THIRD DIVISION October 21, 2015

No. 1-13-1938

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the ) Circuit Court of Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County, Illinois. ) v. ) No. 02 CR 22859 ) CORNELL MORGAN, ) Honorable ) Catherine M. Haberkorn, Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding.

PRESIDING JUSTICE MASON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices Pucinski and Hyman concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 Defendant Cornell Morgan was convicted of attempted murder and aggravated battery

with a firearm in connection with the shooting of Jarrett Garcia on December 26, 2001. He filed

a pro se postconviction petition in which he raised three claims: (1) he had newly discovered

evidence of his actual innocence, (2) his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to call character

witnesses at his sentencing hearing, and (3) his appellate counsel (who also represented him at

sentencing) was ineffective for failing to raise on appeal her own ineffectiveness at sentencing.

Morgan attached an affidavit from eyewitness Annie Coleman, who claimed she saw someone

else shoot the victim, and three affidavits from his character witnesses.

¶2 On the State’s motion, the circuit court dismissed Morgan’s ineffective assistance claims

at the second stage of postconviction proceedings. Morgan’s actual innocence claim proceeded

to a third-stage evidentiary hearing. Following the hearing, the trial court found that Coleman’s

testimony was not credible and denied Morgan’s petition. Morgan now appeals, contending No. 1-13-1938

that: (1) the circuit court committed manifest error in denying his actual innocence claim; (2) the

circuit court erroneously dismissed his ineffective assistance claim; and (3) his postconviction

counsel violated Illinois Supreme Court Rule 651(c) (eff. Dec. 1, 1984) by failing to consult with

him regarding his claims. Finding no error, we affirm.

¶3 BACKGROUND

¶4 Morgan’s Trial

¶5 The case against Morgan proceeded to a jury trial before Judge Catherine Haberkorn.

The State called three witnesses to the shooting: the victim Garcia, Loretta Megwa, and

Berrisford Flowers.

¶6 Garcia testified that his brother Ean introduced him to Morgan in the summer of 2001.

At the time, Garcia only knew Morgan as “Doo.” The two of them came to a business

arrangement: Garcia would store packages of marijuana for Morgan, and when Morgan came to

pick up a package, he would give Garcia money and also some of the marijuana as payment.

This arrangement continued through December 2001. Morgan gave packages to Garcia on about

three occasions, and Garcia saw him in person about 10 times in total.

¶7 On December 25, 2001, Morgan called Garcia and told him that he was coming to pick

up a package of marijuana. Garcia told him that he could not deliver the marijuana on that day,

so Morgan said that he would come by the next day. In anticipation of Morgan’s visit, Garcia

placed one of Morgan’s packages in his car, under the seat.

¶8 The next day, at around 1:30 p.m., Garcia returned home to his apartment at 1712 Estes

Avenue. He parked his car in the parking lot behind the building and then walked up the stairs to

his apartment. When he got inside, he looked out the window and saw a red Camry pull into the

alley next to the parking lot. Morgan was the driver. He waved at Garcia. Garcia exited his

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apartment, came downstairs, grabbed the package from his car, put it inside his coat, and walked

toward Morgan, who was still in his car.

¶9 When Garcia was about 12 feet away from Morgan’s car, Morgan pulled out a gun and

began shooting at him. Morgan did not say anything, nor did Garcia have a chance to say

anything before Morgan started firing. He shot approximately five times, hitting Garcia in the

stomach, right side, arm, and left shoulder. He then drove away westward.

¶ 10 Garcia stumbled over to a Dumpster that was by the foot of the staircase leading to his

apartment and threw away the package of marijuana. He did this because he knew it was illegal

and did not want the police to find him carrying it. At the time, Flowers was sitting in his car in

the parking lot. Garcia stumbled over to Flowers’ car and told Flowers to call the police and an

ambulance. Ashley Cattouse, a man who lived in Garcia’s apartment building, came outside and

called the police. Garcia felt himself getting weak and told Flowers and Cattouse that he could

not wait for an ambulance to arrive. The three of them got in Flowers’ car and Flowers drove to

the hospital.

¶ 11 Counsel for the State showed Garcia photographs of the crime scene. The photographs

depict an alley, with parking spaces next to a building on the left and a fenced in parking lot to

the right. Garcia indicated that his apartment building was the building on the left, and he was

standing at the parking spaces next to his building when he was shot.

¶ 12 On the day after the shooting, December 27, 2001, Garcia spoke with Detective Robert

Clemens. He told Detective Clemens that “Doo” had shot him, but he did not know Doo’s real

name or his address. On April 19, 2002, Garcia met with Detective Clemens, and Detective

Clemens showed him a photo lineup. Garcia identified a photo of Morgan as Doo. On August

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24, 2002, Garcia went to the police station and viewed an in-person lineup, where he again

identified Morgan as the man who shot him.

¶ 13 On cross-examination, Garcia stated that he never stole marijuana from Morgan, and he

also never stole any money from him. He did not know why Morgan decided to shoot him.

¶ 14 Megwa, the State’s second occurrence witness, testified that in December 2001, she lived

in the 1700 block of Touhy Avenue. On December 26, 2001, shortly after 1:30 p.m., she was in

the parking lot behind 1713 Touhy Avenue, clearing snow off her parked car. She explained that

the parking lot adjoins an alley that is shared by the 1700 block of Estes Avenue.

¶ 15 Megwa saw a red car in the alley, facing west. She was about two car-lengths away from

the red car; she described its placement as “my car, this car, and then the fence, and then the

[red] car.” While she was clearing snow, she heard a popping sound like a firecracker coming

from the vicinity of the red car. She looked toward the car and saw a dark-skinned man with a

gun pointing out the window, firing toward a man who was hopping around in the Estes parking

lot. The man in the red car stopped firing and drove away west. The other man continued

hopping toward the back staircase of the building.

¶ 16 At the time, there was a green Camry in the parking lot with people inside it. Megwa saw

people come out of that car and call for help. A young man came out of the apartment building.

Together, they helped the victim into the green Camry and then drove away. As soon as they

left, police cars arrived on the scene, and Megwa spoke with the police.

¶ 17 Flowers testified that on December 26, 2001, at around 1:30 p.m., he was sitting in his

green Camry in a parking space behind the building at 1712 Estes Avenue. He was eating while

waiting for his friend Cattouse, who lived in that building, to come out. His car was facing

south, toward the building. Flowers saw Garcia pull up in a vehicle, park, and get out of his car.

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Flowers stayed in his car and continued eating. A minute later, he saw Garcia walking toward

the alley behind him. There was a red Camry in the alley, facing west. There was a dark-

skinned individual in the car; Flowers thought it was a man, but he was not sure.

¶ 18 Flowers heard a popping noise like gunshots. He looked outside and saw Garcia jumping

up and down next to his car. He asked Garcia what happened, and Garcia said to call 911.

Flowers turned around and saw the back of the red Camry heading westbound out of the alley.

Just then, Cattouse came out of the building. Cattouse and Flowers put Garcia in the car, and

then Flowers drove away. He did not wait for an ambulance because he saw that Garcia was

losing a lot of blood. On the way to the hospital, he encountered police, who escorted his car to

the hospital.

¶ 19 Garcia’s brother Ean also testified. In the summer of 2001, Ean worked at a shoe store.

Morgan, whom he knew as Doo, was a frequent customer. Sometime that summer, Morgan

asked Ean whether he knew of a place where he could store his marijuana. Ean said that he did

and introduced him to his brother. That fall, Garcia stored Morgan’s marijuana for him.

¶ 20 On December 26, 2001, Ean received a phone call from Flowers and Cattouse. He went

to St. Francis Hospital and saw his brother, who had been shot. He also spoke with a police

officer named Detective Clemens. On April 19, 2002, Ean met with Detective Clemens again

and viewed a photo lineup, from which he identified Morgan as Doo.

¶ 21 Finally, the State called three police officers who were involved in the investigation of

the shooting and Morgan’s arrest. On December 26, 2001, at approximately 1:30 p.m., Detective

Ed Heerdt responded to a call of shots fired at 1712 Estes Avenue. He arrived on the scene about

30 seconds later. There, he spoke to Megwa. He also observed a Dumpster to the left of the rear

door of the apartment building on the Estes side of the alley. Standing next to the Dumpster,

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Detective Heerdt smelled cannabis. He looked inside the Dumpster and recovered a large clear

plastic bag filled with a green substance. The bag was inventoried and sent to the Illinois State

Police crime lab. Chemical analysis showed that the bag contained 439.1 grams of marijuana.

The parties stipulated that only one fingerprint on the bag was suitable for comparison; it

belonged to Detective Heerdt.

¶ 22 Special Agent Dan Thomas stopped Morgan for a traffic violation on June 15, 2012.

Morgan was driving a black Camry. Based on a later conversation with Detective Clemens,

Agent Thomas arrested Morgan at his traffic court hearing on August 23, 2002. At this point,

Agent Thomas observed that Morgan’s Camry appeared to have been painted: wherever there

was a crack or a crevice on the car, he could see reddish paint under the black paint. The car was

registered to Denise Lesure, Morgan’s mother.

¶ 23 On December 26, 2001, Detective Clemens was assigned to investigate Garcia’s

shooting. He spoke with Garcia at the hospital on December 27. Garcia said that the shooter

was a dark man, approximately 6 feet tall and 160 pounds, who went by the name Doo. On April

19, 2012, Detective Clemens showed Garcia a photo lineup of six photographs, including a

photograph of Morgan. Garcia identified the photograph of Morgan as Doo, the person who shot

him. Detective Clemens separately showed the photographs to Ean, who also identified Morgan.

On August 23, 2002, at an in-person lineup, Garcia again identified Morgan as the person who

shot him.

¶ 24 The defense called three witnesses: Tai Hwang, Morgan’s mother Lesure, and Morgan’s

friend Celest Young. In December 2001, Hwang was employed at Maaco Auto Painting and

Body Shop. While he did not remember Morgan’s face, he did remember getting a 1993 Camry

in his shop with a particular vehicle identification number. He gave an estimate for painting that

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car black on December 20, 2001. According to his receipt, the car was picked up on January 2,

2002. He acknowledged that he initially wrote on the receipt that the car was picked up on “2-2-

02,” but that date was incorrect; because it was the beginning of the year 2002 at the time, he

accidentally wrote a “2,” then changed it to a “1.”

¶ 25 Hwang did not recall when the car was dropped off. However, he said that his shop

would need four full working days to paint a car. The shop was closed on Sundays, on

Christmas, and on New Year’s Day. On December 24 and 31, the shop was open for a half-day

so that people could pick up and drop off cars, but no work was done on those days. The court

took judicial notice of the fact that December 20, 2001, was a Thursday. Based upon these facts,

Hwang testified that the car would have had to be in the shop on December 24 or earlier in order

to be ready for pickup on January 2.

¶ 26 Lesure, Morgan’s mother, purchased a black 1993 Camry in March 2001. In November

2001, Morgan had it painted red without her permission. Lesure told him that he had no right to

paint her car red, and she also told him to repaint it black.

¶ 27 On December 25, 2001, Lesure hosted a Christmas celebration at her house. Morgan was

present, along with Young and various family members. Lesure explained that Young was not

actually a family member, but Lesure thought of her as family because Lesure had known her

since Young was seven years old. At the Christmas celebration, Lesure asked Morgan where her

Camry was, and Morgan told her that it was in the shop, being repainted black. At some point in

January she saw the car, and it was in fact black.

¶ 28 On the night of December 25, 2001, Lesure went to her job as a staff nurse, where she

worked the night shift. She arrived home at around 7:30 a.m. on December 26. Morgan was still

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at the house. Lesure testified that she stayed home from 7:30 a.m. until 3 p.m. on that day, and

Morgan was at the house the entire time.

¶ 29 On cross-examination, Lesure stated that on August 24, 2002, she had a phone

conversation with a detective. Lesure denied telling a detective that she was unaware her car had

been repainted, adding: “You guys put what you want to put on those reports.”

¶ 30 Young was a friend of Morgan, having known him for 20 years. On December 20, 2001,

she went with him to drop off his car at Maaco. The car was a red Camry. On December 24,

2001, she went to spend the Christmas holiday at Morgan’s mother’s house. Morgan was there.

They stayed there through December 26. Young testified that she did not at any time leave the

house on December 26, 2001, and Morgan did not leave either. On January 2, 2001, she and

Morgan picked up Morgan’s car from Maaco, and it was painted black.

¶ 31 On cross-examination, Young stated that a police detective called her on August 24,

2002. She did not recall the detective asking her whether she had Christmas dinner at her house

or at Morgan’s house. Additionally, she denied telling the detective that Morgan stayed with her

at her house.

¶ 32 After Young’s testimony, the defense rested. The State then called Detective Clemens as

a rebuttal witness. Detective Clemens testified that on August 23, 2002, Morgan was arrested for

the shooting of Garcia. Morgan was allowed to make a phone call, and that phone number was

recorded on Morgan’s arrest report. On August 24, 2002, Detective Clemens called that phone

number. The person on the other end identified herself as Celest Young. Detective Clemens

asked her if she remembered the Christmas holiday of 2001. Young stated that she was with

Morgan every day without exception. Detective Clemens asked her whether they had Christmas

dinner together and whether it was at her house or Morgan’s mother’s house; Young could not

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recall. Detective Clemens also asked her if Morgan stayed at her house in the city or at his

mother’s house, and Young told him that Morgan stayed with her at her house in the city.

¶ 33 On that same date, Detective Clemens called Lesure. Lesure told him that only family

members were with her at her Christmas celebration. Lesure also said that she did not know that

her car had been repainted.

¶ 34 After closing arguments, the jury returned a verdict of guilty on all charges. Following

the verdict, Morgan’s counsel raised concerns about Morgan’s fitness for sentencing. The court

later held a fitness hearing and found Morgan to be fit.

¶ 35 At Morgan’s sentencing hearing, David Williams, a correctional officer for the Cook

County department of corrections, testified in aggravation. Williams stated that on January 30,

2003, Morgan was returning from a psychiatric evaluation. A transportation officer requested

that Morgan submit to a strip search, pursuant to prison policy. Morgan refused and struck

Williams in the nose with a closed fist. He continued swinging and kicking, despite Williams

instructing him to stop, and then ran out of the bullpen. Williams pursued him with two other

officers, and after a long struggle, the officers were able to subdue him. Williams suffered a

bloody nose and a fractured thumb from that incident.

¶ 36 Morgan’s counsel asked that the testimony of Morgan’s mother Lesure, who had testified

at the fitness hearing immediately preceding, be adopted in mitigation. Lesure testified that she

first learned that Morgan had psychiatric needs when he was four years old. He was having

difficulties at daycare, and a social worker told Lesure that he was a child with special needs.

Lesure had him evaluated by a variety of doctors and also sent him for psychiatric counseling

until he entered high school. In high school, his condition improved; he still experienced

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aggression and hallucinations, but they were minimal compared to previous years. Lesure

testified that Morgan had attempted suicide three or four times in his adult life.

¶ 37 The trial court sentenced Morgan to 22 years’ imprisonment for attempted murder and for

aggravated battery, to be served concurrently. The court noted the seriousness of the offense, the

fact that Morgan’s conduct caused great bodily harm, Morgan’s lack of remorse, and Morgan’s

prior contacts with the criminal justice system. Morgan appealed, and this court affirmed his

convictions and sentences. People v. Morgan, No. 1-05-0924 (2007) (unpublished order under

Supreme Court Rule 23).

¶ 38 Postconviction Proceedings

¶ 39 On October 28, 2010, Morgan filed a pro se postconviction petition in which he raised

three claims. First, he stated that he had newly discovered evidence of his actual innocence:

Coleman, a witness to the crime, had come forward after nine years to state that Morgan was not

the shooter. In an attached affidavit, Coleman averred that on December 26, 2001, sometime

between 12:30 p.m. and 2 p.m., as she was standing in the parking lot behind 1713 Touhy

Avenue, she saw a man named Big John, or B.J., pull up in a red Beretta. Coleman could see

B.J. clearly and was “very familiar” with him, since she used to read Bible verses to him and his

friends. Coleman observed a black man approaching B.J.’s car. The two of them spoke for a

few seconds, and then B.J. reached out the window and fired a gun at the other man. Coleman

stated that she had never previously mentioned this incident to anyone besides her family

because she lived a block away and did not want to endanger herself or her children.

¶ 40 Morgan’s second claim was that his trial counsel at sentencing was ineffective for failing

to call mitigation witnesses on his behalf. Morgan stated that he contacted three such witnesses

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prior to sentencing, but his counsel failed to consult with him regarding a motion to reconsider

his sentence and, as a result, failed to interview and call those witnesses.

¶ 41 In support of this claim, Morgan attached affidavits from each of the three witnesses.

Marcus Dwight, the owner of T&M Towing Company, stated that Morgan asked him to testify

as a character witness as his sentencing hearing. However, Morgan’s attorney never contacted

him, so he was unable to attend the hearing. If Dwight had been called to the hearing, he would

have testified that he had known Morgan for 15 years. Morgan was hardworking, industrious,

and kind, and on numerous occasions he helped elderly people in the community to cut their

lawns and shovel snow. Dwight opined that Morgan had “great rehabilitative potential” and

stated that he was planning to hire him upon completion of his sentence.

¶ 42 Savonya Bishop, the second mitigation witness, averred that she wanted to testify at

Morgan’s sentencing hearing but his attorney failed to return her calls. She stated that she had

been a friend of Morgan’s family for 18 years. She described Morgan as “a good person, who

sometimes seem[s] to make bad decisions.” She said that he was loving, caring, and helpful, and

he was one of the community’s football coaches.

¶ 43 Colleen Stewart, the final mitigation witness, stated that she had wanted to speak on

Morgan’s behalf during the sentencing hearing. Morgan’s attorney assured her that she would

have an opportunity to testify, but he did not contact her again, and she later learned that Morgan

had received a 22-year sentence. Stewart said that she had known Morgan for most of her life.

At the time of his incarceration, Morgan was beginning to turn his life around and was attending

Elgin Community College to obtain a commercial driver’s license so that he could become a

truck driver. He always spoke about giving back to the community, and he mentored kids to

teach them how to overcome adversity in negative environments. On numerous occasions, he

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volunteered to work in the jail’s hospital to help the sick and elderly. He voluntarily took many

classes on self-development and had received certificates in substance abuse, anger management,

parenting, and lifestyle redirection. He was also a full-time participant in a violence prevention

program. He frequently spoke about learning from his mistakes and not repeating them. Stewart

concluded that “[r]ehabilitation consist[s] of many area’s [sic] of growth in one’s life” and stated

that Morgan’s growth had been astronomical.

¶ 44 Morgan’s final claim was that his counsel on direct appeal was ineffective for failing to

raise the ineffectiveness of his trial counsel at sentencing. The same attorney represented him at

his sentencing hearing and on direct appeal. Morgan noted that it was unlikely that an attorney

would raise her own ineffectiveness as an issue on appeal, and, in fact, his attorney did not.

¶ 45 After Morgan’s petition survived first-stage review, the State filed a motion to dismiss

Morgan’s ineffective assistance claims. The court granted the State’s motion for three reasons:

first, it was unclear whether Morgan’s trial counsel had been aware of the mitigation witnesses,

since Morgan did not present any affidavit stating that he told his trial counsel about them;

second, deciding whether to call the witnesses would have been a matter of strategy at the

sentencing hearing; and third, the judge stated that the witnesses “were definitely not going to

change [her] mind as to the sentence of this individual” in light of the facts of the case.

¶ 46 The case proceeded to a third-stage evidentiary hearing on Morgan’s actual innocence

claim. Coleman was the only witness at that hearing. Coleman testified that on December 26,

2001, between 12:30 p.m. and 2 p.m., she was smoking a cigarette next to her car in the parking

lot behind the apartment building at 1713 Touhy Avenue. She was waiting there because she

was going to pick up her friend Betty Sue and take her to get drugs. At that time, Coleman

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smoked marijuana “mostly everyday,” but she did not think that she had used any drugs on that

particular day.

¶ 47 After Coleman had been waiting for around 20 to 30 minutes, she saw a red Camaro

drive through the nearby alley, traveling westbound. (On cross-examination, when asked to

clarify the make of the car, she said, “I’m not very good on makes and models. I get a Camry—I

have always got a Camry and a Camaro—a Camaro—it was a Camaro—it was a Camry out

there. It was not a Camaro. *** I’m not very educated on all these different types of cars.” But

in her later testimony she continued to refer to the car as a Camaro.) The red Camaro stopped in

the alley for a few minutes and then drove away.

¶ 48 A few seconds later, a red Beretta drove into the alley and stopped. It was facing

westbound, and the driver’s side of the car was facing Coleman, so that she could see the driver.

He was a tall, dark, and slender man who seemed like he was too big for the car. Coleman

estimated that he was 20 to 25 years old and around 150 to 180 pounds. She recognized him as

Big John, or B.J., whom she had seen “quite a bit of times on the street.”

¶ 49 Another man emerged from a building, walked up to the Beretta, and spoke with B.J.

Coleman could see B.J. clearly, but the other man had his back to Coleman, and she did not get a

good look at him. A few minutes later, B.J. reached out of the car and started shooting.

Coleman was scared and knelt down by her car. She heard five shots, and then the red Beretta

sped out of the alley. The victim stumbled over to a Dumpster, which was located on the Touhy

Avenue side of the alley, closer to where Coleman was, and tossed something inside. After that,

Coleman immediately jumped in her car and left. She did not go help the victim, and she did not

see anyone else going to help the victim. In fact, she did not see anyone else in the vicinity

besides herself, the victim, and the shooter.

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¶ 50 Counsel for the State asked Coleman whether she drove past the victim when she exited

the parking lot, and the following colloquy occurred:

“COLEMAN: I didn’t drive right past the victim. I don’t even—I just jumped in

my car and I left.

Q. Well, the only way out of the parking lot, though, because this is a fenced-in

parking lot—

A. It’s not a fenced-in parking lot, no ma’am.

Q. It is not?

A. No, it’s not.”

¶ 51 Coleman testified that she did not ever call the police regarding the incident, because she

was worried about her family’s safety. She also did not talk to Betty Sue after the incident to

explain why she was not there to pick her up. In fact, she never saw Betty Sue again.

¶ 52 Coleman then testified about the events leading her to come forward to testify on

Morgan’s behalf. On June 25, 2010, while walking in Rogers Park, Coleman encountered a man

named Jonathan, whom she recognized from the neighborhood. They conversed, and Jonathan

told her that Morgan was in prison. Coleman did not know Morgan’s name before that day,

although she was familiar with him “from the street only.”

¶ 53 After Coleman’s conversation with Jonathan, Morgan’s fiancée Melissa got in touch with

her. Melissa asked Coleman what she saw on December 26, 2001, and Coleman explained it to

her. Melissa then typed up an affidavit, brought it to Coleman’s house, and brought Coleman to

have the affidavit notarized. Melissa also contacted Coleman to ask her to testify at the

postconviction hearing. Coleman testified that, prior to the date Melissa brought her the affidavit

to sign, she had never met Melissa or spoken with her on the phone.

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¶ 54 At the conclusion of Coleman’s testimony, the State moved for a directed finding,

arguing that Coleman’s testimony was not so conclusive as to change the outcome at a retrial.

The trial court granted the State’s motion, finding that Coleman was not credible. It stated that

her ability to recall events was questionable because of her marijuana usage. Additionally, there

were numerous inconsistencies between her testimony at the hearing and the testimony of other

eyewitnesses at trial. The court concluded that, even if the jury had heard Coleman’s testimony,

its verdict would have been the same. Morgan now appeals.

¶ 55 ANALYSIS

¶ 56 On appeal, Morgan raises three contentions of error. First, he challenges the trial court’s

denial of his actual innocence claim. Second, he challenges the trial court’s denial of his

ineffective assistance claim based on his counsel’s failure to call mitigation witnesses at

sentencing. Third, he contends that his postconviction counsel violated Illinois Supreme Court

Rule 651(c) (eff. Dec. 1, 1984) by failing to consult with him regarding his constitutional claims.

We consider these claims in turn.

¶ 57 Actual Innocence

¶ 58 Morgan first contends that the trial court erred in denying him a new trial where

Coleman’s testimony was newly discovered and material evidence of his innocence that would

likely change the result on retrial. The State concedes that Coleman’s testimony was new and

material, but it argues that the trial court properly found that her testimony was not credible and,

therefore, would not change the result on retrial.

¶ 59 As noted above, the trial court denied Morgan’s actual innocence claim at the third stage

of postconviction proceedings. A postconviction petition brought under the Illinois Post-

Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2012)) is adjudicated in three

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stages. People v. Edwards,

(2001). At the first stage, the circuit court

independently reviews the petition within 90 days of its filing and summarily dismisses the

petition if it finds it to be “frivolous or *** patently without merit.” 725 ILCS 5/122-2.1(a)(2)

(West 2012). If the circuit court does not dismiss the postconviction petition at the first stage, it

advances to the second stage, where counsel is appointed to represent the defendant and the State

is allowed to file a responsive pleading. Edwards,

. A petition will be

dismissed at this stage if it fails to make a substantial showing of a constitutional violation.

. Finally, if such a showing is made, the petition advances to the third stage, where the

circuit court conducts an evidentiary hearing on its allegations.

¶ 60 At a third-stage evidentiary hearing, the burden is on the petitioner to make a substantial

showing of a deprivation of constitutional rights. People v. Coleman,

(2002); People v. Childress,

(2000). The circuit court, serving as the finder

of fact, must determine witness credibility, weigh the testimony and evidence, and resolve any

evidentiary conflicts. People v. Domagala,

. We will not reverse the

circuit court’s decision unless it is manifestly erroneous (People v. English,

), meaning that the court’s error is “clearly evident, plain, and indisputable” (People v. Ruiz,

(1997)).

¶ 61 The due process clause of the Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. 1, § 2) enables

postconviction petitioners to raise freestanding claims of actual innocence based on newly

discovered evidence. People v. Ortiz,

(2009). In order to warrant a new

trial, an actual innocence claim must be supported by evidence that is (1) newly discovered, (2)

material and not merely cumulative, and (3) of such conclusive character that it would probably

change the result on retrial. Id.; People v. Harris,

(2002). Only the third of

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these elements is at issue here. The trial court denied Morgan a new trial based upon its finding

that Coleman’s testimony was not credible and would not change the jury’s finding of guilt.

¶ 62 Under the facts of this case, the trial court’s finding was not manifestly erroneous.

Coleman’s testimony was contradicted in numerous ways by multiple witnesses at trial, as well

as by the photographic evidence. The first such contradiction concerns the victim’s location

during the shooting. Garcia testified that he exited his apartment building at 1712 Estes and was

in the Estes parking lot when he was shot. Megwa and Flowers also testified that Garcia was on

the Estes Avenue side of the alley when he was shot. Coleman, however, contradicted all three

of them by placing Garcia on the Touhy Avenue side of the alley during the shooting.

¶ 63 Similarly, Garcia testified that he threw away the package of marijuana in a Dumpster

next to his building, on the Estes Avenue side of the alley. This testimony was corroborated by

Detective Heerdt, who found the package in that Dumpster. Crime scene photos show that the

Dumpster is on the Estes Avenue side. However, Coleman testified that she saw the victim

throwing something in a Dumpster on the Touhy Avenue side of the alley.

¶ 64 Additionally, Coleman’s testimony was internally inconsistent. Coleman testified that as

she stood in the parking lot at 1713 Touhy Avenue, the driver’s side of the shooter’s car was

facing her, and she could clearly see the driver’s face. However, all three eyewitnesses at trial,

as well as Coleman, testified that the shooter’s car was facing west. The car was in an east-west

alley with Touhy Avenue to the north and Estes Avenue to the south. Accordingly, the driver’s

side of the car would have had to be facing south toward Estes Avenue and away from Coleman.

¶ 65 Coleman’s account of events after the shooting is also soundly contradicted by the

testimony at trial. Coleman testified that she did not see anyone else in the vicinity besides

herself, the shooter, and the victim. She did not see anyone helping the victim. Although she

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testified that she saw a woman wiping snow off her car before the shooting, while she was

waiting for Betty Sue, she stated unequivocally that she saw nobody else in the parking lot at the

time she left the crime scene. By contrast, Garcia, Flowers, and Megwa all testified to Flowers

helping Garcia into his car after the shooting and driving him to the hospital. Megwa, the

woman wiping snow off her car, testified that she was in the Touhy parking lot during the

shooting and remained outside to talk to police. Her testimony is corroborated by Detective

Heerdt, who responded to a call of shots fired at 1712 Estes Avenue and arrived on the scene in

approximately 30 seconds, where he spoke with Megwa.

¶ 66 Finally, the crime scene photos presented at trial clearly show a fence around the Touhy

parking lot, and Megwa also testified that there was a fence between her and the shooter’s car.

Nevertheless, Coleman vigorously denied that the Touhy parking lot was fenced in and also

stated that she did not have to drive past the victim to exit the parking lot.

¶ 67 Given this mass of contradictions between Coleman’s testimony and the testimony and

photographic evidence at trial, the trial court had ample basis for its finding that Coleman was

not credible. This is particularly true in light of Coleman’s admission that at the time she

smoked marijuana “mostly everyday,” which may well have affected her ability to recall events.

¶ 68 Morgan argues that, if Coleman’s credibility is diminished by her drug use, then Garcia’s

credibility is reduced as well, since he was holding marijuana for Morgan. However, Garcia did

not testify that he used any marijuana near the date of the shooting, let alone that he was a daily

user of marijuana like Coleman. Consequently, his reliability is not impacted in the same

manner as Coleman’s.

¶ 69 At a third-stage evidentiary hearing, it is the trial court’s province to determine witness

credibility, weigh testimony and evidence, and resolve evidentiary conflicts. Domagala, 2013 IL

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113688, ¶ 34. People v. Gonzalez,

(2011), is instructive in this regard. In

Gonzalez, following his conviction for first-degree murder, defendant filed a postconviction

petition claiming actual innocence.

. In support, he presented the affidavit of his

codefendant Lewis, who stated that he killed the victim and that defendant was not involved.

After an evidentiary hearing, the trial court denied the petition, finding that Lewis’ testimony

was “ ‘not the slightest bit credible’ ” and “ ‘verge[d] on being worthless.’ ”

. This

court affirmed, stating: “[c]redibility determinations such as this are properly made by the trier of

fact, and we have no basis in the record for second-guessing the trial court’s judgment.”

¶ 70 Similarly, in People v. Carter,

, defendant was convicted of

murder and raised a claim of actual innocence based upon the affidavit of a codefendant who

stated that he acted alone in committing the murder. Following an evidentiary hearing, the trial

court denied defendant’s petition, stating that the codefendant’s testimony was “ ‘illogical and

improbable in light of all the other evidence in the case.’ ” Id. ¶ 70. The Carter court affirmed,

emphasizing that such credibility determinations are properly left to the trial court. Id. ¶¶ 76-85.

¶ 71 In keeping with Gonzalez and Carter, and in light of the numerous evidentiary conflicts

and internal inconsistencies presented by Coleman’s testimony, the trial court did not manifestly

err in finding that Coleman’s testimony was not credible and would not likely change the result

on retrial. We therefore affirm the trial court’s denial of Morgan’s actual innocence claim.

¶ 72 Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

¶ 73 Morgan also contends that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to interview and

call mitigation witnesses at his sentencing hearing, and his counsel on direct appeal was

ineffective for failing to raise her own ineffectiveness at sentencing. These claims were

dismissed at the second stage of postconviction proceedings.

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¶ 74 At the second stage of postconviction proceedings, all well-pleaded facts that are not

affirmatively refuted by the trial record are to be taken as true. People v. Coleman,

(1998). The petitioner is entitled to an evidentiary hearing if he makes a substantial

showing of a constitutional violation (People v. Edwards,

(2001)),

meaning that the allegations of his petition, if true, would entitle him to relief. People v.

Domagala,

. We review the circuit court’s second-stage dismissal of a

postconviction petition de novo. People v. Whitfield,

(2005); Coleman,

.

¶ 75 Under the sixth and fourteenth amendments to the United States Constitution and article

I, section 8 of the Illinois Constitution, a criminal defendant has a right to effective assistance of

counsel. Strickland v. Washington,

(1984); People v. Jackson,

(2001); U.S. Const., amends. VI, XIV; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 8. To prevail on a claim

of ineffective assistance of counsel, a petitioner must show that (1) counsel’s performance fell

below an objective standard of reasonableness and (2) this deficiency was prejudicial to the

defense. People v. Mitchell,

(2000) (citing Strickland,

).

Both prongs of this test must be satisfied before a petitioner can prevail on an ineffective

assistance claim. People v. Eddmonds,

(1991). Moreover, petitioner must

overcome a strong presumption that counsel’s representation was constitutionally adequate.

People v. Walker,

(1994).

¶ 76 In his postconviction petition, Morgan presented affidavits from three potential

mitigation witnesses: Dwight, Bishop, and Stewart. Morgan contends that counsel’s failure to

consult with him regarding a motion to reconsider sentence prevented these three people from

being interviewed and called to testify on his behalf.

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¶ 77 Initially, the State correctly points out that Morgan’s petition did not state that his

sentencing counsel knew about the existence of these witnesses. Although Morgan alleged that

he personally contacted the witnesses, he never alleged that he told his attorney about them, nor

did he make any such allegations in an affidavit. Counsel cannot be deemed ineffective for

failing to investigate witnesses that she did not know existed. As this court has previously stated,

“Effective counsel is not required to be clairvoyant.” People v. Vasser,

(2002).

¶ 78 In response, Morgan argues that the affidavits of two of his witnesses show that they had

either spoken or attempted to speak to Morgan’s counsel. Specifically, Stewart stated in her

affidavit that Morgan’s attorney assured her that she would be able to testify at the sentencing

hearing but did not contact her again. Bishop averred that she wanted to testify at the hearing,

but Morgan’s attorney did not return her calls. However, neither of these witnesses specified

which attorney they were referring to. Morgan had four different attorneys during the nearly

two-year period between the guilty verdict and his sentencing hearing. Nicholas Giordano

represented Morgan at trial. Two months after trial, Morgan retained attorney Charles Huff, who

represented him for several posttrial court dates before withdrawing. The court then appointed

the public defender to represent Morgan. Finally, Morgan hired attorney Anita Rivkin-

Carothers, who represented him at his sentencing hearing and on direct appeal. The petition does

not contain any allegations concerning which of these attorneys Stewart and Bishop might have

contacted or attempted to contact. Moreover, Dwight does not allege that he attempted to

contact any of Morgan’s attorneys. Thus, even accepting all well-pled allegations in Morgan’s

petition as true (Domagala,

), Morgan has not shown that Rivkin-Carothers

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knew or should have known about the existence of these mitigation witnesses. See Vasser,

.

¶ 79 Additionally, even if we were to assume that Rivkin-Carothers was aware of Bishop,

there were legitimate strategic reasons not to present her testimony. Courts defer to trial

counsel’s strategic decisions regarding the presentation of mitigation evidence. People v. Steidl,

(1991). In particular, “[a]n informed decision not to present certain

mitigating evidence may represent a valid strategic choice, particularly where the evidence is

potentially damaging.” People v. Coleman,

(1995). In this case, Bishop

characterized Morgan in her affidavit as “a good person, who sometimes seem[s] to make bad

decisions.” It would have been reasonable for Morgan’s counsel not to take the risk of having

Bishop cross-examined on Morgan’s “bad decisions,” which might have painted him in a worse

light. Morgan argues that a mitigation witness does not have to portray a defendant as flawless

in order to be effective. While this may be true in some circumstances, weighing the potential

negative effects of such testimony is the kind of strategic decision by counsel that courts will not

second-guess. See People v. Szabo,

(1998) (declining to second-guess

counsel’s decision not to present certain mitigation witnesses at resentencing hearing).

¶ 80 Finally, Morgan has not shown that he was prejudiced by the absence of these three

mitigation witnesses at his sentencing hearing. See People v. Flores,

(1992) (where counsel’s actions did not prejudice defendant, that is sufficient to dispose of

ineffective assistance claim regardless of whether counsel’s performance was deficient). In the

context of a sentencing hearing, prejudice must be assessed based on the totality of the evidence,

including both potential evidence in mitigation and the evidence in aggravation. People v.

Simon,

(quoting Coleman,

). In this case, the

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aggravation evidence against Morgan was quite strong. Morgan shot the victim five times, in a

public alley and in broad daylight, within feet of two innocent bystanders. He had a felony

background that included two convictions for drug offenses. Moreover, Officer Williams

testified in aggravation that while incarcerated and awaiting sentencing, Morgan was involved in

a violent altercation with him and two additional guards. Given this evidence, “[t]he failure of

defendant’s trial counsel to place more information from defendant’s past onto the scale

probably would not have tipped it in defendant’s favor.” People v. Easley,

(2000); see Simon,

(counsel was not ineffective for failing to

present mitigation evidence at sentencing where trial court emphasized that victim was shot to

death during the middle of the day in front of a grocery store, multiple shots were fired, and

defendant was “ ‘not a newcomer’ ” to the criminal justice system). Indeed, the judge who

presided over these postconviction proceedings was also Morgan’s trial and sentencing judge,

and she specifically found that she would not have imposed a different sentence even if

Morgan’s mitigation witnesses testified consistently with their affidavits at the sentencing

hearing. Thus, there is not a reasonable probability that the testimony of these witnesses would

have changed the result of Morgan’s sentencing hearing. See People v. Albanese,

(1984) (to show prejudice, defendant must establish “ ‘that there is a reasonable

probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have

been different’ ” (quoting Strickland,

)).

¶ 81 Thus, we find that Morgan’s sentencing counsel was not ineffective for failing to call

mitigation witnesses at his sentencing hearing or for failing to raise her own ineffectiveness on

appeal. Because we have found that Morgan’s claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel

lacks merit, he incurred no prejudice from appellate counsel’s failure to raise that claim on direct

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appeal. See People v. Petrenko,

(2008) (“[I]f defendant’s ineffective

assistance of counsel claim against trial counsel is nonmeritorious, then clearly appellate counsel

was not deficient for refraining from addressing it.”).

¶ 82 Rule 651(c) Consultation Requirement

¶ 83 Morgan’s final contention is that his postconviction counsel failed to consult with him

regarding his constitutional claims, in violation of Rule 651(c). Morgan asserts that he hired a

private attorney, Sam Adam, Sr., to represent him in connection with his postconviction petition.

However, Adam Sr. did not ever personally consult with him regarding his constitutional claims.

Instead, at most, Adam Sr. sent his son and law partner, Sam Adam, Jr., as an “intermediary” to

consult with Morgan. Morgan argues that consultation via an intermediary does not satisfy the

consultation requirement of Rule 651(c). He also argues that it is questionable whether Adam Jr.

consulted with him at all, based on a letter sent by Adam Sr. to the Attorney Registration and

Disciplinary Commission (ARDC). The State argues that the record shows that Morgan agreed

to be jointly represented by both Adam Sr. and Adam Jr., and the two of them took all actions

necessary to satisfy Rule 651(c). We agree with the State.

¶ 84 The record shows that on July 15, 2011, after Morgan’s petition had passed the first stage

of postconviction review, Adam Sr. filed an appearance on behalf of Morgan. On October 7,

2011, Adam Sr. appeared in court and stated that he was going to rest on Morgan’s pro se

postconviction petition and was ready for the State to file a response. The court set a date of

December 2, 2011, for Adam Sr. to file a certificate of compliance with Rule 651(c) or an

amended petition.

¶ 85 On October 26, 2011, Morgan wrote a letter to the clerk of the circuit court, stating: “I’ve

reached out to my attorney seval [sic] times to amend my pro se petition, but I still don’t know

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what’s going on. I’m sending you copies of various documentations to safe-guard myself, so

you could put these letters in my case file.” Attached are three letters from Adam Sr. to Morgan.

In the first letter, dated July 15, 2011, Adam Sr. stated that “we” officially entered Morgan’s case

and might need to amend the petition to include allegations related to the actual innocence claim.

In the second letter, dated September 6, 2011, Adam Sr. stated that he had received and read

Morgan’s documents and was working on his postconviction petition. Finally, in the third letter,

dated September 30, 2011, Adam Sr. stated that he had met with Adam Jr. and Morgan’s friend

and “explained everything as of this date.”

¶ 86 Also on October 26, 2011, Morgan wrote a letter to Judge Haberkorn in which he said, “I

haven’t spoken with my attorney and I’ve written him several times to amend my pro se petition

with allegations ***.” Morgan attached a 22-page handwritten document entitled “Allegations

That I Wanted The Lawyer To Amend My Petition With.” Most of the issues raised by Morgan

related to alleged trial errors that either were or could have been raised in Morgan’s direct

appeal. See People v. Evans,

(1999) (if an issue was actually decided on direct

appeal, res judicata precludes it from being raised again in a postconviction petition, and if an

issue could have been presented on direct appeal but was not, it is forfeited); People v. Thomas,

(1995) (same).

¶ 87 Morgan also attached copies of two letters that he sent to Adam Sr. In the first letter,

dated October 12, 2011, Morgan detailed multiple avenues of investigation that he wanted his

counsel to pursue. First, he said that he wanted “you guys” to obtain Garcia’s cell phone records

to show that he did not call Garcia. Second, he said that he wanted counsel to talk to Garcia and

find out if prosecutors made a deal with him in exchange for his testimony. He stated, “Sam Jr.

said when he first met me a year ago, that he would send his investigator to talk to this victim

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witness.” Third, Morgan said that Detective Clemens was “the same detective that put a murder

case on me in 1998.” Morgan said that Adam Jr. had told him that he would look up his 1998

case to verify that it was the same detective.

¶ 88 In his second letter to Adam Sr., dated October 26, 2011, Morgan said: “I want my

petition amended with all of the allegation’s [sic] that I sent to you within my 22 page letter.”

He stated that all of his past attorneys had “messed [him] over” and also said: “I am not saying

that you guys are trying to messed [sic] me over ***. Unless the judge let you just proceed

without consulting with me.” He noted that since the court date on October 7, 2011, counsel had

not set up a conference call with him, come to see him, or written him to discuss his defense.

¶ 89 On December 2, 2011, Adam Sr. and Adam Jr. filed a joint affidavit pursuant to Rule

651(c). The affidavit stated that both Adam Sr. and Adam Jr. were attorneys licensed to practice

law in Illinois. Morgan contacted Adam Jr. to request representation on his postconviction

petition. Adam Jr. visited Morgan at the Illinois Department of Corrections and discussed each

of his claims with him “in full.” After that, Adam Sr. discussed Morgan’s claims with Adam Jr.

and also reviewed the trial record in Morgan’s case. Based upon this review, he concluded that

Morgan’s pro se petition was fully adequate to assert his constitutional claims and did not need

to be amended to more fully assert those claims.

¶ 90 On that same date, Morgan filed an affidavit in which he stated that he wanted his

counsel to supplement his postconviction petition with various additional claims. He further

stated: “If my attorney Sam Adam met the requirement’s [sic] of the Supreme Court Rule 651 by

consulting with his client, we could have cleared any confusion or misunderstanding’s [sic].”

¶ 91 Lastly, defendant submitted a “Supplemental Common Law Record” to this court,

containing a letter sent by Adam Sr. to the ARDC on July 8, 2013, a month after the trial court

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denied Morgan’s petition. This letter was not before the trial court and it is unclear, therefore,

why it is included in a supplemental record. In the letter, Adam Sr. stated that he was writing in

answer to a complaint filed by Morgan. He stated: “[T]he post-conviction petition and hearing

thereon, and all aspects of same, was completely and totally handled by me. Attorney Sam

Adam, Jr. had nothing at all to do with this litigation.”

¶ 92 Under the Act, postconviction counsel is required only to provide a petitioner with a

“reasonable” level of assistance. (Emphasis omitted.) People v. Owens,

(1990); People v. Wright,

(1992). To this end, at the time that counsel’s

certificate was filed in this case, Rule 651(c) required the record to show that postconviction

counsel “has consulted with petitioner either by mail or in person to ascertain his contentions of

deprivation of constitutional rights, has examined the record of the proceedings at trial, and has

made any amendments to the petitions filed pro se that are necessary for an adequate

presentation of petitioner’s contentions.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 651(c) (eff. Dec. 1, 1984). 1 An attorney

can satisfy Rule 651(c) by meeting with the petitioner on a single occasion, as long as that

meeting allows the attorney to ascertain the petitioner’s constitutional claims. People v. Turner,

(1999); see also People v. Stewart,

(1988) (attorney

satisfied consultation requirement where, during a brief phone call with the petitioner, he

outlined the issues in the petition and asked petitioner whether there were any issues he would

like to include). When attorneys file a certificate under Rule 651(c), they are officially

representing to the court that the duties listed in the certificate have been fulfilled, and it creates a

rebuttable presumption that postconviction counsel has provided reasonable assistance. People

1 The rule has since been amended to state that the attorney-client consultation may be

made “by phone, mail, electronic means or in person.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 651(c) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013).

-27- No. 1-13-1938

v. Perkins,

(2007); People v. Profit,

. Our

review of an attorney’s compliance with a supreme court rule is de novo. Profit,

.

¶ 93 In this case, although Adam Sr. was the only attorney of record for Morgan, a full reading

of the record shows that Morgan agreed to be jointly represented by both Adam Sr. and Adam Jr.

The letters sent to and from Morgan and his attorneys demonstrate that Morgan understood and

accepted that both attorneys would be active in the case. In Morgan’s letters, he repeatedly

referred to his counsel as “you guys” or “you all.” He discussed his in-person meeting with

Adam Jr. and described certain investigative actions that he claimed Adam Jr. promised to take

on his behalf. Further evidence of joint representation is found in Adam Sr.’s letters to Morgan.

In his July 15, 2011 letter, Adam Sr. stated that “we officially entered your case” and “[w]e shall

begin to familiarize ourselves with the record.” Likewise, in his September 30, 2011 letter,

Adam Sr. told Morgan that he met with Adam Jr. and “explained everything as of this date.”

This correspondence establishes that Morgan agreed to joint representation in his postconviction

proceedings and cannot now complain that Adam Sr. did not himself fulfill all of the

requirements of Rule 651(c). See People v. Carter,

(2003) (“Under the

doctrine of invited error, an accused may not request to proceed in one manner and then later

contend on appeal that the course of action was in error.”).

¶ 94 Given that Morgan agreed to be represented by both attorneys, the joint certificate of

Adam Sr. and Adam Jr. demonstrates that the attorneys took all actions necessary to comply with

Rule 651(c). The certificate states that Adam Jr. visited Morgan in person and discussed his

claims with him “in full”–a statement that is corroborated by Morgan’s references in his letters to

talking about his claims with Adam Jr. See Turner,

(single meeting with

-28- No. 1-13-1938

petitioner satisfied Rule 651(c)); Stewart,

(brief phone call with petitioner

satisfied Rule 651(c)). The certificate further states that Adam Jr. discussed the case with Adam

Sr., who reviewed the record and decided not to amend the petition. Thus, it creates a

presumption that postconviction counsel, acting jointly, provided reasonable assistance, and this

presumption is not rebutted by any evidence of record. See Profit,

.

¶ 95 In this regard, the present case is analogous to People v. Westbrook,

(1972). The Westbrook defendant appealed the dismissal of his postconviction petition,

alleging that his attorney, McDermott, violated Rule 651(c) by never discussing his case with

him.

. The defendant acknowledged that he did meet and discuss his case with

McDermott’s law partner.

. Under these facts, the Westbrook court found no Rule

651(c) violation, since defendant suffered no prejudice from meeting with McDermott’s law

partner rather than with McDermott himself.

Similarly, in the present case, we fail to see

how Morgan was prejudiced by his attorneys’ conduct, since he concedes in his letters that he

met in person with Adam Jr., who then discussed Morgan’s constitutional claims with Adam Sr.

¶ 96 Morgan argues that Westbrook is distinguishable because the Westbrook attorneys took

simultaneous active roles in representing the defendant, whereas Adam Jr. essentially dropped

out of the case after his initial meeting with Morgan. This assertion is not supported by the

record. On the contrary, in his September 30, 2011, letter to Morgan, Adam Sr. stated that he

met that morning with Adam Jr. and “explained everything as of this date,” indicating that Adam

Jr. was still playing an active role in Morgan’s representation.

¶ 97 Morgan nevertheless argues that any allegations regarding Adam Jr.’s representation of

Morgan are positively rebutted by Adam Sr.’s letter to the ARDC, in which he states: “[T]he

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post-conviction petition and hearing thereon, and all aspects of same, was completely and totally

handled by me. Attorney Sam Adam, Jr. had nothing at all to do with this litigation.” But we

will not consider this letter, since it was never presented to or considered by the trial court. As

we have previously stated, “The purpose of appellate review is to evaluate the record presented

in the trial court, and review must be confined to what appears in the record.” People v. Canulli,

(2003); see also People v. Mehlberg,

(1993) (striking secondary materials contained in defendant’s brief that were not part of the trial

record).

¶ 98 Morgan argues that Illinois courts of review regularly allow the record to be

supplemented on appeal when determining the issue of Rule 651(c) compliance. See People v.

Harris,

(1971) (where the record did not contain a Rule 651(c) certificate,

the court gave the State 15 days to file such a certificate); People v. Johnson,

(1993) (during pendency of appeal, court permitted postconviction counsel to file an affidavit as

a supplemental record demonstrating that he did not satisfy the requirements of Rule 651(c)).

However, we note that our supreme court has since limited its decision in Johnson. People v.

Perkins,

(2007). The Perkins defendant attached his own affidavit to his

petition for rehearing in support of his argument that postconviction counsel failed to comply

with Rule 651(c).

. The court declined to consider the affidavit, citing the well-

established rule that affidavits not filed in the trial court cannot be considered part of the record

on appeal.

at 51-52 (citing Kazubowski v. Kazubowski,

(1970)). The court

also found Johnson distinguishable because, among other factors, submission of the affidavit in

Johnson was apparently not challenged by either party. Id. at 52. In this case, the State

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vigorously challenges the submission of the ARDC letter, making this case more akin to Perkins

than to Johnson.

¶ 99 Additionally, Harris and Johnson are both distinguishable for another reason: those cases

concern the submission of a certificate or sworn affidavit. Here, Morgan does not seek to submit

his own affidavit stating, for example, that he never met with Adam Jr. Rather, Morgan is

seeking to submit private correspondence to which he was not a party to contradict sworn

statements submitted by an officer of the court. We decline to extend Harris and Johnson to

permit consideration of such a document.

¶ 100 Moreover, even if we considered Adam Sr.’s letter to the ARDC, we do not believe it

positively rebuts any of the assertions in counsel’s Rule 651(c) certificate. The letter appears to

be written in response to a complaint by Morgan that his counsel did not return his trial records

in a timely fashion. Adam Sr. explained that he had not yet returned the records because his

office recently changed locations and many files, including Morgan’s, were placed in storage.

Further, Adam Sr. was the only attorney who filed an appearance on Morgan’s behalf in the trial

court. It is in this context that he states that Adam Jr. “had nothing at all to do with this

litigation.” Because the entire letter is focused upon Morgan’s trial record, it is entirely plausible

that he meant only to say that Adam Jr. had nothing to do with the handling of that record. Such

an interpretation would be consistent with the Rule 651(c) certificate, which states that Adam Sr.

is the one who reviewed Morgan’s trial record. Accordingly, the ARDC letter would not serve to

rebut the statement in the certificate that Adam Jr. personally met with Morgan, discussed his

claims with him, and then relayed that information to Adam Sr.

-31- No. 1-13-1938

¶ 101 CONCLUSION

¶ 102 We find that the trial court did not commit manifest error in rejecting Morgan’s actual

innocence claim based upon its finding that Coleman’s testimony was incredible and would not

have changed the result at trial. Nor did the trial court err in dismissing Morgan’s claim of

ineffective assistance of counsel. Finally, the record shows that postconviction counsel satisfied

the requirements of Rule 651(c), in that Morgan agreed to be jointly represented by Adam Sr.

and Adam Jr., and those attorneys took all actions necessary under the rule.

¶ 103 The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

¶ 104 Affirmed.

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