No. 1-13-2245

Filed June 5, 2015

FIFTH DIVISION

IN THE APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT

SHARON PERIK, ) Appeal from the ) Circuit Court Plaintiff-Appellant, ) of Cook County ) v. ) ) JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., ) No. 12 L 3606 ) Defendant-Appellee ) ) Honorable (Early Warning Services, LLC., Washington Mutual Bank ) William Gomolinski, and TCF National Bank, Defendants). ) Judge Presiding.

PRESIDING JUSTICE PALMER delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices McBride and Gordon concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 Plaintiff Sharon Perik appeals from an order of the circuit court denying her

motion to vacate the decision of the American Arbitration Association (AAA) dismissing

her arbitration claim against defendant JPMorgan Chase, N.A. (Chase), as successor in 1-13-2245

interest to Washington Mutual Bank (WaMu). Plaintiff had sought arbitration of her claim

that Chase, as the successor in interest to Washington Mutual Bank (WaMu), was liable

for WaMu's libel per se. The arbitrator dismissed plaintiff's claim pursuant to the

administrative exhaustion requirement set forth in the Financial Institutions Reform,

Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989 (FIRREA) (

(d)(13)(D) (2012)),

finding it lacked jurisdiction to consider the claim as plaintiff had not first filed her claim

with the Federal Deposit Insurance Company (FDIC), which had been named as the

receiver for WaMu after the federal government closed the bank. Plaintiff argues on

appeal that the court erred in denying her motion to vacate as (1) the AAA exceeded its

authority in its appointment of the arbitrator and (2) the arbitrator had no authority to

dismiss the arbitration based on FIRREA. We remand and direct the court to vacate its

decision and dismiss the case for lack of jurisdiction.

¶2 BACKGROUND

¶3 Plaintiff maintained a bank account with Chase, a financial institution, from 1992

to 2008. When plaintiff opened her account, she agreed to be bound by Chase's 1991

deposit account rules and regulations. By continuing to use her account after the rules

and regulations were amended in 2006, she agreed to be bound by the new 2006

account rules and regulations (2006 agreement). The 2006 agreement provided that

"any dispute must be resolved by binding arbitration" and the customer waived any right

it had to bring claims before a court or participate in a court case filed by others. The

arbitration provision applied "to all Claims relating to [the customer's] account that

arose in the past, which may presently be in existence, or which may arise in the future"

and would "survive termination" of the account.

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¶4 In March 2009, plaintiff filed a complaint alleging libel per se against Chase

(direct claim), WaMu and two other defendants. She asserted she had discovered in

September 2008 that Chase had published a false fraud report in March 2008 regarding

her use of her Chase checking account. She claimed WaMu had received a copy of the

false report in April 2008 and published it to third parties. Chase moved to compel

arbitration of the claim against it. The court granted the motion, staying all matters

relating to plaintiff's claim against Chase pending the outcome of the mandatory

arbitration provided for in the 2006 agreement.

¶5 On September 25, 2008, some five months before plaintiff filed her complaint,

WaMu had failed and been closed by the federal Office of Thrift Supervision, which

named the FDIC as receiver for the failed bank. On the same day, Chase had acquired

the assets and some of the liabilities of WaMu from the FDIC.

¶6 In March 2010, plaintiff filed a second amended complaint asserting the same

libel per se claims as in her original complaint, but instead of asserting a claim against

WaMu, she asserted a claim against Chase as successor in interest to WaMu

(successor claim). Citing the trial court's earlier order staying the direct claim against

Chase pending completion of arbitration, Chase moved to enforce the stay and compel

arbitration as to the successor claim against it. The court granted the motion, finding the

arbitration provision in the 2006 agreement between plaintiff and Chase applied to

plaintiff's successor claim against Chase. Plaintiff appealed. In an unreported decision,

Perik v. JP Morgan Chase, U.S.A., N.A.,

(Perik I), another

division of this court affirmed the trial court's order, finding that "all" of plaintiff's claims

against

.e., both the direct claim against Chase and the successor claim against

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Chase were subject to arbitration.

¶7 In May 2012, plaintiff filed two requests with the American Arbitration Association

(AAA) seeking arbitration of her libel per se claims against Chase and Chase as

successor in interest to WaMu. Only the arbitration claim against Chase as successor in

interest to WaMu is relevant here.

¶8 Chase moved to dismiss the arbitration claim against it as successor in interest

to WaMu. It argued that FIRREA barred jurisdiction of plaintiff's successor claim against

Chase in any forum as plaintiff had failed to first submit the claim to the FDIC for

administrative review and the time for such submission had expired. Chase asserted

that, under FIRREA, neither the trial court nor the AAA had jurisdiction to hear plaintiff's

claim that she was libeled by WaMu "before it imploded in September 2008" and Chase

was liable for WaMu's conduct as its successor. The arbitrator agreed and issued a

decision granting Chase's motion to dismiss.

¶9 Plaintiff filed a motion to vacate the arbitrator's decision in the circuit court of

Cook County, asserting the arbitration proceeding was "invalid." She argued the AAA

had violated its written procedures when it appointed the arbitrator and that the

arbitrator had exceeded his authority in dismissing her claim for lack of jurisdiction.

¶ 10 Following a hearing on June 21, 2013, the trial court denied plaintiff's motion to

vacate the arbitration award. It held that plaintiff did not show that the AAA had violated

its rules and procedures in appointing the arbitrator and the arbitrator did not exceed his

authority in deciding the FIRREA issue. The trial court made an express written finding

pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 304(a) (eff. Feb. 26, 2010) that there was no

just reason for delaying either the enforcement or appeal or both of its order. On July

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11, 2013, plaintiff filed a timely notice of appeal from the court's order denying her

motion to vacate the arbitrator's award dismissing her claim against Chase as

successor in interest to WaMu.

¶ 11 ANALYSIS

¶ 12 Plaintiff argues the trial court erred in denying her motion to vacate the

arbitrator's award for two reasons: (1) the AAA exceeded its authority in its appointment

of the arbitrator in violation of its rules and without considering plaintiff's objections to

the arbitrator and (2) the arbitrator exceeded his authority in dismissing the arbitration

based on FIRREA. Neither party raises the question of whether, under FIRREA, the trial

court had jurisdiction to consider the motion to vacate. Subject matter jurisdiction may

be challenged " 'at any time and may even be raised sua sponte by a reviewing court' "

Catom Trucking, Inc. v. City of Chicago,

(quoting Ruff v.

Splice, Inc.,

(2010)). We, therefore, consider the matter

independently and conclude that the trial court did not have jurisdiction to consider the

motion to vacate and should have dismissed plaintiff's action.

¶ 13 The question here is whether a trial court has jurisdiction to consider a motion to

vacate an arbitration award where the arbitrated claim was based on the pre-

receivership conduct of a failed bank and the plaintiff had failed to file the claim with the

FDIC as required by FIRREA. This is a matter of first impression in Illinois. As it

concerns a federal statute, we look to federal law in interpreting the statute. Twenty First

Century Recovery, Ltd. v. Mase,

(1996).

¶ 14 Enacted in response to the savings and loan crisis of the 1980s, one of FIRREA's

main objectives is to facilitate the expeditious and efficient resolution of claims against

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failed banks. Miller v. Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.,

(7th Cir.

2013). To this end, FIRREA provides that the FDIC may take over a failed bank and, as

the bank's receiver, allow or disallow claims asserted against the bank.

In order that

such claims are resolved quickly and efficiently, "FIRREA establishes strict

administrative prerequisites and deadlines that claimants must follow to lodge their

claims and challenge any denials."

It requires that any party wishing to pursue a

claim against a failed institution or its assets must present that claim to the receiver, the

FDIC. Maher v. Harris Trust & Savings Bank,

(7th Cir. 1996), as

modified on clarification, No. 951103 (Feb. 28, 1996) (citing

(d)(3)-

(5)). 1 The receiver must allow or disallow the claim within 180 days and the claimant

then has 60 days to seek additional administrative review or judicial review of the

receiver's decision.

¶ 15 FIRREA gives the FDIC the authority to establish a deadline, also known as the

"bar date," by which a failed bank's creditors and claimants must submit their claims to

the FDIC. Miller v. Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.,

(7th Cir. 2013)

(citing

(d)(3)(B)(i)); Potter v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., No. CV 13-

863 CAS,

, at *3 (Dist. Ct. C.D. Cal. May 8, 2013). It requires that the

FDIC publish notice of this deadline once a month for three months and the deadline

must be at least 90 days after the date of the notice's first publication. Miller,

(citing

(d)(3)(B)(i), (ii)). The FDIC is also required to mail a notice

1 We have omitted the relevant years for the United States Code sections cited or quoted in the federal cases cited herein as it is unclear from these cases on which year of the United States Code the courts relied in analyzing section 1821(d) of FIRREA and as section 1821(d) has not been amended in any manner relevant to our discussion since 1991.

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of the deadline " 'to any creditor shown on the institution's books.' " Miller,

(quoting

(d)(3)(C)). If a claimant fails to submit a claim by the

FDIC's deadline, then the claim " 'shall be disallowed and such disallowance shall be

final.' " 2

(quoting

(d)(5)(C)(i)).

¶ 16 FIRREA provides for judicial review of claims where a claimant has exhausted

the administrative claim procedure. Farnik v. Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.,

(7th Cir. 2013) (citing

(d)(6)(A)). Specifically, section

1821(d)(6)(A) provides that, after the FDIC has made a determination on a claim, the

claimant has 60 days to request administrative review of the claim, file suit on the claim

in the relevant district court or continue an action commenced before the appointment of

the receiver. 3 Jackson Walker LLP v. Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.,

(D. Minn. 2014) (citing

(d)(6)(A)). Further, if, "in lieu of filing

or continuing any action," a claimant requests administrative review of the FDIC's

decision and the FDIC agrees to the request, then the FDIC's final determination with

2 Since such disallowance is "final," this provision arguably means that no further litigation on an untimely claim is authorized. FIRREA does provide an exception to the finality requirement, permitting the FDIC to consider untimely claims if "the claimant did not receive notice of the appointment of the receiver in time to file such claim before such date" and "such claim is filed in time to permit payment of such claim."

(d)(5)(C)(ii) (2012). This exception does not apply here since, as held in paragraph 19 below, she received adequate notice of the bar date. 3 If a claimant does not seek judicial or administrative review of the FDIC's determination within the 60-day period, then "the claim shall be deemed to be disallowed *** as of the end of such period, such disallowance shall be final, and the claimant shall have no further rights or remedies with respect to such claim."

(d)(6)(B) (2012). Further, no court may review the FDIC's determination to disallow a claim where the basis for the disallowance was that the claim was not "proved to the satisfaction of the receiver [FDIC]" (

(d)(5)(D)(i) 2012).

(d)(5)(E) (2012). 7 1-13-2245

respect to such claim is also subject to judicial review.

(d)(7)(A)

(2012).

¶ 17 Although FIRREA specifically provides for judicial review of claims where a

claimant has exhausted the administrative claim procedure (

(d)(6)(A),

(7)(A) (2012)), it also sets forth the following "Limitation on Judicial Review" in section

1821(d)(13)(D):

"Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, no court shall have

jurisdiction over-

(i) any claim or action for payment from, or any action seeking a

determination of rights with respect to, the assets of any depository

institution for which the Corporation has been appointed receiver,

including assets which the Corporation may acquire from itself as such

receiver; or

(ii) any claim relating to any act or omission of such institution or

the Corporation as receiver."

(d)(13)(D) (2012).

¶ 18 Given that FIRREA provides in sections 1821(d)(6)(A) and 1821(d)(7)(A) that

courts have jurisdiction over claims against a failed bank after the administrative claims

process has been completed and after the FDIC had conducted an administrative

review of its allowance/disallowance of the claim, courts interpret section 1821(d)(13)(D)

to mean that "the administrative claims process is the exclusive remedy for claims

against insolvent banks." Potter,

, at *4. In other words, section

1821(d)(13)(D) "' bars claimants from taking claims directly to court without first going

through an administrative determination.' " Miller,

(quoting Campbell v.

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Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.,

(7th Cir. 2012)). It "requires that a

plaintiff exhaust these administrative remedies with the FDIC before filing certain

claims." 4 Benson v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.,

(9th Cir. 2012).

Relevant here is section 1821(d)(13)(D)(ii). Pursuant to this section, "[c]ourts lack

authority to review FIRREA claims 'relating to any act or omission' of a failed bank or of

the FDIC as receiver of a failed bank unless they are first subjected to FIRREA's

administrative claims process." Farnik v. Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.,

(7th Cir. 2013) (quoting

(d)(13)(D)(ii)).

¶ 19 Here, the FDIC published the requisite three public notices on October 1, 2008,

notifying all claimants that any claims relating to WaMu's prereceivership acts or

omissions had to be submitted to the FDIC for review by December 30, 2008. Plaintiff

was not a known creditor shown on WaMu's books as she did not advance her claim for

WaMu's prereceivership conduct until after WaMu had failed. She was, therefore, not

entitled to mailed notice of the bar date for submission of claims to the FDIC. Demelo v.

4 FIRREA does not, however, completely strip a court of jurisdiction to consider a court claim filed against a failed bank before the appointment of the receiver such that the case should be dismissed. As our supreme court held in Armstrong v. Resolution Trust Corp.,

(1993), one of the few Illinois cases addressing state court jurisdiction under FIRREA, "Congress did not intend to preclude all judicial review before the statutory claims process has been completed." Armstrong,

. The court pointed out that FIRREA explicitly provides for suspension of "any judicial action or proceeding to which an insured depository institution [a failed bank] is or becomes a party" (

(d)(12)(A) (2012)) and "the filing of a claim with the receiver shall not prejudice any right of the claimant to continue any action which was filed before the appointment of the receiver" (

(d)(5)(F)(ii) (2012)). Armstrong,

. It concluded that, although FIRREA sets out a jurisdictional bar precluding courts from considering a claim against the receiver until a claimant has exhausted the administrative review process, state and federal courts retain subject matter jurisdiction over suits filed prior to the appointment of the receiver and such cases need not be automatically dismissed.

.

9 1-13-2245

U.S. Bank National Ass'n,

(1st Cir. 2013). Instead, as her claim was

inchoate, the FDIC's notice by publication of the December 25, 2008, bar date was

sufficient notice to plaintiff of the bar date for her claim.

¶ 20 It is uncontested that plaintiff did not file her claim for WaMu's prereceivership

libel with the FDIC, let alone file the claim before the bar date on December 25, 2008.

Instead she filed her claim in the circuit court, first against WaMu in 2009 and then

against Chase as successor to WaMu in 2010, which latter claim went to mandatory

arbitration. By failing to file her claim with the FDIC, plaintiff failed to exhaust her

administrative remedies under FIRREA prior to filing suit and, given the expiration of the

FIRREA filing period, plaintiff will never be able to exhaust those administrative

remedies. Thus, if plaintiff's claim against Chase as successor to WaMu for WaMu's

libel was subject to FIRREA's exhaustion requirement, the trial court's only recourse

when presented with an action on the claim would be to dismiss the action for lack of

jurisdiction.

¶ 21 Plaintiff's claim against Chase as successor in interest to WaMu was a "claim"

under FIRREA. On September 25, 2008, WaMu failed and was closed by the Office of

Thrift Supervision and the FDIC was appointed as WaMu's receiver. Plaintiff's claim

against Chase as successor in interest to WaMu is based on WaMu's pre-September

25, 2008, conduct, specifically WaMu's alleged libel of plaintiff when it published the

fraud report it received in April 2008 to third parties. Section 1821(d)(13)(D)(ii) bars

judicial review of "any claim relating to any act or omission" of a failed bank such as

WaMu absent exhaustion of administrative remedies.

(d)(13)(D)(ii)

(2012). Plaintiff's claim clearly relates to an act of WaMu, specifically its alleged pre-

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receivership libel. Her claim, therefore, is subject to FIRREA.

¶ 22 The fact that plaintiff filed her claim against Chase as WaMu's successor (rather

than against WaMu) does not change this determination. "[A]n entity that purchases a

failed lending institution's assets from the FDIC acquires the administrative protections

afforded by section 1821(d)." Lazarre v. JPMorgan Chase, N.A.,

(S.D. Fla. 2011). “[A] claim asserted against a purchasing bank based on the

conduct of a failed bank must be exhausted under FIRREA.” Benson v. JPMorgan

Chase Bank, N.A.,

(9th Cir. 2012) (citing American National

Insurance Co. v. Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.,

(D.C. Cir.

2011), Village of Oakwood v. State Bank & Trust Co.,

(6th Cir. 2008)

and American First Federal, Inc. v. Lake Forest Park, Inc.,

, 1263 n.3

(11th Cir. 1999)). "[T]he FIRREA administrative exhaustion requirement is based not on

the entity named as defendant but on the actor responsible for the alleged wrongdoing."

Farnik,

. " '[W]here a claim is functionally, albeit not formally, against a

depository institution for which the FDIC is receiver,' it falls under FIRREA."

at 722-

23 (quoting American National Insurance Co.,

). Plaintiff's claim

against Chase as successor to failed bank WaMu is based solely on WaMu's alleged

prereceivership libel. Therefore, section 1821(d)(13)(D)(ii) applies with equal force to

Chase as successor to WaMu as it would have to WaMu itself and plaintiff's claim

against Chase as WaMu's successor is subject to FIRREA's administrative exhaustion

requirement. Aber-Shukofsky v. JPMorgan Chase & Co.,

(E.D.N.Y. 2010); Lazarre,

.

¶ 23 As held previously, plaintiff did not exhaust the administrative review process that

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is a prerequisite to judicial review before she filed her complaints asserting claims for

WaMu's alleged libelous act. Therefore, under FIRREA, the trial court did not have

subject matter jurisdiction to consider the claim. Benson,

(finding the

plaintiffs' claims against Chase, WaMu's successor in interest, were barred since the

claims, as in the case at bar, related to alleged acts and omissions of WaMu before its

failure and seizure by the FDIC and the plaintiffs had failed to exhaust the administrative

process set forth in FIRREA before filing their claims in court). The court did not have

such jurisdiction when plaintiff filed her original complaint asserting the claim against

WaMu in 2009 or when she filed her second amended complaint asserting the claim

against Chase as successor to WaMu in 2010.

¶ 24 For the same reason, the court also lacked jurisdiction to consider plaintiff's

motion to vacate the arbitrator's award on the claim. Plaintiff's failure to exhaust her

administrative remedies prior to filing her motion to vacate the arbitration award

prevented the trial court from acquiring subject matter jurisdiction to consider the

motion. In Saffer v. JP Morgan Chase Bank,

(Cal. Ct. App. 2014),

a case remarkably similar to the case at bar, the plaintiff failed to submit his claims

based on WaMu's prereceivership conduct with the FDIC before the bar date and,

instead, had filed suit against WaMu and Chase. The court, on Chase's motion,

compelled arbitration of the claims. Chase, as successor to WaMu, moved to dismiss

the arbitration action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under FIRREA. The arbitrator

concluded that he (and the court) lacked subject matter jurisdiction to hear the plaintiff's

claims and dismissed the case. The plaintiff filed a motion to vacate the arbitrator's

ruling. The court confirmed the arbitrator's ruling.

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¶ 25 On review, the California Court of Appeal found the plaintiff's failure to satisfy

FIRREA's exhaustion requirements before filing suit prevented the trial court from

acquiring subject matter jurisdiction over his claims. Saffer,

. It

held the trial court, therefore, had no jurisdiction when it compelled the suit "to an

unauthorized arbitration" and when it affirmed the arbitrator's award dismissing the

claim for lack of jurisdiction under FIRREA.

It ordered that the matter be remanded to

the trial court with directions that the court vacate the judgment and enter an order

dismissing the plaintiff's case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

We find Saffer

persuasive. We are not bound to follow decisions from other states. Fosse v.

Pensabene,

(2005). However, to the extent that Saffer

addresses the issue at bar and there is no Illinois authority that speaks to this issue, we

may look to Safer as persuasive authority.

¶ 26 We do not decide here whether, under FIRREA, the arbitrator had jurisdiction to

consider plaintiff's claim despite her failure to exhaust her administrative remedies

before filing the arbitration claim. Although, arguably, he did not. See Multibank 2010-1

SFR Venture LLC v. Saunders, No. 2:11-CV-1245 JCM,

, at *3 (D.

Nev. Nov. 14, 2011) (finding the defendants were enjoined from engaging in arbitration

of their claim against the successor in interest to a failed bank until they had exhausted

their administrative remedies under FIRREA; "FIRREA requires the [defendants] to first

submit their claim and exhaust their administrative remedies prior to engaging in

arbitration"). Rather, our holding here is that the trial court lacked jurisdiction as a result

of plaintiff's failure to comply with FIRREA.

¶ 27 Plaintiff argues, in the context of the arbitrator's jurisdiction under FIRREA, that

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neither the arbitrator nor the circuit court had the authority to overrule the appellate

court's direction in Perik I that plaintiff's claim against Chase as successor to WaMu

(successor claim) must proceed to arbitration. In Perik I, the appellate court affirmed the

trial court's order compelling arbitration of both the direct claim against Chase and the

successor claim against Chase, holding that "all" of plaintiff's claims against Chase were

subject to mandatory arbitration under the parties' 2006 agreement. In Chase's

appellate brief in Perik I, it had argued that the trial court's decision to stay plaintiff's

direct and successor claims against Chase pending arbitration should be affirmed on

two bases: (1) the mandatory arbitration provision in the 2006 agreement applied to

both the direct and successor claims and, in the alternative, (2) the court lacked

jurisdiction to adjudicate the successor claim as plaintiff had failed to comply with the

administrative exhaustion requirement of FIRREA. The Perik I decision addressed only

Chase's first argument. It does not mention Chase's second argument regarding the trial

court's jurisdiction under FIRREA. Perik I does not mention FIRREA at all.

¶ 28 Plaintiff argues that, as Chase had raised the application of FIRREA to her

successor claim on appeal in Perik I, the court in Perik I would not have "remanded" the

successor claim to arbitration if FIRREA applied to the claim. She would have us infer

from the court's silence regarding FIRREA that the court's determination that "all" claims

against Chase were arbitrable is an implicit finding that the trial court and the arbitrator

had jurisdiction to consider the claims. She asserts that, when the court in Perik I

"remanded the case, it held that it had subject matter jurisdiction" and that Perik I is the

law of the case. We reject plaintiff's argument.

¶ 29 First, Perik I did not "remand" plaintiff's claims as she asserts here. Instead, the

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court affirmed, without further instruction, the trial court's finding that both claims against

Chase were arbitrable on the basis that the 2006 agreement between the parties

applied to both the direct and the successor claims. Second, the only law of the case to

be gleaned from Perik I is the court's holding that "all" claims against Chase, including

the claim against Chase as WaMu's successor, were subject to the mandatory

arbitration provision in the 2006 agreement.

¶ 30 "The law of the case doctrine bars relitigation of an issue that has already been

decided in the same case such that the resolution of an issue presented in a prior

appeal is binding and will control upon remand in the circuit court and in a subsequent

appeal before the appellate court." (Internal citations omitted.) American Service

Insurance Co. v. China Ocean Shipping Co. (Americas) Inc.,

. "The doctrine applies to questions of law and fact and encompasses a court's

explicit decisions, as well as those decisions made by necessary implication."

In

other words, the law of the case doctrine applies only to issues that were actually

decided, whether expressly or by necessary implication.

¶ 31 Here, the question of whether FIRREA barred the trial court and/or the arbitrator

from adjudicating plaintiff's successor claim against Chase was not actually decided in

Perik I. The court explicitly decided only that the trial court should be affirmed as the

2006 agreement applied to plaintiff's claim against Chase as successor to WaMu and

the claim, therefore, should be arbitrated. We do not find that a necessary implication of

this determination is that the arbitrator and/or the trial court had subject matter

jurisdiction to consider plaintiff's successor claim against Chase despite plaintiff's failure

to comply with FIRREA. Although Chase had raised the alternate argument that the trial

15 1-13-2245

court should be affirmed as FIRREA stripped the trial court of jurisdiction to consider

plaintiff's successor claim, the Perik I court did not address this argument. We do not

infer that the court, by its silence on this alternate argument, taken in context with its

determination that the successor claim was arbitrable, intended to convey that it had

also decided that the appellate court, the trial court and/or the arbitrator had subject

matter jurisdiction to consider plaintiff's successor claim against Chase despite FIRREA.

This is not a "necessary implication" from the court's decision to affirm the trial court's

decision on the first basis raised by Chase and therefore, not the law of the case

binding on this court.

¶ 32 What may be implied from the court's silence on this matter was that it decided

the arbitrability question only and left the question of FIRREA compliance to the

arbitrator. However, to the extent that there is a necessary implication that the court and

arbitrator had jurisdiction to proceed, based on Saffer, we would necessarily find that

this was palpably erroneous. See American Service Insurance Co.,

(an exception to the law of the case doctrine exists for when "a reviewing

court finds that its prior decision was palpably erroneous"). As we noted earlier, subject

matter jurisdiction may be challenged at any time and be raised sua sponte by a

reviewing court. Catom Trucking, Inc.,

.

¶ 33 Accordingly, as plaintiff failed to exhaust her administrative remedies prior to

filing her motion to vacate the arbitrator's dismissal of her claim that Chase was liable

for WaMu's prereceivership libel, pursuant to FIRREA, the trial court had no jurisdiction

to consider the motion. We direct the trial court to vacate its judgment and to dismiss

the action. See Saffer,

(remanding to trial court for

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dismissal of administrative review action upon finding lack of subject matter jurisdiction

due to plaintiff's failure to exhaust FIRREA administrative remedies prior to filing suit);

see also Interface Kanner, LLC v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.,

(2013) (remanding to district court for dismissal of action upon finding jurisdiction

lacking due to failure to exhaust FIRREA administrative remedies).

¶ 34 CONCLUSION

¶ 35 For the reasons stated above, we remand to the trial court with directions to

vacate its judgment and dismiss the action.

¶ 36 Remanded with directions.

17