FILED

April 14, 2015 Carla Bender NOS. 4-14-0857, 4-14-0860 cons. th 4 District Appellate Court, IL IN THE APPELLATE COURT

OF ILLINOIS

FOURTH DISTRICT

In re: M.S., a Minor, ) Appeal from THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Circuit Court of Petitioner-Appellee, ) Vermilion County v. (4-14-0857) ) No. 13JA104 GEORGE H. SHELDON, Acting Director of The ) Department of Children and Family Services; and ) DEBRA DYER-WEBSTER, Guardianship ) Administrator of The Department of Children and ) Family Services, ) Respondents-Appellants. ) ______________________________________________ ) In re: P.S., a Minor, ) No. 13JA105 THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Petitioner-Appellee, ) v. (4-14-0860) ) GEORGE H. SHELDON, Acting Director of The ) Department of Children and Family Services; and ) DEBRA DYER-WEBSTER, Guardianship ) Administrator of The Department of Children and ) Honorable Family Services, ) Claudia S. Anderson, Respondents-Appellants. ) Judge Presiding. ______________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE HARRIS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices Knecht and Appleton concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 M.S. (born September 1, 2013) and P.S. (born January 31, 2012) are siblings who

were removed from their parents' care and, during juvenile abuse and neglect proceedings,

placed in the custody and guardianship of the Illinois Department of Children and Family Ser-

vices (DCFS). In September 2014, the juvenile court entered an order in each minor's case find- ing Bobbie Gregg, DCFS's Acting Director, and Debra Dyer-Webster, DCFS's Guardianship

Administrator, in indirect civil contempt for failing to follow court orders. Respondents appeal

in each minor's case, arguing the court's contempt orders were defective in several respects and

the court abused its discretion. Their appeals have been consolidated. (On appeal, George H.

Sheldon, DCFS's current Acting Director, has been substituted as a party for Gregg by operation

of law (735 ILCS 5/2-1008(d) (West 2012)).) We reverse.

¶2 I. BACKGROUND

¶3 In September 2013, M.S. and P.S. were removed from their parents' care and the

State filed petitions for adjudication of wardship, alleging the minors were neglected (case No.

13-JA-104 concerned M.S. and case No. 13-JA-105 concerned P.S.). Specifically, the State as-

serted the minors' environment was injurious to their welfare due to their mother's drug use

(count I of each petition) and because M.S. was born with an amount of a controlled substance in

her system (count II of each petition). On September 9, 2013, the juvenile court ordered the mi-

nors placed in the temporary custody of DCFS. On December 23, 2013, the court entered adju-

dicatory orders, finding count I of the State's petitions had been proved by a preponderance of

the evidence based upon admissions by the minors' mother and stipulations by their father. On

March 28, 2014, the court conducted a dispositional hearing and entered orders adjudicating

M.S. and P.S. neglected, making them wards of the court, and placing custody and guardianship

of the minors with DCFS.

¶4 The record indicates DCFS assigned Lutheran Social Services of Illinois (LSSI)

to handle the minors' cases. On January 22, 2014, LSSI filed dispositional reports in each case,

which showed M.S. and P.S. had been placed in a relative foster home with their maternal grand-

father and step-grandmother. That placement occurred the same day the minors were removed

-2- from their parents' care and continued through the date of the March 28, 2014, dispositional hear-

ing and orders.

¶5 The record shows that, shortly following dispositional proceedings, the minors'

grandfather submitted to a drug test and tested positive for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and opi-

ates. Although the appellate record contains no order requiring him to be drug tested, the record

does indicate the juvenile court had issued a "standing drug drop order" affecting foster parents

in juvenile abuse and neglect cases in Vermilion County.

¶6 Following the grandfather's positive drug test, LSSI determined it was unneces-

sary to remove M.S. and P.S. from the home, and, instead, developed a plan to monitor the situa-

tion. On April 10, 2014, LSSI filed a "Foster Parent Supervision Plan" in each case. Along with

its supervision plan, LSSI summarized the circumstances which resulted in the plan, stating as

follows:

"Based on a recent positive drug test for [the grandfather],

LSSI has staffed this case to determine if placement can be stabi-

lized in the current home. [The grandfather] tested positive for

THC and Opiates. He has a prescription for Hydrocodone, ex-

plaining the opiate test, and admitted to using a small amount of

marijuana. He denied regular use, stating that he had not used ma-

rijuana in more than a year prior to using recently. He stated he

used outside the home and was not in a care-giving role at the time.

The positive drug test was discussed with the [grandparents], and

LSSI is informing the court of the positive drug test and creating a

supervision plan to monitor safety and ensure no ongoing drug use

-3- occurs."

¶7 On June 19, 2014, LSSI filed permanency review reports in each case. Those re-

ports showed that, on May 23, 2014, M.S. and P.S. were removed from their relative foster

placement and placed together in a traditional foster home. The record indicates removal of the

minors from their grandparents' home occurred because LSSI discovered the step-grandmother

had a previous indicated finding for sexual abuse. On July 24, 2014, the juvenile court entered

permanency orders, finding that neither parent had made reasonable and substantial progress or

reasonable efforts toward returning the minors home. The court continued custody and guardi-

anship of the minors with DCFS but ordered LSSI removed from the cases.

¶8 Also on July 24, 2014, the juvenile court entered a rule to show cause on its own

motion in both cases. It ordered respondents; Todd Beard, an LSSI supervisor; and Carol Brad-

ford, an LSSI site supervisor, to appear before the court and "show why he/she should not be

held in contempt of Court and punished." In support of its rules to show cause, the court made

the following findings:

"3. Pursuant to testimony by caseworker Lauren Bennett

heard on June 27, 2014, [LSSI] made a decision to leave the chil-

dren in a relative foster home after the foster parent had tested pos-

itive for marijuana (THC). This decision was made by the case-

worker's supervisor, Todd Beard, and his supervisor, Carol Brad-

ford, both employees of [LSSI].

4. This Court has had multiple meetings with DCFS and

case agencies including (LSSI) since 2013, and has made it very

clear through direct orders that foster parents engaging in the use

-4- of illegal drugs would not be tolerated as it was an injurious envi-

ronment for the wards, and that the wards should be moved if the

foster parent has a drug issue.

5. Also[,] pursuant to the testimony by caseworker Lauren

Bennett heard on June 27, 2014, the agency's attempts to get the

foster parent licensed were unsuccessful due to an issue with the

background check on the maternal [step-]grandmother foster par-

ent. She was unable to be licensed as a foster parent because she

had been Indicated for *** Sexual Penetration. Ms. Bennett testi-

fied that she had looked into why this had not been found out be-

fore that point in time, and the reason what [sic] that DCFS had

never cleared nor conducted a background check of the placement

initially upon placing the wards in the foster home. No back-

ground check was done by DCFS at all on the foster home during

10 months between placement at the Temporary Custody Hearing

and the Permanency Hearing on June 27, 2014.

6. Furthermore, when the minors were finally moved from

the foster home following the agency learning of the foster parent's

Indicated past, no drug drop was conducted on the incoming foster

parent." (Emphasis in original.)

Additionally, the court stated it found that respondents and LSSI supervisors "exhibited a willful

and contumacious and continuous defying" of the court's orders. In particular, it noted LSSI's

decision "to allow [M.S. and P.S.] to remain in the maternal relative foster home after having

-5- learned of illegal drug use of the foster parent."

¶9 On September 2, 2014, respondents filed memorandums of law in each minor's

case, responding to the juvenile court's rule to show cause. They asked that the court "discharge

the Rule" on the basis that it failed to give notice of a specific order they violated and failed to

allege any facts supporting a finding of willful disobedience of the court's orders. Respondents

also argued they were not in "present violation" of an order "for which civil contempt would lie

to compel compliance." Further, they asserted that in the event the court's rule contemplated

punishment for criminal contempt, the requisite criminal contempt procedures had not been fol-

lowed.

¶ 10 On September 5, 2014, the juvenile court conducted a hearing on its rule to show

cause. Both respondents testified. Dyer-Webster stated she had been the guardianship adminis-

trator for DCFS for approximately 15 months and her role was to look out for the welfare of

children placed in the custody and guardianship of DCFS. She testified DCFS was responsible

for the children in its care and LSSI was an agency with which DCFS contracted. Dyer-Webster

estimated she was the guardian for approximately 15,000 children and did not have the oppor-

tunity to review every court order issued in a case. Instead, she relied on the caseworkers and

supervisors that were assigned to each particular case to assist her. Ultimately, however, she was

the individual responsible for making sure everything was going well with the children in

DCFS's care.

¶ 11 Dyer-Webster stated she was familiar with the case involving M.S. and P.S., as

well as a "standing order of the Court for foster parent drug drops." She did not know the precise

date she became familiar with the drug drop order but estimated it was two to three months prior

to the September 2014 hearing and after she learned of the juvenile court's rule to show cause.

-6- Dyer-Webster testified she was not identified by name in the drug drop order as having to facili-

tate the drug drops. Further, she denied that she had "willingly" violated any particular order of

the court or that she was even aware that she had violated a court order.

¶ 12 Gregg testified that, as DCFS's Acting Director, she was responsible for oversee-

ing DCFS's operations, including operations in the office of DCFS's guardian. She stated she

was aware of the juvenile court's "standing order relating to drug drops" but did not believe she

learned of that order until after the rule to show cause. Gregg testified that she did not personally

review orders of the juvenile court relating to wards unless an order was brought to her attention

by the guardian or DCFS's general counsel. She denied that she had ever knowingly violated an

order of the juvenile court.

¶ 13 Todd Beard testified he previously worked as a foster care supervisor for LSSI

and had been a part of the decision to leave M.S. and P.S. in their grandparents' home after their

grandfather tested positive for THC. Beard testified the minors' grandfather took a drug test on

March 28, 2014, and, on April 2, 2014, LSSI was notified of the positive result. Beard super-

vised the minors' caseworker, who informed him of the positive result. In turn, Beard had a

meeting with his supervisor, Carol Bradford, to determine whether to remove M.S. and P.S. from

their placement. During the meeting, Bradford contacted DCFS by telephone and it was deter-

mined that the minors would remain in their grandparents' home with a safety plan. Beard testi-

fied the safety plan was to include additional drug testing, additional unannounced visits by LSSI

staff, and notification to the court.

¶ 14 Upon questioning by the State, Beard acknowledged the existence of "a standing

drug drop order that indicated that the *** foster parents needed to be drug dropped" but asserted

that order "did not clarify what was to happen in the event that there was a positive drug test."

-7- Further, Beard did not recall any concrete statement by the juvenile court judge—either in court

or during meetings with DCFS—that minors should not remain in a foster placement if a foster

parent tested positive for drugs. Beard testified that, on April 2, 2014, the same day he learned

of the grandfather's positive test, he sought clarification on the issue from the juvenile court. He

stated he attended a hearing that day on a different case and then brought the matter involving

M.S. and P.S. to the court's attention.

"I asked in this courtroom specifically about this event. I identi-

fied the positive drug test. These are the options that we see; drug

testing, drug treatment, remain in the home with a safety plan, or

removal of the children. And what I was told at that time was to

submit a letter to the Court identifying the issue, which I did not

personally do, but my case[]worker did immediately, and we never

heard back from the Court about what to do. By the time we had

another case—by the time we had another hearing for this case, the

children had been removed for another issue."

¶ 15 Beard testified he brought the matter to the juvenile court's attention to clarify

what the court's expectation was in the event of a positive foster parent drug test. He stated he

"did not know what was supposed to happen" but "felt like" the minors should have been re-

moved. However, he did not believe at that time that he was violating a court order. Additional-

ly, he testified he memorialized his interaction with the court in a note, which was admitted into

evidence at the hearing. Beard's note stated as follows:

"This supervisor met with courtroom staff following a hear-

ing. Present and involved in the discussion were Judge [Claudia]

-8- Anderson, [a guardian ad litem (GAL)], [Assistant State's Attorney

Panorea Tsilimigras], and [a] DCFS Court monitor. Judge Ander-

son stated that this case had a positive drug test for the foster par-

ent. She stated LSSI should report this along with our investiga-

tion and plan to the court. She then left the courtroom. GAL

spoke with court monitor for DCFS, who noted that the foster par-

ents are afforded due process through the department, and immedi-

ate removal for a positive drug test is not warranted if there are no

other concerns, also noting that there are 2 foster parents and only

one tested positive. I shared the plan LSSI has ***. I agreed to

create a written document to present to the court by the end of this

week, while also creating and implementing the plan noted in pre-

vious notes on this matter from today. All parties agreed."

Beard acknowledged that neither the juvenile court judge nor the assistant State's Attorney told

him it was okay to leave minors with foster parents who had a positive drug drop. However, he

also testified that he did not receive a direct order to remove M.S. and P.S. from their grandpar-

ents' home.

¶ 16 Beard additionally testified that it was his understanding that a "placement clear-

ance" had been done when M.S. and P.S. were initially placed with their maternal grandfather

and step-grandmother. He stated a "placement clearance" was performed by calling the "place-

ment clearance desk" and providing information about the prospective foster parents. Beard tes-

tified the "placement clearance desk" would perform a (1) Child Abuse and Neglect Tracking

System (CANTS) check to determine if the foster parents had a history of child abuse and ne-

-9- glect and (2) Law Enforcement Automated Data Systems (LEADS) check to determine the foster

parents' criminal backgrounds. Although he believed a "placement clearance" had been per-

formed on the maternal grandparents in this case, he acknowledged that information showing the

minors' step-grandmother "had a CANTS hit for sexual abuse was not identified at that time."

Beard testified the children were removed from the grandparents' home the same day LSSI was

"notified of the positive CANTS."

¶ 17 Shawn Gavel testified he worked for DCFS as a child protection advanced spe-

cialist. He was familiar with M.S. and P.S. and acted as the investigator on their cases. Gavel

stated he performed background checks on various individuals involved in the cases, including

the minors' maternal grandfather and step-grandmother. He stated that the background checks

were done before the minors were placed with the grandparents and placement clearance was

given. According to Gavel, background checks entailed obtaining information from the foster

parents and calling "into a placement clearance CANTS and LEADS unit." He acknowledged

that the information used in performing the background check came primarily from the foster

parents.

¶ 18 At the conclusion of the evidence, the juvenile court stated it viewed the matter as

presenting "a civil contempt issue with an opportunity to purge." It then determined as follows:

"I'm holding [respondents] in contempt of the Court orders entered

in 2013 JA 104 and 105 [(the cases involving M.S. and P.S)], as

identified in the petition in the rule, and in the memorandum of law

and the Respondent's [sic] arguments, as well as Petitioner's today.

In some sense, you can say the issue is moot. I don't think so. I

think the purge is to do what you're ordered to do. There has to be

- 10 - a drug drop within 24 hours of placement. If it is positive, those

children are removed. *** I think it's time that perhaps [DCFS]

also did an internal audit to determine the efficiency of their pro-

cedures, because I think it's pretty widely accepted that their pro-

cedures are a systematic failure. Those are the two things I think

should be done for purge, and they would be so ordered."

The court then held that the "punishment" if its purge provisions were not followed was that re-

spondents would be required to "attend no less than five court hearings a month" in Vermilion

County.

¶ 19 On September 14, 2014, the juvenile court entered written orders in both minors'

cases and held respondents in civil contempt of court. Its written orders were consistent with its

oral ruling, providing as follows:

"[Respondents] have the opportunity to purge themselves of this

contempt finding by (1) following the Orders of the court in all

DCFS cases pending in the Fifth Judicial Circuit, Vermilion Coun-

ty, Illinois, including a drug drop with every DCFS foster place-

ment within 24 hours of placement, and removing the child or

children from the placement if the drug drop reading is positive;

and (2) conducting an internal audit of [DCFS] to determine the ef-

ficiency of DCFS procedures.

If Respondents do not purge themselves of the civil con-

tempt of court by complying with the foregoing, they are hereby

sentenced to the following punishment: Respondents are required

- 11 - to attend no less than five court hearings in a month, including

termination and permanency hearings."

¶ 20 Respondents filed interlocutory appeals in each case pursuant to Illinois Supreme

Court Rule 307(a)(1) (eff. Feb. 26, 2010). The cases have been consolidated on appeal and the

office of the State's Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor has filed a brief opposing respondents' posi-

tion on appeal.

¶ 21 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 22 A. Motions Taken With the Case

¶ 23 Initially, we address two motions filed by the State on appeal, which we ordered

taken with the case—a motion to dismiss respondents' appeals and a motion to strike an exhibit

that respondents attached to their response to the State's motion to dismiss. For the reasons that

follow, we deny both motions.

¶ 24 In connection with its motion to dismiss, the State argues no jurisdiction exists for

respondents' appeals because contempt orders are not final and appealable until the trial court

imposes a sanction upon the contemnor. In particular, Illinois Supreme Court Rule 304(b)(5)

(eff. Feb. 26, 2010) provides that "[a]n order finding a person or entity in contempt of court

which imposes a monetary or other penalty" is appealable. The State contends the juvenile

court's contempt orders in the instant cases did not impose a sanction or punishment and, instead,

merely "provided for a punishment 'if' [respondents] failed to comply" with the court's purge

provisions. It maintains that, as a result, the court's contempt orders were not final and reviewa-

ble.

¶ 25 Respondents argue the juvenile court's contempt orders are injunctive in nature

and, as a result, their appeals may be heard pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 307(a)(1)

- 12 - (eff. Feb. 26, 2010), which provides for appeals from an interlocutory order "granting, modify-

ing, refusing, dissolving, or refusing to dissolve or modify an injunction." They filed a response

to the State's motion to dismiss and attached as an exhibit an order from this court denying the

State's motion to dismiss appeals DCFS filed in another set of consolidated juvenile cases from

Vermilion County. This court's order noted DCFS's appeals concerned "the question of whether

the trial court's order regarding drug testing of prospective foster parents is injunctive" and set

forth the Black's Law Dictionary definition of an injunction. In re L.R., Nos. 4-14-0364, 4-14-

0365, 4-14-0366, 4-14-0367, 4-14-0368, 4-14-0369, 4-14-0370, 4-14-0371, 4-14-0372, 4-14-

0373, 4-14-0374, 4-14-0375, 4-14-0376 cons. (Sept. 22, 2014) (order denying State's motion to

dismiss appeal).

¶ 26 The State asks this court to strike respondents' exhibit, arguing it "is unrelated to

this case." A court may take judicial notice of its own records. People v. Jackson,

,

(1998). Although we do not find respondents' exhibit dispositive of the

issues presented by the State's motion to dismiss in the instant cases, we also find that it is not

wholly unrelated to the issues presented. Therefore, we deny the State's motion to strike.

¶ 27 With respect to the State's motion to dismiss, we find it significant that respond-

ents did not bring their appeals pursuant to Rule 304(b)(5), nor do they argue that it provides the

jurisdictional basis for their appeals. In both their notices of appeal and appellant's brief, re-

spondents cite Illinois Supreme Court Rule 307(a)(1) (eff. Feb. 26, 2010), which, as discussed,

provides for appeals from an interlocutory order "granting, modifying, refusing, dissolving, or

refusing to dissolve or modify an injunction." They argue the purge provisions in the juvenile

court's contempt orders constituted injunctions and, therefore, appellate review may be had pur-

suant to Rule 307(a)(1). We note that the lack of an imposed penalty in connection with the ju-

- 13 - venile court's contempt orders will not bar review pursuant to Rule 307(a)(1). Instead, pursuant

to Rule 307(a)(1), we must determine whether the juvenile court's contempt orders can properly

be construed as injunctive.

¶ 28 "To determine what constitutes an appealable injunctive order under Rule

307(a)(1) we look to the substance of the action, not its form." In re A Minor,

,

(1989). "Actions of the circuit court having the force and effect of in-

junctions are still appealable even if called something else." A Minor,

,

. In the context of Rule 307(a)(1), the meaning of the term "injunction" is broadly

construed. A Minor,

,

. Further, the supreme court has "de-

scribed an injunction as 'a judicial process, by which a party is required to do a particular thing,

or to refrain from doing a particular thing, according to the exigency of the writ, the most com-

mon sort of which operate as a restraint upon the party in the exercise of his real or supposed

rights.' " A Minor,

,

(quoting Wangelin v. Goe,

(1869)).

¶ 29 To support their position with respect to Rule 307(a)(1), respondents rely on this

court's decision in Bloomington Urological Associates, SC v. Scaglia,

,

(1997). There, the trial court found the defendant physician in indirect civil con-

tempt for violating an agreed order not to compete with the plaintiff, a medical organization and

the physician's former employer. Scaglia,

,

. In con-

nection with its contempt finding, the court ordered that the physician not be involved in the

business of providing urological medical services and that he desist from certain specified con-

duct within the area and through the date previously agreed upon by the parties. Scaglia,

,

. The physician appealed and argued appellate jurisdiction

- 14 - existed pursuant to Rule 307(a)(1). Scaglia,

,

. We

agreed the court's order was an appealable injunction under Rule 307(a)(1), noting the order "re-

quired [the physician] to refrain from doing several 'particular' things, and it operated as a re-

straint on his right to provide urological medical services to his existing patients." Scaglia,

,

.

¶ 30 Here, the juvenile court's orders holding respondents in civil contempt required

respondents to follow orders in pending Vermilion County cases, including "a drug drop with

every DCFS foster placement within 24 hours of the placement, and removing the child or chil-

dren from the placement if the drug drop reading is positive." The court also required respond-

ents to conduct an internal audit of DCFS to determine the efficiency of its procedures. Like in

Scaglia, the court's orders required respondents to do (or refrain from doing) several "particular"

things. It also constrained DCFS's right to establish rules and regulations with respect to foster

care and the placement of minors, as well as respondents' rights to oversee the manner in which

DCFS functions.

¶ 31 We find further support for respondents' position in In re R.V.,

,

(1997). In that case, the First District held that a trial court's order requir-

ing DCFS to videotape its interviews with children was "properly viewed as 'injunctive' and ca-

pable of review pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 307(a)(1)." R.V.,

,

. In so holding, the court noted "the orders appealed from directed DCFS to do, or

not do, a particular thing, which placed a constraint on the Department's right to determine ap-

propriate investigatory measures." R.V.,

,

.

¶ 32 In its motion to dismiss, the State argues the juvenile court's contempt orders may

not properly be viewed as injunctive. However, we find the State's arguments unpersuasive, in

- 15 - that the State focuses solely on the form of the court's order rather than its substance. Despite the

label given to the court's order, it can substantively be viewed as injunctive. Thus, review pursu-

ant to Rule 307(a)(1) is appropriate and we deny the State's motion to dismiss.

¶ 33 B. Civil Contempt Order

¶ 34 On appeal, respondents argue the juvenile court erred by holding them in civil

contempt of court. Specifically, they argue the court's contempt orders were defective because

the court (1) failed to identify the specific order respondents allegedly violated, (2) failed to issue

a proper purge provision, and (3) confused civil and criminal contempt proceedings. We agree

with respondents' contentions and find the court erred.

¶ 35 Generally, civil contempt is designed to compel future compliance with a court

order. Felzak v. Hruby,

,

(2007). Civil contempt differs

from criminal contempt, in that "[c]riminal contempt is retrospective in nature and consists of

punishing for doing what has been prohibited or not doing what has been ordered" while "civil

contempt is prospective in nature and is invoked to coerce what has been ordered." People v.

Budzynski,

,

(2002).

¶ 36 "Civil contempt proceedings have two fundamental attributes: (1) The contemnor

must be capable of taking the action sought to be coerced, and (2) no further contempt sanctions

are imposed upon the contemnor's compliance with the pertinent court order." In re Marriage of

Betts,

,

(1990). "In other words, the contemnor must

have an opportunity to purge himself of contempt by complying with the pertinent court order."

Betts,

,

.

¶ 37 "Contempt that occurs outside the presence of the court is classified as indirect

contempt." In re Marriage of Spent,

,

(2003).

- 16 - "The existence of an order of the court and proof of willful disobedience of that order are essen-

tial to any finding of indirect contempt." Spent,

,

. In

the context of civil contempt, "[t]he burden rests upon the alleged contemnor to show that non-

compliance was not willful and contumacious and that he or she has a valid excuse for failure to

follow the court order." Spent,

,

. "Whether a party is

guilty of contempt is a question of fact for the trial court, and its ruling will not be disturbed un-

less it is against the manifest weight of the evidence or an abuse of discretion." In re Marriage

of Smithson,

,

(2011).

¶ 38 On appeal, respondents contend the juvenile court improperly failed to identify

the specific court order with which they failed to comply. We agree with respondents but find

this issue is further complicated by the court's failure to state precisely what conduct by respond-

ents it found contemptuous. Neither the court's comments at the hearing on the rule to show

cause nor its contempt orders specified the conduct upon which its contempt finding was based.

Further, in its rule to show cause, the court identified several actions or inactions by LSSI and

DCFS as problematic, including the failure to remove M.S. and P.S. from their foster placement

after their grandfather's positive drug test, the failure to conduct a background check on the

grandparents, and the failure to conduct a drug drop on the minors' new foster parents once they

were removed from their grandparents' home. Nevertheless, despite the juvenile court's lack of

specificity, we note that the hearing on the rule to show cause focused on the decision by LSSI

and DCFS to allow M.S. and P.S. to remain in their foster placement following their grandfa-

ther's positive drug test. Additionally, it is that decision which both the State and respondents

identify on appeal as being the basis for the court's contempt finding. Therefore, we accept that

action as the offending conduct for which respondents were held in contempt.

- 17 - ¶ 39 As discussed, to hold respondents in indirect civil contempt, it was essential that

the juvenile court find the existence of a court order—and in this case specifically, an order re-

quiring the removal of M.S. and P.S. from their foster placement—as well as proof of willful

disobedience of that order. Here, the court failed to identify a specific order upon which its con-

tempt finding was based and the record fails to reflect the existence of either a written or oral

court order requiring the minors' removal from their foster home.

¶ 40 First, at no point during the proceedings did the juvenile court identify a specific

order violated by respondents. In its rule to show cause, the juvenile court stated it "had multiple

meetings with DCFS and case agencies including [LSSI] since 2013" and had "made it very clear

through direct orders that foster parents engaging in the use of illegal drugs would not be tolerat-

ed *** and that the wards should be moved if the foster parent has a drug issue." At the conclu-

sion of the hearing on its rule to show cause, the court held respondents "in contempt of the

Court orders entered in 2013 JA 104 and 105 [(the cases involving M.S. and P.S)], as identified

in the petition in the rule, and in the memorandum of law and the Respondent's [sic] arguments,

as well as Petitioner's today." However, the court's written contempt order did not identify any

specific order that respondents violated.

¶ 41 Second, we find the record fails to reflect the existence of a written order—either

specifically referencing M.S. and P.S. or more generally referencing any minor in DCFS's custo-

dy—which expressly required DCFS to remove M.S. and P.S. from their grandparents' home fol-

lowing their grandfather's positive drug test. At the hearing on the rule to show cause, many ref-

erences were made to a "standing drug drop order" entered by the juvenile court and which af-

fected foster parents. Respondents argue the standing order cannot provide a basis for the court's

contempt finding as it did not require the removal of minors from a foster home upon a foster

- 18 - parent's positive drug test. On appeal, the State does not dispute this position; however, below,

both the State and the juvenile court made statements indicating that a "common sense" implica-

tion of the standing order was for DCFS to remove a minor from the care of a foster parent with

a positive drug test.

¶ 42 Although the standing order is not a part of the appellate record, respondents have

included it within the appendix to their brief and ask that we take judicial notice of that order.

The State asks that we disregard the standing order on the sole basis that it was not made a part

of the record on appeal. In this instance, we find it appropriate to take judicial notice of the ju-

venile court's standing order. See Clinton Landfill, Inc. v. Mahomet Valley Water Authority,

,

(2010) (noting a court may take judicial notice of

public documents); May Department Stores Co. v. Teamsters Union Local No. 743,

,

(1976) (stating a court may take "judicial notice of public documents

which are included in the records of other courts and administrative tribunals"). The standing

order was referenced numerous times throughout the underlying proceedings such that there can

be no doubt that it exists. Further, the record indicates both the parties and the juvenile court

viewed it as being applicable to the cases involving M.S. and P.S.

¶ 43 The order contained in the appendix to respondents' brief identifies no specific

case number and indicates it applies to "all juvenile cases." In re All Juvenile Cases, No. 2014,

Standing Foster Parent Drug Drop Order (Feb. 10, 2014) (Anderson, C. (Judge entering order)).

Additionally, it provides as follows:

"On December 6, 2013 in case number: 2013 JA 117-118,

the foster parent that appeared in court was asked to do a drug drop

after court and the results were positive for drugs; and the court be-

- 19 - ing interested in the safety and welfare of the children that appear

before the court:

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that [DCFS] as the fiduciary

and the party ultimately responsible for the welfare and the best in-

terest of its child wards, is responsible for providing a drug drop in

every initial case, with instant read results, for the foster parent(s)

within 24 hours of placement or by substantial compliance (i.e., as

soon as possible)."

We agree with the parties on appeal that the standing order does not provide a basis for the juve-

nile court's contempt finding against respondents. The standing order required only that DCFS

"provide a drug drop" to foster parents under specific circumstances. It did not direct any specif-

ic action to be taken following a positive test.

¶ 44 Third, contrary to the State's contentions on appeal, nothing in the record supports

a finding that an oral court order directing the minors' removal from their foster home existed.

We acknowledge that "[u]nder some circumstances, an individual may be held in indirect civil

contempt of court for violation of an oral court order." First Midwest Bank/Danville v. Hoa-

gland,

,

(1993). However, "a court must use ex-

treme caution in holding a person in indirect civil contempt of court for the disobedience of an

order of which there exists no record, and of which the alleged contemnor consistently denies

knowledge." Hoagland,

,

.

¶ 45 In this case, the juvenile court generally referenced "meetings" it had with DCFS

and LSSI and "direct orders" it had entered. However, the record fails to reflect when those

meetings occurred or what specific orders were entered. General comments by the juvenile court

- 20 - judge during unspecified meetings do not rise to the level of a court order upon which a charge

of contempt may be based. Additionally, we find there must be evidence of an order which gave

clear and express directions to the contemptuous party.

¶ 46 In People v. Wilcox,

,

(1955), the trial

court held the plaintiff in error in criminal contempt, finding she filed two motions in a case after

the court had instructed her that it could not entertain them and denied her leave to file the mo-

tions. Although the plaintiff in error acknowledged that the court stated it would not consider the

motions, she denied that it ordered her not to file them. Wilcox,

,

. The supreme court reversed, noting "no order was entered of record by the court" and find-

ing there had also been "no showing in the record that an order was clearly given or understand-

ingly received." Wilcox,

,

. In so holding, the court noted the

allegations in the case involved "contemptuous disobedience of an order of the court" and "the

existence of an order of the court and proof of wilful disobedience" were essential elements to

the charge. Wilcox,

,

. The court stated "that the mandate of the

court must be clear before disobedience can subject a person to punishment." Wilcox,

,

.

¶ 47 Here, the evidence presented at the hearing on the rule to show cause weighed in

favor of finding no oral order existed which directed DCFS and LSSI to remove M.S. and P.S.

from their foster home. No witness testimony at the hearing supported the existence of an oral

order and Beard testified he was not aware of any statement by the juvenile court judge—either

in court or during meetings—that minors should not remain in a foster placement if the foster

parent tested positive for drugs. Beard further detailed his attempts to seek clarification of the

issue from the court after the grandfather's positive test in the instant cases. Thus, although vio-

- 21 - lation of an oral order of the court may form the basis for a finding of contempt, in this case, the

record fails to reflect a clear order given which was understandingly received by either DCFS or

LSSI personnel.

¶ 48 On appeal, the State argues Wilcox is distinguishable because the supreme court

based its decision on "the drastic and precipitate nature of punishment for criminal contempt."

Wilcox,

,

. However, we do not find the court's decision so lim-

ited. As the court discussed, the matter before it involved contemptuous disobedience of a court

order and, essential to those allegations, was the existence of a court order. Similar circumstanc-

es are presented here. Additionally, we note this court has also found that "[h]olding an individ-

ual in contempt of court is a drastic remedy" when addressing indirect civil contempt proceed-

ings. Hoagland,

,

.

¶ 49 For the reasons stated, we find the record fails to reflect the existence of a clear

order upon which the juvenile court could base its contempt finding against respondents. Alt-

hough this appeal may be resolved on that issue, we also find it significant that the court appears

to have confused civil and criminal contempt proceedings. We reiterate that "[c]riminal con-

tempt is retrospective in nature and consists of punishing for doing what has been prohibited or

not doing what has been ordered" while "civil contempt is prospective in nature and is invoked to

coerce what has been ordered." Budzynski,

,

. Further,

"the contemnor must have an opportunity to purge himself of contempt by complying with the

pertinent court order." Betts,

,

.

¶ 50 Here, the juvenile court clearly asserted it viewed the case as presenting a situa-

tion of civil contempt. However, even assuming a court order existed which required DCFS and

LSSI to remove M.S. and P.S. from their foster placement, the record reflects that action was

- 22 - taken on May 23, 2014, prior to the date the court issued its rule to show cause and before it held

respondents in civil contempt. Thus, by the time contempt proceedings began, there was no ac-

tion for the court to coerce. Instead, it sought to punish respondents for not immediately doing

what had been ordered.

¶ 51 In Hoagland, we held it was not appropriate to hold a defendant in indirect civil

contempt for belatedly complying with a court order. We stated as follows:

"Holding [the defendant] in contempt of court for failing to

provide [the] plaintiff with copies of his tax returns within five

days of filing did not have the effect of coercing [the defendant] to

produce the tax returns, but rather to punish him for failing to pro-

duce the tax returns within five days of filing. Criminal sanctions

are retrospective in nature; they seek to punish a contemnor for

past acts which he cannot now undo. Civil sanctions are prospec-

tive in nature; they seek to coerce compliance at some point in the

future. [Citation.] [The defendant] did not provide [the] plaintiff

with copies of his tax returns within five days of filing, but he did

provide [the] plaintiff with copies of the tax returns *** prior to the

contempt hearing. Thus, at the contempt hearing ***, the purpose

of holding [the defendant] in contempt of court was apparently not

to coerce him to comply at some point in the future, but to punish

him for failing to provide [the] plaintiff with copies of the tax re-

turns within five days of their filing." (Emphases in original.)

Hoagland,

,

.

- 23 - ¶ 52 Additionally, conflating indirect civil and criminal contempt is problematic be-

cause of the due process rights involved with each type of contempt proceeding. " 'In a civil con-

tempt proceeding, the contemnor is only entitled to minimal due process, consisting of notice and

an opportunity to be heard.' " People v. Covington,

,

(2009) (quoting In re Marriage of Cummings,

,

(1991)). However, "[i]ndirect criminal contempt proceedings must generally conform to the

same constitutionally mandated procedural requirements as other criminal proceedings." Betts,

,

.

"Because a respondent in an indirect criminal contempt

proceeding enjoys the privilege against self-incrimination, he may

not be called by the petitioner to testify. Accordingly, a petition

initiating indirect criminal contempt proceedings ought not have

the title 'Petition for Rule To Show Cause,' the designation com-

monly (and appropriately) used for a petition initiating an indirect

civil contempt proceeding; instead, a petition initiating an indirect

criminal contempt proceeding ought to have the title 'Petition for

Adjudication of Criminal Contempt.' By definition, if a respondent

has a right not to testify, he cannot be required to 'show cause' why

he should not be held in indirect criminal contempt. Instead, the

burden is on the petitioner to prove the charges in the petition be-

yond a reasonable doubt. An ancillary benefit of using such a title

would be to force court and counsel into a recognition that such pe-

titions differ from routine petitions for rules to show cause and re-

- 24 - quire different procedural steps." (Emphasis in original.) Betts,

,

.

¶ 53 Here, the juvenile court's contempt order had the effect of punishing respondents

for actions which they could not undo—failing to immediately remove M.S. and P.S. from their

placement after their grandfather's positive drug test. Respondents could not properly be held in

indirect civil contempt based on such actions. Further, the due process requirements for indirect

criminal contempt were not met.

¶ 54 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 55 For the reasons stated, we reverse the juvenile court's judgment.

¶ 56 Reversed.

- 25 -