verdict, arguing that

Young did not establish a prima facie case under the Whistleblower Act. Alden Gardens' motion

was denied. The following day, the court dismissed The Alden Group as a party defendant based

on the lack of evidence that The Alden Group exercised control over Alden Gardens.

¶ 28 To rebut Young's claim that her hours were reduced, Alden Gardens called Vincent

Cozzi, the payroll coordinator for Alden Management Services. Basing his testimony on

Young's payroll check register, Cozzi calculated that during 2008, Young worked an average of

38.78 hours per two-week pay period. Young worked an average of 58.80 hours per pay period

during 2009. In 2010, from January 1 through April, Cozzi calculated that Young worked 54.22

hours on average per pay period. Cozzi acknowledged that although Young worked 63 hours

during the pay period ending on January 13, 2010, by April 2010, Young worked 35 hours

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during one pay period, and her last paycheck of May 5, 2010, showed that Young worked just 26

hours in the pay period before she resigned.

¶ 29 The jury was instructed that in order to prevail, Young was required to show, among

other things, that the conduct Werrline asked her to engage in would have violated "a state or

federal law, rule or regulation." The instruction did not reference, nor did Alden Gardens tender

a proposed instruction referencing any particular law, rule or regulation. Counsel for Alden

Gardens argued to the jury that Young failed in this element of her proof because the evidence

was insufficient to show that the information Werrline was entering in residents' medical records

was false.

¶ 30 On the issue of damages, counsel for Young asked for $20,000 to $40,000 for lost income

and damages for emotional distress in the range of $100,000 to $200,000. Counsel for Alden

Gardens argued that there was no "objective basis" for the calculation of damages and, therefore,

none should be awarded.

¶ 31 After the jury was instructed, the trial court did not provide the parties' exhibits to the

jury, noting that it generally did not allow exhibits to go back to the jury room. Counsel for

Alden Gardens responded, "I'm fine with that, your Honor, not sending them back."

¶ 32 During deliberations, the jury sent out two notes. The first asked for a copy of the exhibit

used during Cozzi's testimony relating to the number of hours Young worked; the second asked

for a copy of all of the exhibits. There are no transcripts of hearings held with respect to the

jury's requests. In its brief, Alden Gardens represents that the trial court indicated a willingness

to send all exhibits to the jury room, but counsel for Alden Gardens objected to providing the

jury with all of the exhibits. When the parties could not agree to provide the jury with all

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exhibits, the trial court determined that no exhibits would be sent to the jury and instructed the

jury to continue deliberating.

¶ 33 The jury returned a unanimous verdict in favor of Young and against Alden Gardens on

the claim for retaliation under section 20 of the Whistleblower Act. 740 ILCS 174/20 (West

2010). The jury answered two special interrogatories propounded by Alden Gardens in the

affirmative: (1) whether Young was retaliated against for her refusal to engage in conduct that

would have violated a state or federal law, rule or regulation and (2) whether the retaliation

proximately caused the termination of Young's employment. The jury assessed damages for lost

income in the amount of $7,165 and emotional distress and mental anguish damages in the

amount of $41,560, for a total award of $48,725.

¶ 34 Alden Gardens filed a posttrial motion seeking judgment n.o.v. or, in the alternative, a

new trial, arguing that Young failed to prove her case. Alden Gardens contended that the trial

court erred in denying its motion for summary judgment and that it was entitled to judgment

n.o.v. because Young failed to prove essential elements of her claim under the Whistleblower

Act. Alden Gardens sought a new trial on the ground that the jury's verdict was contrary to the

manifest weight of the evidence and that certain of the court's rulings during trial were erroneous

and prejudicial. Alden Gardens also sought a remittitur of the damages awarded by the jury.

The trial court denied the motion.

¶ 35 Following entry of judgment on the verdict, Young originally sought $217, 593.75 in

attorney fees and costs pursuant to section 30 of the Whistleblower Act (740 ILCS 174/30 (West

2010)), an amount later increased to $385,512.21. The trial court conducted a hearing on fees

over three days and eventually awarded Young $77,137 in attorney fees and $3,220 in costs. We

discuss in more detail below the facts relevant to Young's fee petition.

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¶ 36 Alden Gardens timely appealed. Young cross-appealed the award of fees.

¶ 37 ANALYSIS

¶ 38 With respect to the judgment in Young's favor, Alden Gardens argues that: (1) it was

entitled to summary judgment on Young's claim under the Whistleblower Act because Young

failed to identify a law, rule or regulation that would have been violated by the conduct she

refused to perform, and thus the trial court erred in allowing Young to proceed to trial on what it

characterizes as an "unpled claim"; (2) the trial court should have granted judgment n.o.v.

because the proof at trial was insufficient for the same reason and because Young failed to prove

retaliation; (3) the jury's verdict was against the manifest weight of the evidence; (4) errors

during the trial, including the admission of excerpts from Tamul's discovery deposition and the

trial court's refusal to provide exhibits to the jury, denied Alden Gardens a fair trial; and (5) the

award of damages is excessive and unsupported by the evidence. We find Alden Gardens'

contentions of error to be without merit.

¶ 39 A. Standard of Review

¶ 40 Alden Gardens challenges a number of trial court rulings including the denial of its

motions for summary judgment, for a directed verdict and for judgment n.o.v. or a new trial. As

Alden Gardens' contentions of error regarding these rulings focus on common issues relating to

Young's claimed failure to establish essential elements of her Whistleblower Act claim, we

summarize the standard of review applicable to each of these rulings here.

¶ 41 Summary judgment is appropriate “if the pleadings, depositions, and admissions on file,

together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and

that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West

2010). While a plaintiff need not prove its case at the summary judgment stage, plaintiff must

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present enough evidence to create a genuine issue of fact. Keating v. 68th & Paxton, L.L.C.,

(2010). Our review of an order granting summary judgment is de novo.

American Service Insurance Co. v. Jones,

(2010).

¶ 42 Generally, when a case proceeds to trial after a motion for summary judgment is denied,

the order denying the motion for summary judgment merges with the judgment entered and is

not appealable. Labate v. Data Forms, Inc.,

(1997) (citing Battles v.

La Salle National Bank,

(1992)). An exception exists where the issue

raised in the summary judgment motion presents a question of law and, therefore, would not be

decided by the jury.

In that case, the denial of a summary judgment motion does not merge

with the judgment and may be addressed on appeal under de novo review. Id.; Jones,

.

¶ 43 Here, the denial of summary judgment does not merge into the judgment because the

issue raised in the motion—whether Young identified a law, rule or regulation that would have

been violated had she engaged in the conduct refused—was a question of law that was not before

the jury. Thus, we review de novo the denial of Alden Gardens' motion for summary judgment.

Battles,

; Jones,

.

¶ 44 A directed verdict or judgment n.o.v. should be entered only where "all of the evidence,

viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, so overwhelmingly favors the movant

that no contrary verdict based on that evidence could stand." Addis v. Exelon Generation Co.,

(2007). The trial court's decision to deny a motion for directed verdict

is reviewed de novo, as is the decision denying a motion for judgment n.o.v. Brannen v. Seifert,

, ¶ 59.

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¶ 45 The standard for obtaining a judgment n.o.v. is a " 'very difficult standard to meet,' " and

limited to " 'extreme situations only.' " Jones v. Chicago Osteopathic Hospital,

(2000) (quoting People ex rel. Department of Transportation v. Smith,

(1994)). " '[I]t is the province of the jury to resolve conflicts in the evidence, to pass

upon the credibility of the witnesses, and to decide what weight should be given to the witnesses'

testimony.' " Velarde v. Illinois Central R.R. Co.,

(2004) (quoting

Maple v. Gustafson,

(1992)). "The [trial] court has no right to enter a

judgment n.o.v. if there is any evidence, together with reasonable inferences to be drawn

therefrom, demonstrating a substantial factual dispute, or where the assessment of credibility of

the witnesses or the determination regarding conflicting evidence is decisive to the outcome."

(Internal quotation marks omitted.)

(quoting Maple,

).

¶ 46 When a trial court rules on a motion for a new trial, the court weighs the evidence and

determines if the jury's verdict is contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence. Lawlor v.

North American Corp. of Illinois,

. "A verdict is against the manifest

weight of the evidence only where the opposite result is clearly evident or where the jury's

findings are unreasonable, arbitrary and not based upon any of the evidence."

On review,

this court will not reverse the trial court's ruling on a motion for a new trial unless the moving

party affirmatively shows the trial court abused its discretion. Velarde,

-

38. “In determining whether the trial court abused its discretion, the reviewing court should

consider whether the jury's verdict was supported by the evidence and whether the losing party

was denied a fair trial.” Maple,

.

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¶ 47 B. Evidence Regarding a Violation of Law, Rule or Regulation

¶ 48 To prevail on a claim under section 20 of the Whistleblower Act, a plaintiff must

establish that (1) she refused to participate in an activity that would result in a violation of a state

or federal law, rule or regulation and (2) her employer retaliated against her because of the

refusal. 740 ILCS 174/20 (West 2010); Sardiga v. Northern Trust Co.,

(2011). Several of Alden Gardens' arguments relate to Young's failure to indentify a particular

"law, rule or regulation" that would have been violated had she acceded to Werrline's request to

assist her in falsifying the blood glucose logs. On this point, Alden Gardens contends that (i) its

motion for summary judgment should have been granted, (ii) it should have prevailed on its

motions for a directed verdict and for judgment n.o.v., and (iii) the jury's verdict is contrary to

the manifest weight of the evidence, all because Young failed to identify a state or federal law,

rule or regulation to support her claim under the Whistleblower Act.

¶ 49 While it is true that a plaintiff under the Whistleblower Act must identify a law, rule or

regulation that her employer asked her to violate (see Ulm v. Memorial Medical Center,

("Plaintiff fails to cite a law she would have violated by making a

certification to accompany a subpoenaed medical record stating the record was complete,

accurate, and made in the regular course of defendant's business.")), Alden Gardens' contention

that Young failed in this element of proof is specious. Young testified both in her deposition and

at trial that falsifying a resident's medical records was against the law and that she believed that

assisting Werrline in that effort could jeopardize her nursing license. In her trial testimony,

Temple, a nurse responsible for educating and training staff members at The Alden Group's

nursing homes, corroborated Young's belief. That Young was correct on this point is supported

not only by the law, but also by common sense.

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¶ 50 Under the Nurse Practice Act, the Department of Financial and Professional Regulation

may suspend or revoke a nurse's license based on "dishonorable, unethical or unprofessional

conduct," which includes gross negligence in the practice of nursing, the "[f]ailure to establish

and maintain records of patient care and treatment as required by law," and "[w]illfully making

or filing false records or reports in the [nurse's] practice." 225 ILCS 65/70-5(a), (b)(7), (b)(14),

(b)(19), (b)(22) (West 2010). Falsifying a patient's medical record with fabricated results of

blood glucose tests would have warranted revocation of Young's license under the foregoing

provisions and Werrline's request that Young assist her in that effort clearly solicited Young to

engage in conduct that was illegal.

¶ 51 Alden Gardens argues that in opposition to its motion for summary judgment, Young

relied on a provision of the Administrative Code (77 Ill. Adm. Code 300.1610(d) (2003))

applicable to skilled nursing facilities and that since Alden Gardens is a sheltered care facility,

the cited provision was insufficient to satisfy the first element of Young's claim. But our review

of the record reveals that Alden Gardens did not advance this argument in connection with its

motion for summary judgment; rather, Alden Gardens argued that the cited provision of the

Administrative Code applied to the nursing facility itself and not to the nurses who worked there

and that, at most, the regulation established a standard of care, the violation of which would not

necessarily be "illegal." We conclude that no matter how Alden Gardens casts this argument, it

is without merit.

¶ 52 Specifically, Young cited section 300.1610(d) of Title 77 of the Administrative Code

regarding the obligations of a skilled nursing facility to maintain resident medical records. 77 Ill.

Adm. Code 300.1610(d) (2003). Although it contends here that this provision does not apply to

sheltered care facilities, Alden Gardens fails to note that the Administrative Code imposes on

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sheltered care facilities virtually the same duties with respect to residents' medical records as

those which govern skilled nursing facilities. 77 Ill. Adm. Code 330.1710 (1999). Both

provisions require nursing homes, regardless of the level of care they provide, to keep current

and complete medical records for residents and that entries in a resident's medical record "shall

be made by the person providing or supervising the service or observing the occurrence that is

being recorded" and authenticated by the individual who made or authored the entry. The

manner in which Werrline asked Young to help her fill in the blanks of residents' medical

records violated these provisions. Even if Alden Gardens had preserved the issue, the fact that

Young may have cited the wrong provision of the Administrative Code to support her contention

did not warrant summary judgment in Alden Gardens' favor.

¶ 53 Further, although this evidence was not introduced at trial, the record reveals that

McCormick, assisted by Young, filed a complaint with the Illinois Department of Public Health,

which the Department later investigated. Finding numerous violations, including several in

connection with the maintenance of residents' medical records in violation of section 330.1710 of

Title 77 of the Administrative Code (77 Ill. Adm. Code 330. 1710) (1999)), the Department in

July 2010 issued Alden Gardens a conditional license and fined the facility $10,000. Given this

undisputed evidence, the contention that Alden Gardens was hampered in its defense or Young

failed in her proof because she did not identify a law requiring a nursing home to maintain

accurate medical records for its residents borders on frivolous.

¶ 54 Alden Gardens' further contention that Young and Temple were not competent to testify

to the illegality of falsifying medical records is similarly without merit. Both Young and

Temple, as nurses holding professional licenses, were competent to testify that falsifying a

patient's medical record was against the law. Alden Gardens' contrary argument is not

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adequately developed on appeal and we therefore reject it. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. July

1, 2008); Lake County Grading Co. v. Village of Antioch,

(plaintiff

forfeited review of an issue where the argument was undeveloped, it occupied less than one page

of its brief, and no supporting authority was cited).

¶ 55 Alden Gardens' argument that the trial court allowed Young to proceed to trial on an

unpled claim is contrary to the record. The incident of November 20, 2009, where Young

alleged that she refused to falsify medical administration records, is alleged in the amended

complaint filed on July 23, 2011. Young also specifically alleged retaliation for her "refusal to

engage in improper practices." Although Young's allegations in her claim under the

Whistleblower Act also detailed claimed retaliation for reporting illegal activities at Alden

Gardens under section 15 of the Whistleblower Act (a claim that the jury was not permitted to

decide), the amended complaint's allegations advised Alden Gardens that one of the bases for

Young's claim involved her refusal to comply with Werrline's demand to falsify medical records.

¶ 56 Alden Gardens argues that the trial court erred when it construed Young's claim under the

Whistleblower Act as predicated on section 20 of the Act, which was not specifically pled in the

complaint. But the complaint alleges a claim for retaliation in violation of the Whistleblower

Act pursuant section 30. Section 30 provides that an employee may bring an action against the

employer if the employer takes any action against an employee in violation of section 15 or

section 20. 740 ILCS 174/30 (West 2010). We find it sufficient, as the trial court did, that

Young alleged that she is entitled to recovery pursuant to section 30 for a violation of section 15

or section 20 of the Whistleblower Act, especially given that Young specifically alleged that she

was constructively discharged from her employment because of her refusal to follow Werrline's

request to falsify medical records. Young thus adequately pled a violation of the Whistleblower

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Act based on retaliation by Alden Gardens for her refusal to engage in conduct that would have

been in violation of a law, rule or regulation under section 20 of the Whistleblower Act.

¶ 57 With respect to its argument that the jury's verdict is contrary to the manifest weight of

the evidence, Alden Gardens argues that the evidence was insufficient to support the conclusion

that Werrline was, in fact, entering false information in residents' records. Alden Gardens

persists in arguing here, as it did to the jury, that Young did not see whether Werrline was, for

example, copying test results from other information and did not know whether Werrline had

contacted the nurses on duty the previous evening to obtain information from them. Thus, Alden

Gardens contends it is possible that Werrline was not asking Young to violate the law, but

merely sought help filling in accurate information. But such inferences were for the jury to draw

and given Young's uncontradicted testimony that Werrline solicited her help so that all the

handwriting would not be the same, the conclusion that Werrline was, as Young suspected,

fabricating test results is amply supported by the record. Indeed, in light of the evidence at trial

coupled with Alden Gardens' failure to call either Werrline or Anderson (both of whom were

later terminated by Alden Gardens) to dispute Young's account, the trial court could have

properly instructed the jury that Alden Gardens, through Werrline, asked Young to engage in

conduct in violation of the law, leaving the jury to decide only whether Alden Gardens retaliated

against Young as a result of her refusal.

¶ 58 All of Alden Gardens' arguments regarding Young's supposed failure to establish that her

employer requested her to violate the law are based on a strained reading of Young's amended

complaint and a distorted view of the evidence in the record. This element of Young's

Whistleblower Act claim was supported by the evidence adduced before and during trial.

Therefore, Alden Gardens' various requests for relief premised on the claimed lack of proof that

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it, through Werrline, requested Young to participate in an activity that would violate a state or

federal law, rule or regulation were properly rejected.

¶ 59 C. Evidence Regarding Retaliation

¶ 60 A reasonable jury could have also concluded that Alden Gardens retaliated against Young

for her refusal to engage in the unlawful activity. Young testified that after the November 2009

incident, her hours decreased. While she had been working 30 to 40 hours per week before the

November 2009 incident, by April 2010, she was working 16 hours per week. Although Alden

Gardens cross-examined Young and offered testimony from Cozzi to contradict this aspect of

Young's retaliation claim, even Cozzi had to admit that Young worked on average fewer hours in

2010 than she did in 2009 and that, by April, Young was only working two shifts per week.

Further, Cozzi offered no testimony that all nurses at Alden Gardens worked fewer hours during

2010, so there is no support in the record for an argument that the reduction was not aimed at

Young in particular.

¶ 61 Young also testified that she was no longer asked to fill in for shifts that were available,

although she requested them. Nurses with less seniority were offered shifts before Young,

contrary to her past experience. Tamul's testimony also corroborated Young on this point.

Tamul testified that she observed Werrline treat Young differently after the November 2009

incident, and she also observed Young's hours decline. It was for the jury to decide whether the

decline in Young's hours was related to her refusal to falsify residents' medical records.

¶ 62 Further, the decline in the number of hours Young worked was not the only form of

retaliation supported by the evidence. Young also testified that she was no longer asked to train

staff as she had done in the past and that before the November 2009 incident, she had received

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glowing work performance evaluations, but after the incident, Werrline gave her an evaluation

that was less favorable than previous evaluations.

¶ 63 Based on this evidence, and given it was the province of the jury to determine the

credibility of the witnesses, a reasonable jury could have concluded that Alden Gardens

retaliated against Young for her refusal to participate in unlawful activity. The jury had before it

evidence that Young worked fewer hours at the end of her tenure at Alden Gardens, that certain

duties were taken away, that her work evaluations were not as favorable as previous evaluations,

and that she was treated differently than she had been before the incident. The testimony

therefore supports the jury's conclusion that Alden Gardens was guilty of retaliation.

¶ 64 It bears noting the Alden Gardens tendered two special interrogatories specifically

directed at both the "violation of law" and "retaliation" elements of Young's Whistleblower Act

claim. The jury's affirmative answer to both interrogatories underscores the sufficient basis for

the verdict in Young's favor.

¶ 65 D. Trial Errors

¶ 66 Alden Gardens also complains of errors during the trial, which it claims denied it a fair

trial. “A new trial is necessary when the cumulative effect of trial errors so deprives a party of a

fair trial that the verdict might have been affected.” Cetera v. DiFilippo,

(2010). Decisions on the admission or exclusion of evidence are reviewed for an abuse of

discretion. Snelson v. Kamm,

(2003); Simmons v. Garces,

(2002) (citing Taluzek v. Illinois Central Gulf R.R. Co.,

(1993)).

Similarly, the general rule is that the trial court has considerable discretion in determining

whether an exhibit may be taken into the jury room, which will not be disturbed unless there was

an abuse of discretion to the prejudice of defendant. Becht v. Palac,

, 1039-

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40 (2000) (citing People ex rel. Department of Transportation v. Smith,

(1994), and Merlo v. Parisi,

(1993)). The party seeking reversal bears the

burden of establishing prejudice as a result of the claimed errors and reversal is warranted only

where the prejudice is substantial and affected the outcome of the case. Wilbourn v. Cavalenes,

(2010).

¶ 67 Before we can address Alden Gardens' claimed errors, we must have before us an

adequate record. The appellant has the burden to present a complete record on appeal to support

its claims of error. Balough v. Northeast Illinois Regional Commuter R.R. Corp.,

(2011) (citing Foutch v. O'Bryant,

(1984)). Absent an adequate

record, there is no basis upon which to determine whether the trial court abused its discretion in

its rulings. In re Marriage of Blinderman,

(1996). If we are not provided

with a complete record, we must presume that the order entered by the trial court was in

conformity with the law and had a sufficient factual basis. Foutch,

; see also

Corral v. Mervis Industries, Inc.,

(2005) ("Without an adequate record

preserving the claimed error, the reviewing court must presume the circuit court had a sufficient

factual basis for its holding and that its order conforms with the law.").

¶ 68 First, Alden Gardens contends that the trial court improperly allowed Tamul's discovery

deposition testimony to be used as evidence without proof of Tamul's unavailability. The record

reflects that the court ordered that the discovery deposition of Tamul be treated as an evidence

deposition during a pretrial conference on November 28, 2012. Although Alden Gardens argues

that it objected to the introduction of Tamul's deposition at this hearing, it has not provided a

transcript or bystander's report of the hearing. Thus, we have no way of determining whether, in

fact, Alden Gardens objected and, if so, the basis for the trial court's ruling.

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¶ 69 Alden Gardens also contends that it objected again to the use of the deposition before it

was read to the jury. But Alden Gardens misrepresents the only objection for which there is a

record. Alden Gardens' objection was not based on Young's failure to demonstrate Tamul's

unavailability; rather, the only objections raised by Alden Gardens focused on the substance of

the designated portions of Tamul's deposition testimony. In fact, the record shows that counsel

for Alden Gardens cooperated with opposing counsel in determining what sections of the

deposition could be read to the jury. The trial court addressed each objection and counter-

designation by Alden Gardens, ruling that certain sections of the deposition be stricken. During

trial, without objection from Alden Gardens, Young's counsel was allowed to read excerpts from

Tamul's deposition to the jury.

¶ 70 The only objection relating to Tamul's unavailability raised by Alden Gardens was after

Young rested. When counsel for Young objected to the substitution of a witness for Alden

Gardens because he had not received an affidavit that the witness originally identified was

unavailable, counsel for Alden Gardens argued that Young had not provided an affidavit that

Tamul was unavailable. This belated observation is not sufficient to preserve this claimed error

for review.

¶ 71 Timeliness requires that an objection be made when the evidence is offered at trial.

Spurgeon v. Mruz,

(2005). Although a party may have objected to the

evidence at some pretrial stage in the proceedings or unsuccessfully moved to bar the evidence

prior to trial, it must still renew its objection at the time that the evidence is offered.

at 360-

61. Failure to renew the objection when the evidence is offered at trial results in forfeiture of the

ability to challenge the trial court's consideration of that evidence.

; Scassifero v.

Glaser,

(2002).

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¶ 72 Even if we assume Alden Gardens made an objection during a hearing on a motion in

limine or moved to bar Tamul's deposition (the record does not reveal that it did either), Alden

Gardens forfeited its argument when it failed to renew its objection to the evidence when the

deposition was read to the jury at trial. People v. Denson,

(in civil cases, a

contemporaneous objection to the evidence at the time it is offered is required to preserve the

issue for review). It was not until after Young rested that Alden Gardens first raised any issue

regarding Tamul's unavailability. Therefore, Alden Gardens' has forfeited this issue on appeal.

Gallagher v. Lenart,

(2007) ("Rather than an intentional relinquishment of a

known right, forfeiture is the failure to make the timely assertion of the right." (Internal quotation

marks omitted.) (quoting People v. Blair,

, 444 n.2 (2005))).

¶ 73 Alden Gardens next argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it refused to

provide the jury with requested exhibits. As noted above, during its deliberations, the jury

requested to see the exhibit showing Young's payroll information used by Cozzi during his

testimony. The jury also requested to see copies of all of the exhibits.

¶ 74 Alden Gardens points to an off-the-record conference where the trial court advised the

parties that either all of the exhibits would be sent to the jury or none at all. Because the parties

could not agree on all of the exhibits being sent to the jury, the trial court simply instructed the

jury to keep deliberating. Alden Gardens argues the trial court abused its discretion in failing to

provide the jury with "critical" exhibits and that it was prejudiced by this ruling.

¶ 75 But as Young points out, there is again no record of what occurred at this conference

because Alden Gardens has not provided a bystander's report. Thus, we must assume that the

trial court properly exercised its discretion and that its ruling was in accordance with the law.

Foutch,

.

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¶ 76 Alden Gardens contends that the jury's request for the payroll exhibit shows that the jury

had questions regarding the claimed reduction in Young's work hours following the November

2009 incident and that the jury's examination of this exhibit would have refuted this claim. This

is pure speculation. We have examined the exhibit and do not agree with Alden Gardens'

characterization of the information it contains. The exhibit shows a steady, although not

precipitous or immediate, reduction in Young's work hours during 2010. Further, it is just as

likely that the jury wanted to see the exhibit so that it could accurately calculate Young's lost

wages. As it is, the record reflects that the jury must have engaged in a detailed calculation of

lost wages since it awarded the sum of $7,165 for this item of damages, well below the range

requested by Young's counsel ($20,000 to $40,000). The jury also calculated a precise figure,

leading to the conclusion that the jury fulfilled its role to award only those damages supported by

the evidence.

¶ 77 Furthermore, even assuming that Alden Gardens accurately characterizes the trial court's

position as an "all or nothing" approach to providing exhibits to the jury, there is nothing

"capricious" in this decision. Trial courts generally attempt to avoid having jurors single out a

particular exhibit. Certainly if Alden Gardens felt it was essential for the jury to see its payroll

exhibit, it could have accomplished that by agreeing to have the jury view all of the exhibits.

Consequently, the trial court did not abuse its discretion and Alden Gardens was not prejudiced

by the trial court's failure to provide this single exhibit to the jury. Finding no trial error, it

follows that Alden Gardens' request for a new trial on this basis must be rejected.

¶ 78 E. The Jury’s Damage Calculation

¶ 79 Alden Gardens contends the evidence did not support the jury's award of $7,165 in actual

damages and $41,560 in emotional damages. Alden Gardens asks that this court order a

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remittitur, but does not specify what portion of the jury's verdict constitutes excessive damages

nor does it specify what portion of the award should be reduced. In fact, Alden Gardens' main

argument is not that the damages awarded should be reduced by way of remittitur but, rather, that

the jury's verdict on damages should be set aside because the amount of damages awarded is

unsupported by the evidence adduced at trial.

¶ 80 The determination of damages is a question reserved for the trier of fact, and, as a

reviewing court, we give great deference to a jury's damage award. Richardson v. Chapman,

(1997); Estate of Oglesby v. Berg,

(2011). "An

award of damages will be deemed excessive if it falls outside the range of fair and reasonable

compensation or results from passion or prejudice, or if it is so large that is shocks the judicial

conscience." Richardson,

. Where the jury's award falls within the flexible

range of conclusions reasonably supported by the evidence, a remittitur should not be granted.

Martinez v. Elias,

(2009) (citing Kindernay v. Hillsboro Area Hospital,

(2006)). We review a trial court's ruling on a motion for remittitur for

an abuse of discretion. Berg,

; Diaz v. Legat Architects, Inc.,

(2009).

¶ 81 Alden Gardens repeats the same arguments here as to lack of evidence that Young was

retaliated against and that Young's hours were reduced. But, as discussed above, the jury's

decision falls within the flexible range of conclusions reasonably supported by the evidence

presented at trial. Young worked fewer hours in 2010 than she did in 2009, even by Cozzi's

account. She also eventually accepted a position that paid less per hour than her hourly rate

while she was at Alden Gardens. Given this undisputed evidence, we can find no basis to

second-guess the jury's calculation of lost wages.

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¶ 82 We also reject Alden Gardens' argument that there was no factual support or competent

evidence for the award of $41,560 for emotional damages. Bearing in mind that determination of

the amount of damages is a function reserved for the trier of fact, and a reviewing court will not

lightly substitute its opinion for the judgment rendered, we cannot say that the trial court abused

its discretion in denying Alden Gardens' motion for a remittitur on this aspect of the jury's

damage award. Young testified that during the five months between her refusal to falsify records

in November 2009 and her resignation in April 2010, she experienced stress, had trouble

sleeping, experienced nightmares and increased anxiety at work, and felt that her nursing license

was in jeopardy. She sought help from the executive director of the facility and was told to talk

to the perpetrator. Alden Gardens elicited no contradictory testimony at trial and simply argued

to the jury that it should award no damages. Because we cannot say that the jury's findings are

unsupported by the evidence, we find the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying

remittitur of Young's damage award.

¶ 83 F. Attorney Fees Awarded to Counsel for Young

¶ 84 As noted, Young's counsel originally filed a fee petition seeking an award of $217,593.75

in fees and $3,185 in costs. Young also sought $18,366.33 representing the fees and expenses of

another law firm that assisted in the preparation of the petition and supporting memorandum.

Young later sought additional fees incurred in preparing for and participating in the hearing on

the petition, ultimately seeking a total of approximately $385,000 (comprising a nearly 40%

increase in the fee originally sought). After a multiday evidentiary hearing, the trial court

determined that Young's lawyers were entitled to $77,137 in attorney fees and $3,220 in costs.

The court found that Young's attorneys were entitled to compensation at a blended rate of

$412.50 per hour for 187 hours of work on Young's case utilizing the court's recollection of

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in-court time and its calculation of the time it deemed reasonable in connection with pre-trial

proceedings, including discovery and motion practice. Both parties challenge the award on a

number of grounds.

¶ 85 Prior to addressing the legal issues presented with respect to the fee award, we note that

the disproportionate relationship between the fees sought—particularly those incurred between

the date the original petition was filed and the date of the award—and the amount of Young's

recovery is equally attributable to unreasonable conduct by counsel for both parties. As we have

detailed above, the evidence showed that Young was asked by Werrline to engage in conduct

that was illegal. Yet, despite the fact that (i) both Werrline and Alden Gardens' executive

director were later fired and were not called at trial to dispute Young's account and (ii) the

Department later fined and issued Alden Gardens a conditional license precisely because of the

types of violations revealed by Young, Alden Gardens persisted in aggressively litigating,

including in this appeal, this element of Young's Whistleblower Act claim. There is a point

when an aggressive defense crosses over into obstinacy, and our review of the record convinces

us that defense counsel crossed that line. And while Alden Gardens was entitled to litigate every

issue in the case through trial and on appeal, it can hardly be surprised that its "no holds barred"

defense resulted and continues to result in a correspondingly greater expenditure of time by

Young's counsel. So from this vantage point, we have little sympathy for Alden Gardens'

criticism of the time spent by Young's counsel in litigating her claim.

¶ 86 But our sympathy for the difficulties faced in the prosecution of Young's claim must be

tempered by equally problematic conduct on the part of Young's counsel, particularly in

connection with the fee petition. We discuss at some length the petition's shortcomings to

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illustrate the difficulty of the task faced by the experienced trial judge in determining an

appropriate fee.

¶ 87 The fee petition filed by Young's counsel in this case suffered from a number of

substantial defects. First, counsel failed to keep contemporaneous time records, although they

claimed to be experienced in similar litigation and thus would be presumed to recognize the

importance of maintaining accurate records of services rendered in a case with the potential for a

fee award. Young's counsel only began maintaining time records after the verdict in favor of

Young. Consequently, counsel were required to reconstruct time spent in litigating Young's

claims to verdict, a fact not readily apparent from the face of the petition. The result was that the

description of services rendered was, for many entries, generic, listing, for example, such

services as "discuss case during lunch," "discuss pretrial," "drafting/research" on unspecified

topics and the like. The reconstructed time entries frequently listed bundled descriptions of

services, including multiple tasks under one time entry, thus rendering it impossible for the trial

court to determine whether the time spent on any particular task was reasonable. The petition

also charged attorney rates for services such as delivering courtesy copies to the trial judge's

chambers, assembling and filing documents in the case, making a trip to Office Depot to

purchase binders for trial exhibits and copying those exhibits. Finally, not a single invoice

substantiating the costs requested was attached to the petition.

¶ 88 Second, Young's counsel took the position that even though McCormick's claim was

unsuccessful, the time spent litigating that claim was essential to the presentation of Young's

case. This is demonstrably untrue as McCormick was not asked a single question about Young

during her trial testimony and thus added nothing to Young's claim. It is not readily apparent

that Young's counsel eliminated any time attributable to the unsuccessful prosecution of

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McCormick's claims, although counsel simultaneously represented to the trial court that time

related to McCormick's claim had been excluded from the fee petition. Counsel certainly

provided no objective measure to gauge the amount of time deducted from the total as the fee

petition never provided a total of all time spent on both Young's and McCormick's claims so that

the court could determine whether the resulting hours allegedly devoted exclusively to Young's

claims were, in fact, reasonable. And as the reconstructed time records reveal, counsel, in fact,

included time solely attributable to McCormick's claim such as preparation of counts in the

complaint related to her claims, responses to discovery, drafting jury instructions relating to her

claims and the preparation of her motion for a new trial.

¶ 89 Third, the affidavits from Young's counsel in support of the petition contained little detail

to support the hourly rates charged for both of Young's lawyers. The affidavit of Jeffrey

Friedman, the senior lawyer representing Young, recites that he graduated from the University of

Chicago in 1987, had "extensive experience" in civil litigation, including employment litigation

and obtained a verdict for $3.25 million for "victims of employment violations" in an unnamed

case in an unspecified year in an unidentified forum. Friedman failed to indicate even as to that

case what fees, if any, he was awarded and at what hourly rate, information that would have been

highly relevant to the $550 hourly rate sought here. The affidavit also failed to include any

representation as to what hourly rates Friedman charges in noncontingent matters or,

alternatively, that Friedman handles only contingent matters and that such information is not

available (although he later testified at the hearing that he handles only contingency cases). The

affidavit of Michael Zumwalt, Friedman's associate, recites only that he graduated from law

school a little more than one year prior to submission of the petition, had "extensive experience

in court, in depositions, and in drafting pleadings, briefs and other papers" and assisted Friedman

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in an unidentified personal injury case that settled for $1.5 million in 2012. And until defense

counsel called it to the court's attention, Young's counsel did not even distinguish between time

spent by Zumwalt as a law clerk starting in November 2010 and that spent after he was admitted

to the Illinois bar in November 2011. Even then, Young's counsel proposed only to reduce

Zumwalt's rate from $275 to $175 per hour, without any factual support for the contention that

the latter hourly rate for the services of a law clerk was reasonable or had ever been approved by

any court in any case.

¶ 90 The affidavit of John Billhorn, submitted by Young's counsel to establish market rates for

Friedman's and Zumwalt's time, states in conclusory fashion that Billhorn's billing rate in

contested employment matters is $525 per hour and that, based on Billhorn's background and

experience, Freidman's higher hourly rate and the hourly rate assigned for Zumwalt's time are

"fair and reasonable and in the market range." Billhorn does not state what the "market range" is

or the factual basis for his conclusion that Young's counsel's rates are in that range. Billhorn was

not called to testify at the fee hearing.

¶ 91 Although Young's counsel argued in the trial court that they were not obligated to list

every case in which they had been involved in order to substantiate their claim for fees, the

dearth of detail they elected to provide (particularly from Friedman, who had been a lawyer for

25 years) weighs heavily against the fees requested and stands in stark contrast to the submission

of Young's "special counsel," Krislov & Associates, Ltd., which included details regarding

dozens of cases in which the firm had been involved. The memorandum in support of the

petition likewise contained scant discussion of fee awards in reported decisions, another

yardstick by which fee petitions can be measured.

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¶ 92 On the topic of the Krislov firm, Young's counsel ultimately sought more than $74,000 in

fees and expenses incurred in that firm's participation in the preparation and presentation of the

fee petition, in addition to the time spent by Friedman's firm. Although Friedman took the

position in the trial court that the Krislov firm was retained to prosecute the fee petition because

Friedman's firm "concentrates in litigation, not fee fights," Friedman and Zumwalt both

participated in the fee hearing, conducting examinations of each other, Clinton Krislov and the

witnesses called by Alden Gardens. Both firms billed for time spent in preparation for the

hearing, at the hearing and in connection with posthearing submissions.

¶ 93 Complicating matters further, the trial court felt it was bound to conduct an evidentiary

hearing on the fee petition despite the fact that Alden Gardens did not request one. The trial

judge interpreted Trossman v. Philipsborn,

(2007), as mandating an

evidentiary hearing, a misconception that we discuss below. But even though Alden Gardens

disclaimed a desire for the hearing, its counsel treated it like another trial complete with its own

set of requests for discovery, motions in limine, motions to disqualify counsel and complaints of

violations of Illinois Supreme Court Rule 213 (eff. Jan. 1, 2007). Alden Gardens' efforts were

met with like maneuverings by Young's counsel. Our examination of the transcript of the

protracted hearing reveals that a substantial portion of the testimony focused not on the

reasonableness of the time spent, but on legal issues such as whether the witnesses believed the

fee petition comported with controlling case law or the trial court's standing order or whether the

fees of the Krislov firm were recoverable. The one witness whose testimony did focus on an

analysis of the time spent by Young's counsel—one of the attorneys for Alden Gardens—was

later disqualified from serving as Alden Garden's counsel (based this time on a motion by

Young's counsel) and her testimony was later stricken for reasons not readily apparent. We can

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say categorically that the evidentiary hearing that was conducted in this case was, by and large,

unnecessary and produced little in the way of information relevant to assessing the

reasonableness of the fees and costs sought.

¶ 94 In light of all of the foregoing issues, it is no wonder that the trial court ultimately

calculated the fees and costs it deemed reasonable under a method that, while unorthodox,

produced an award the court believed was justified. We see no basis to reverse or modify that

award.

¶ 95 We first address Alden Garden's contention that the fees Young may recover are limited

to the amount of the fee called for in her contingent fee agreement with her attorneys. Section 30

of the Whistleblower Act provides that if an employer takes any action against an employee in

violation of section 20, the employee may bring a civil action against the employer "for all relief

necessary to make the employee whole, including but not limited to the following, as

appropriate": (1) reinstatement; (2) back pay; and (3) "compensation for any damages sustained

as a result of the violation, including litigation costs, expert witness fees, and reasonable

attorney's fees." 740 ILCS 174/30 (3) (West 2010). Alden Gardens argues the trial court erred

in calculating the attorney fees awarded to Young's counsel on a quantum meruit basis where the

Whistleblower Act's fee provision limits awards to the sum necessary to make the employee

whole. Alden Gardens further contends that if, as the record reflects, Young's counsel agreed to

handle the case on a contingency basis, then an award equal to the amount of the contingent fee

will make Young whole. In her cross-appeal, Young argues that courts have declined to limit fee

awards under fee-shifting statutes to the amount of a contingent fee, and the only question at

issue here is what fees are "reasonable." See Palm v. 2800 Lake Shore Drive Condominium

Ass'n,

(under fee-shifting provision allowing recovery of "reasonable

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attorney fees," court was not limited to hourly rate plaintiff's counsel agreed to charge, but could

calculate fees at a higher hourly rate as warranted by evidence regarding the prevailing market

rate).

¶ 96 The parties' divergent views require us to interpret section 30's provision for "reasonable

attorney's fees." We start from the general proposition that in the absence of a statute or

agreement, attorney fees are not recoverable by a prevailing party. International Federation of

Professional & Technical Engineers v. Chicago Park District,

(2004).

Therefore, any statute allowing the recovery of attorney fees must be strictly construed as it is in

derogation of the common law. Sandholm v. Kuecker,

. The proper

interpretation and application of the attorney fee provision of section 30 of the Whistleblower

Act is a question of law, which we review de novo. DeLuna v. Burciaga,

(2006).

¶ 97 The primary objective in interpreting a statute is to ascertain and give effect to the intent

of the legislature, and the most reliable indication of legislative intent is the language of the

statue, given its plain and ordinary meaning. Id.; Lucas v. County of Cook,

. When the language of the statute is clear and unambiguous, it should be enforced

as written without resort to statutory construction aids. DeLuna,

. Our ultimate

duty, of course, is to avoid a construction that would defeat the statute's purpose or yield absurd

or unjust results. In re A.P.,

, 195 (1997); Krautsack v. Anderson,

(2006).

¶ 98 Few Illinois courts have construed the Whistleblower Act since its enactment in 2004. In

Averett v. Chicago Patrolmen's Federal Credit Union, No. 06 C 4606,

, at *3

(N.D. Ill. Mar. 27, 2007), the federal district court considered whether an employee could

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recover punitive damages for a violation of section 20. Finding the limiting language of the

Whistleblower Act's damages provision unambiguous, the district court concluded that punitive

damages could not be recovered as they were not necessary to make the plaintiff whole.

("The plain meaning of 'make whole' allows for compensation of loss to return the plaintiff to

[her] former condition, but not for recovery of punitive damages."); see also Hasler v. Industrial

Comm'n,

(1983) (to "compensate" and to "make whole" are synonymous).

¶ 99 If we extended Averett's reasoning to Young's ability to recover reasonable attorney fees,

it would lead to the conclusion that the amount necessary to make Young whole is the amount

she obligated herself to pay her attorneys in the contingent fee agreement because presumably

that is the only fee she is obligated to pay. But to apply this literal interpretation to section 30's

provision for reasonable attorney fees would seriously undermine the ability of employees who

suffer retaliation at the hands of their employers to obtain counsel willing to pursue such claims.

As this case illustrates, litigation involving claims under the Whistleblower Act is generally hotly

contested, complicated and protracted. The prospect of recovering as a fee a percentage of any

damages awarded to the employee under the Act, particularly if punitive or exemplary damages

are not recoverable, would do little to entice competent counsel to undertake an individual

employee's representation. Conversely, few individual employees can afford to hire counsel

working on an hourly basis. Thus, were we to adopt Alden Gardens' interpretation of the

attorney fee provision of section 30, it would lead to an unjust result at odds with the legislature's

purpose to protect employees from adverse employment actions in retaliation for reporting or

refusing to engage in unlawful conduct by their employers.

¶ 100 By the time the Whistleblower Act was enacted in 2004, there was a substantial body of

law allowing the recovery of reasonable attorney fees under fee-shifting statutes in a variety of

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contexts. See, e.g., Blanchard v. Bergeron,

(1989) (federal civil rights action under

); Berlak v. Villa Scalabrini Home for the Aged, Inc.,

(1996) (fees recovered under the Nursing Home Care Act (210 ILCS 45/1-101 et seq. (West

1994)); Rackow v. Human Rights Comm'n,

(1987) (recognizing that

award of $4,644.75 in attorney fees when the party discriminated against recovered only $300 in

damages was "necessary to ensure proper representation of complaints before the Human Rights

Commission and to enforce the important public policies in the Illinois Human Rights Act"). In

Berlak, this court recognized that the fee-shifting provision in the Nursing Home Care Reform

Act was "designed to encourage nursing home residents to seek legal redress against nursing

homes for violations of their rights" and that without the ability to recover a reasonable fee, "it is

unlikely that attorneys would be adequately remunerated for their successful efforts." Berlak,

. A similar purpose underlies section 30's fee provision. Thus, we cannot

assume the legislature, in providing for the recovery of "reasonable attorney's fees" in the

Whistleblower Act as an element of a prevailing plaintiff's damages, intended to depart from

these longstanding authorities and provide counsel representing plaintiffs under the Act only a

limited ability to recover fees. We therefore reject outright Alden Gardens' contention that

counsel's recovery is limited to the amount of their contingent fee.

¶ 101 We next turn to a discussion of what fee is "reasonable" under the circumstances of this

case. Both Alden Gardens and Young challenge the trial court's calculation of the allowable

amount of the fees and costs—Alden Gardens claiming that even if Young is not limited to

recovering the amount of her contingent fee, the award is too high, while Young contends the

award is too low. Young further contends that the trial court's adoption of a quantum meruit

approach to the fee award is contrary to the Whistleblower Act's authorization of a "reasonable"

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fee. Finally, Young contests the trial court's disallowance of (i) certain categories of costs,

including certain litigation costs and mediation fees incurred posttrial and (ii) the fees of

additional counsel brought in to litigate the fee petition. Young requests either that we award her

counsel all of the fees sought or, alternatively, remand the matter to the trial court for "a more

realistic assessment of the time spent on this unusual case." We decline to do either.

¶ 102 The standards applicable to a court's award of attorney fees, whether under a fee-shifting

provision of the statute or under the terms of a contract, are well established. In determining

whether the fee sought is reasonable, courts assess a number of factors, including "the skill and

standing of the attorneys, the nature of the case, the novelty and/or difficulty of the issues and

work involved, the importance of the matter, the degree of responsibility required, the usual and

customary charges for comparable services, the benefit to the client [citation], and whether there

is a reasonable connection between the fees and the amount involved in the litigation." Kaiser v.

MEPC American Properties, Inc.,

(1987); see also J.B. Esker & Sons,

Inc. v. Cle-Pa's Partnership,

(2001); Ill. R. Prof. Conduct (2010) R.

1.5(a) (eff. Jan. 1, 2010) (prohibiting lawyers from charging unreasonable fees and specifying

factors governing determination of reasonableness). A properly supported fee petition must

specify the services performed, by whom, the time expended and the rate charged. Kaiser,

. The party seeking fees bears the burden of presenting sufficient evidence to

support a determination that the fees sought are reasonable.

.

¶ 103 One of the most critical components of a fee petition is detailed entries describing

services rendered based on records "maintained during the course of the litigation containing

facts and computations upon which the charges are predicated."

. The failure of

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counsel seeking fees to maintain contemporaneous time records hinders the court's ability to

determine whether the claimed time spent is reasonable:

"The failure to maintain contemporaneous records of the time spent rendering services

greatly increases the difficulty in determining a proper fee. [Citation.] However,

estimates can properly be considered by the court [citation.], although they are clearly

more susceptible to error, and thus more suspect than more properly maintained time

records [citation]." In re Marriage of Malec,

(1990).

¶ 104 In a fee-shifting case, the fact that the amount of the fees sought exceeds the client's

recovery, even by a large margin, does not, standing alone, justify rejection of the amount

sought. See Verbaere v. Life Investors Insurance Co. of America,

(1992) (approving $31,500 in fees incurred in connection with recovery of $10,000); City of

Riverside v. Rivera,

(1986) (approving $245,000 fee on recovery of $33,350 in

civil rights case). Rather, the size of the fee in relation to the benefit to the client and, in the

context of this case, the purpose to be served by the statutory fee-shifting provision, are relevant

considerations in the trial court's determination of a reasonable fee. Verbaere,

("Keeping fee awards in line with the amount of a recovery may be a valid ideal, particularly

in purely private disputes. In cases involving section 155 of the Insurance Code, however, courts

have recognized that insurance companies, with their superior financial resources, may drag out

the claims process to discourage claimants. Therefore, if the insurer vexatiously delays or rejects

legitimate claims, it must bear the expense resulting from the insured's efforts to prosecute the

claim.").

¶ 105 Generally, we review a trial court's award of attorney fees and costs for an abuse of

discretion (Kaiser,

) and we believe that is the appropriate standard of

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review here. Given the trial court's decision to conduct an evidentiary hearing on the fee

petition, we could quibble whether we should apply a manifest weight of the evidence standard

to any findings based on the evidence adduced at the hearing. See Wildman, Harrold, Allen &

Dixon v. Gaylord,

(2000) (in case where law firm sued former client to

recover fees, court concluded that "as in any other civil breach of contract action, we hold that

the sole question on review is whether the trial court's judgment for attorney fees and costs was

against the 'manifest weight of the evidence.' [Citation.]"). But the hearing in this case produced

few, if any, relevant findings of fact and given our ultimate conclusion regarding the propriety of

the fee award, the standard of review is not determinative.

¶ 106 Applying the foregoing standards to the fee request in this case, we cannot say the trial

court's award either constituted an abuse of discretion or is contrary to the manifest weight of the

evidence. First, we reject Alden Gardens' argument that the award is excessive. Counsel for

Alden Gardens chose to aggressively litigate this case, raising virtually every conceivable issue,

often more than once. The relatively modest amount of the fee award is due primarily to defects

in the fee petition and not because the fees sought were obviously excessive. Although Alden

Gardens presented expert testimony at the fee hearing that supported a lower hourly rate, the trial

court was not obligated to accept this testimony. We find no basis in the record to further reduce

the award.

¶ 107 As to Young's claim that the award is too low, we have discussed at length above the

many shortcomings in the fee petition filed by Young's counsel. Considered individually, those

defects, such as the failure to maintain contemporaneous time records or the bundling of services

in single time entries, would each warrant reductions in the amount sought. But the plethora of

defects ranging from the lack of detail in counsel's affidavits, to the inclusion of time spent on

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McCormick's claims and charging attorney hourly rates for nonlegal tasks mandated the careful

scrutiny the trial court gave the fee request and the reductions it deemed necessary to arrive at a

reasonable fee. Indeed, we can say without hesitation that had the trial court approved the fees

and costs requested without a substantial reduction it would have constituted an abuse of

discretion.

¶ 108 The specific issues Young raises regarding the fee calculation merit only brief discussion.

Young contends that the trial court's computation of 187 hours as the reasonable amount of time

that should have been devoted to litigation of Young's claims is arbitrary. But Young's counsel

persist in refusing to acknowledge that, at a minimum, a 50% reduction in the hours claimed was

warranted due to McCormick's lack of success on her claims, particularly because the time

records submitted by counsel rendered it impossible to distinguish between time spent on

Young's and McCormick's claims. Given the position counsel took in the trial court that

evidence regarding McCormick's claims was essential to the prosecution of Young's claim (a

position that was indefensible, as noted above), the trial court was justified in assuming that

counsel had not attempted to exclude time related to McCormick's claims and reduced the time

claimed accordingly. Thus, the reasonable baseline hours are not the 566 hours claimed, but 283

hours. Further, we will not second-guess the trial court's further reductions to account for the

fact that the time was reconstructed, entries were bundled, administrative tasks were billed by

lawyers and the like. And we believe the trial court correctly observed that although the case

was aggressively litigated (inordinately so), it was not particularly difficult or complex.

¶ 109 We acknowledge the importance of the litigation apart from the resolution of Young's

individual claim. Young's (and McCormick's) complaints brought to light violations of the law

at Alden Gardens that threatened residents' health and well-being. Young's claim under the

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Whistleblower Act involved precisely the type of retaliation the act was designed to redress.

And had Young's counsel presented the trial court with a well-documented fee petition, the

public interest served by pursuit of the litigation may well have justified a higher award. But this

factor, standing alone, cannot offset the insurmountable deficiencies in the fee petition discussed

above.

¶ 110 Young also contends the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to include in the

award the fees and expenses of the Krislov firm. The trial court allowed recovery of 20 hours

spent by Young's counsel in preparation of the fee petition and in connection with the hearing.

We believe this amount is reasonable. Young cites no authority for the proposition that a trial

court abuses its discretion in denying the fees and expenses of additional counsel brought in to

litigate an attorney fee petition. Indeed, this is just another example of the overkill approach to

this litigation. While attorneys pursuing a fee petition sometimes require affidavits from other

attorneys to substantiate market rates and the reasonableness of the hourly rates sought, Young's

counsel has not cited any reported case in which a court has awarded not only fees incurred by

litigation counsel to prepare and prosecute the fee petition, but fees on top of those fees charged

by an entirely separate law firm. And here, where the work of the Krislov firm clearly

duplicated that of Young's counsel who actively participated in every phase of the fee hearing,

the trial court properly refused to require Alden Gardens to pay the fees of additional counsel.

¶ 111 Finally, Young challenges the trial court's calculation of recoverable costs. The trial

court awarded $820 in costs consisting of the circuit court's filing fees of $640 and fees charged

by the Cook County sheriff totaling $180. The trial court also allowed the sum of $2400 for

Krislov's testimony at the fee hearing. Young contests the disallowance of other costs including

court reporter, subpoena and photocopying fees and unspecified costs labeled "transportation"

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and "miscellaneous." With the exception of the latter two categories, costs for obtaining

transcripts and those associated with the attendance of witnesses at depositions and trial would

normally be recoverable as reasonable litigation expenses. But, as we have noted, Young's

counsel failed to supply invoices for any expenses so that the court could fulfill its function to

determine to whom the claimed amounts were paid and for what litigation-related purpose.

Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in limiting recoverable costs to those of which it

could take judicial notice, i.e., the court's filing fee and the sheriff's fee for service of process.

¶ 112 We noted above the trial court's misconception that it was obligated to conduct an

evidentiary hearing on the fee petition, despite the fact that Alden Gardens did not request one.

The hearing, as we have discussed at length, unnecessarily complicated the issue, prolonged the

litigation and consumed an inordinate amount of judicial time. The conduct of the parties in

connection with the hearing best illustrates why hearings on fee petitions must be conducted in a

manner that avoids allowing the issue to effectively become a separate lawsuit.

¶ 113 We take this opportunity to observe that trial courts faced with fee petitions need not

conduct evidentiary hearings as a matter of course. We do not read Trossman as requiring a

hearing in every case. Trossman,

("[W]hen the [party against whom

fees are sought] asks for an evidentiary hearing, provided there exists a genuine factual dispute

as to the reasonableness of the fees and costs, he is entitled to one." (Emphasis added and

internal quotation marks omitted.)). To the extent it can be so interpreted, we disagree. Rather, a

fee petition warrants an evidentiary hearing only when the response of the party to be charged

with paying the award raises issues of fact that cannot be resolved without further evidence. See

Williams v. American Country Insurance Co.,

(2005) (rejecting

insurance company's argument that evidentiary fee on fee petition under section 155 of the

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Insurance Code was required: "The trial court presided over this matter for four years and had

before it the parties' briefs and [the] petition for attorney fees, as well as the affidavits submitted

by [plaintiff's counsel] detailing their involvement in his representation. American Country fails

to show what evidence the trial court was lacking when it made a determination regarding

[plaintiff's] petition pursuant to section 155.").

¶ 114 For example, the hourly rates charged by counsel should generally not require an

evidentiary hearing because the petition itself should contain information supporting the rate

requested in the form of (i) an attestation by counsel of the rates charged in other, noncontingent

matters and/or fee awards received in other similar litigation, (ii) affidavits of other attorneys in

the field attesting to the range of market rates for attorneys of comparable skill and experience,

and (iii) a discussion of awards in other reported cases. Information to counter requested rates is

likewise available to opposing parties. A trial court's decision regarding what hourly rate should

apply is rarely guided by credibility determinations made during an evidentiary hearing.

Similarly, where, as here, the trial judge considering the fee petition presided over the litigation

from its inception, the judge can draw on that knowledge to determine whether the time sought

by petitioning counsel is reasonable without hearing testimony regarding how much time was

spent drafting the complaint, propounding discovery, researching the law and preparing for trial.

That determination is aided and informed by an opposing party's analysis of time records

submitted. While, as a general proposition, we do not believe it appropriate for a trial court, in

the absence of adequate support for the lodestar requested (number of hours reasonably

expended multiplied by a reasonable hourly rate), to adopt a blended rate and calculate its own

total of time reasonably spent, we cannot fault the trial court's resort to that rough justice under

the unique circumstances of this case.

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¶ 115 That Young's counsel would have fared no better under a more traditional analysis is

easily illustrated. We have previously found that substantial reductions in the compensable

hours included in the petition were warranted for a variety of reasons. Friedman sought a total of

210.15 hours at the rate of $550 per hour. Discounts for the inclusion of time spent on

McCormick's claims, the lack of contemporaneous time records, block billing, lack of specificity

in the description of services rendered and duplication of effort would easily reduce that total by

half, producing total time of 105 hours. Applying Billhorn's hourly rate of $525 per hour (which

is generous in light of (i) the testimony presented by Alden Gardens at the hearing regarding

hourly rates and (ii) the fact that neither Billhorn nor Friedman offered any justification for a

higher hourly rate for Friedman) produces a total fee of $55,125. Zumwalt claimed a total of

330.55 hours. 54 hours of Zumwalt's time were spent as a law clerk. While law clerk time can

be compensable, it is incumbent on the petitioner to support a reasonable hourly rate for that

time. See Krislov v. Rednour,

(N.D. Ill. 2000) (refusing to include law

clerk time in fee award based on plaintiff's failure to disclose that individual rendering services

was not admitted to bar). Krislov's testimony at the fee hearing that $175 was an appropriate fee

to charge for the services of a law clerk appeared to be plucked from thin air. Apart from the

unsupportable proposed hourly rate of $175 for Zumwalt's clerk time, Young's counsel offered

no other evidence as to a reasonable hourly rate for a law clerk, although reported decisions and

other authorities are available. See, e.g, Alba Conte, Attorney Fee Awards, ch. 2, § 11:16 (3d ed.

2014) (chart cataloguing fee awards in employment-related cases, including amounts awarded

for law clerks and paralegals). It was certainly not the trial judge's obligation to search out

support for this element of Young's fee petition and, therefore, he could properly have refused to

include Zumwalt's law clerk time at all in the calculation, resulting in a revised total for Zumwalt

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of roughly 277 hours. Applying the same discount to Zumwalt's hours as that applied to

Friedman's produces a total of 138.5 hours. The hourly rate of $275 sought for a first-year

associate is clearly too high and again other than the conclusory statement in Billhorn's affidavit

and Krislov's equally conclusory testimony at the hearing, there is no support in the record for

this hourly rate. Certainly there is nothing in the record to support the conclusion that a first-year

associate in a two-person firm could command $275 per hour for his services. Based on reported

authorities, a more realistic rate would appear to be $150 per hour. See, e.g., Conte, supra, ch. 4,

§ 29:1 (chart cataloguing market hourly rates by federal circuit). Applying this rate to Zumwalt's

reduced time produces a total of $20,775, which, when added to Friedman's fee, would have

produced a total fee award of $75,900. Thus, the claimed errors in the trial court's calculation of

a reasonable fee raised by Young had no significant effect on the outcome and we will not

remand this matter so that the trial court can repeat this exercise.

¶ 116 Normally, we would remand this matter to the trial court to determine the fees to which

Young is entitled for her defense of Alden Gardens' appeal. But the course this litigation has

taken to date convinces us that we should resolve the issue of reasonable fees on appeal. To that

end, counsel for Young is directed to file, within 21 days of the date of this opinion, a

supplemental fee petition limited to the fees and expenses for which they seek compensation on

appeal. A memorandum of no more than 10 pages may be filed in support of the supplemental

petition. We caution counsel that the supplemental petition must comport with the standards for

fee petitions that we have reiterated in this opinion. We further note that two firms have appeared

for Young on appeal. The supplemental petition must specifically delineate the time spent by

both firms and identify what time has been eliminated due to inevitable duplication of effort.

Counsel should also indicate the amount of time that was excluded because it was devoted to

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Young's cross-appeal, which is not compensable. Alden Gardens shall have 21 days to file a

memorandum of no more than 10 pages in response to the supplemental petition; Young shall

have 14 days to file a reply of no more than five pages. The time for filing any petition for

rehearing under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 367 (eff. Dec. 29, 2009) is stayed pending entry of

an order on the supplemental fee petition.

¶ 117 CONCLUSION

¶ 118 The judgment entered on the jury's verdict in favor of Young is affirmed. The trial

court's award of attorney fees and cost award is affirmed. The effective date of this opinion is

stayed pending entry of the order on the supplemental fee petition.

¶ 119 Affirmed.

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