No. 1-14-2597 Opinion filed December 22, 2015 Second Division

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIRST DISTRICT

) Appeal from the Circuit Court ) THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, of Cook County. ) ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) No. 09 CR 14369 ) v. ) ) RODNEY JONES, The Honorable ) Steven J. Goebel, ) Defendant-Appellant. Judge, presiding. ) )

JUSTICE HYMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Presiding Justice Pierce and Justice Neville concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 A jury convicted defendant Rodney Jones of first-degree murder based on a fatal traffic

accident that occurred when he and his codefendant fled from a residential burglary. Jones

argues that the State did not prove him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt based on (i) the

insufficiency of the DNA evidence linking him to the burglary and traffic accident and (ii) the

lack of evidence suggesting he participated in or was accountable for the burglary. We reject

both contentions. The DNA evidence, combined with other circumstantial evidence linking Jones

to the car used in the burglary, support the verdict. 1-14-2597

¶2 Jones further argues that the trial court erred in instructing the jury regarding Jones'

responsibility for a death occurring during an escape from a residential burglary. He asserts that

the trial court also should have instructed the jury that Jones could be found responsible only if

the death occurred before he reached a place of safety. Jones was not entitled to this additional

language, and any error was harmless.

¶3 Finally, Jones argues the 42-year sentence is excessive. He contends that the trial court

failed to consider as mitigating factors either his parents' incarcerations or the physical abuse he

suffered while young. But, the trial court did consider these factors in imposing a sentence in the

middle of the applicable range. Moreover, given Jones's criminal history and the nature of the

crime, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in imposing the sentence.

¶4 BACKGROUND

¶5 On the afternoon of July 3, 2008, Anthony Shaw learned from a friend that the house

Shaw shared with his girlfriend, Joycelyn Hunter, was being burglarized. When Shaw arrived at

his home, he saw a group of men standing by his neighbor's garage. Shaw flagged down a

nearby police car. While Shaw informed police of the burglary, he saw a white sports utility

vehicle (SUV) driving down the alley near his home. The SUV exited the alley by turning the

wrong way into a one-way street. The police followed. The SUV sped up and did not stop at

intersections. The police briefly lost sight of the SUV as it made a turn; when police caught up

two blocks away, the SUV had crashed into a pole near a gas station. Observers at the gas

station told police that the SUV's occupants had run eastbound. The gas station's surveillance

video captured three people getting out of the SUV after the crash and running. The SUV also

hit a Cadillac driven by 78-year-old Tommye Freeman. She died from traumatic injuries

sustained in the crash.

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¶6 A police officer found Jones's codefendant, Byron Brown, crouched in a stairwell nearby.

Brown had some jewelry and a checkbook in his pants pocket that Shaw identified as having

been taken from his home. Inside the SUV, police found several televisions and a computer.

Shaw later identified these items as well. A latent palm print taken from Shaw's house matched

Brown's palm print. Brown appeared in the surveillance video as one of three people fleeing in

the SUV after it crashed.

¶7 The following day, police found a baseball cap in the SUV's debris. The SUV was

towed to an impound lot, and an evidence technician collected a cigar butt from inside the SUV

and cut away the driver's seat airbag, which had deployed. The evidence technician also noted

blood on the driver's side passenger door.

¶8 The SUV's registration belonged to Jarvis Perkins. At trial, Perkins testified that he had

helped Jones purchase the SUV early in 2008. Although Jones did not have the necessary

identification to purchase the SUV, he paid for and drove it.

¶9 Brown's ex-girlfriend testified that on July 3, 2008, Brown received a phone call from his

friend Jones. In August 2008, police heard a phone call recording of Brown; after this

conversation, police began looking for Jones.

¶ 10 DNA from the blood on the SUV's door, and the DNA from the SUV's deployed airbag,

implicated Jones—the DNA evidence would be expected in only one of seventy-quadrillion

black persons. The airbag DNA was only Jones's profile, not a mix of other people's DNA. The

DNA from the cigar butt and the baseball cap matched Brown's DNA.

¶ 11 The State's expert forensic scientists testified that they would only expect a car owner's

DNA to be on the airbag if the owner sat in the driver's seat when the airbag deployed. They

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also stated that scientists could not say with certainty how the DNA got on the airbag or when

the blood splattered on the SUV door.

¶ 12 An expert in auto crashes explained that in this model of SUV, the airbag would have

been contained inside a vinyl cover, itself inside the steering wheel, and the airbag could not be

touched until it was deployed during a crash. The airbag would not have been reusable after

deployment. The deployed airbag would be bigger in diameter than the steering wheel, and

when the airbag deflated after deployment it would have touched the steering wheel.

¶ 13 The State proposed a nonpattern instruction that "a person may be held responsible for a

death that occurs during an escape following the commission of residential burglary." The trial

court gave the instruction over Jones's counsel's objection.

¶ 14 The State argued that Jones committed felony murder, in that he was accountable for the

residential burglary of Shaw's home and a death occurred during Jones and Brown's escape from

the residential burglary. The jury convicted Jones of first-degree murder. In his posttrial motion,

Jones argued, among other things, that the State failed to prove him guilty beyond a reasonable

doubt and that the trial court erred in giving the nonpattern instruction on escape from residential

burglary without specifying that the escape ended when the perpetrators reached a point of

safety.

¶ 15 At the sentencing hearing, defendant's mother, Lacrisha Jones, testified that when Jones

was six years old, his father went to prison; when Jones was twelve years old, she went to prison

too. While his parents were incarcerated, Jones lived with his grandmother. During this time,

another relative physically abused him. Jones's criminal activities began during his separation

from his parents. Jones's counsel argued that his traumatic childhood should be treated as

mitigating evidence.

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¶ 16 The trial court reviewed Jones's criminal history, which began with a juvenile

adjudication for aggravated battery of a pregnant woman and included adult convictions for

attempted burglary, aggravated unlawful use of a weapon, reckless conduct, driving with a

suspended license, and possession and use of a firearm. The trial court found that Jones's desire

to escape responsibility for the burglary brought about Freeman's death. The trial court credited

Jones's mother's testimony regarding his traumatic childhood and assessed defendant's

rehabilitative potential, the trial court chose a "mid range" sentence of 42-years imprisonment.

¶ 17 Jones immediately filed a notice of appeal, but this Court eventually dismissed that

appeal for lack of jurisdiction. In the meantime, Jones filed in the trial court a motion to reduce

his sentence, which was denied. Jones later filed another notice of appeal which brings his case

before this court.

¶ 18 ANALYSIS

¶ 19 Sufficiency of the Evidence

¶ 20 Jones argues that the evidence was insufficient to prove him guilty of first-degree murder.

The relevant inquiry, when faced with a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, involves,

after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, whether any rational

trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.

People v. Campbell,

(1992). As a reviewing court, we will not substitute our

judgment for that of the trier of fact on questions concerning the weight of the evidence or the

credibility of the witnesses.

. We will not reverse a criminal conviction unless the

evidence is so unreasonable, improbable, or unsatisfactory as to create a reasonable doubt of the

defendant’s guilt.

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¶ 21 A person commits first-degree murder if, in performing the acts that cause a death, he or

she attempts or commits a forcible felony. 720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(3) (West 2008). A killing that

occurs during escape from that forcible felony falls within the scope of the felony-murder rule.

People v. Klebanowski,

(2006). Residential burglary qualifies as a "forcible

felony" under the Criminal Code of 1961. 720 ILCS 5/2-8 (West 2008).

¶ 22 Legal accountability for another's conduct arises when "[e]ither before or during the

commission of an offense, and with the intent to promote or facilitate such commission, he [or

she] solicits, aids, abets, agrees or attempts to aid, such other person in the planning or

commission of the offense." 720 ILCS 5/5-2 (West 2008). The State must present evidence that

establishes the defendant shared the criminal intent of the principal or the existence of a common

criminal design. People v. Fleming,

. If two persons engage in a

common criminal design, any acts in furtherance of that design committed by one of them

becomes an act of all, and all are equally responsible for the consequences.

A common

design may be inferred from the circumstances surrounding the crime.

In determining

accountability, the jury may consider the defendant's presence during the commission of the

crime, continued close association with other offenders after the commission, the defendant's

failure to report the crime, and the defendant's flight from the scene. Id. ¶ 53. The law holds the

getaway driver accountable for the crime. People v. Jones,

(1980).

¶ 23 Jones first attacks the probative value of the DNA evidence to establish he drove the

SUV as it fled from Shaw's house. Jones speculated at trial, and again in this appeal, that DNA

placed on the steering wheel at an earlier time could have been transferred to the airbag after the

airbag deployed through the airbag's contact with the steering wheel, and that the bloodstain on

the passenger door could have been placed there before the accident. But a reasonable trier of

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fact, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, could conclude that DNA on

the airbag belonged to Jones and Jones alone. As to the presence of Jones's blood on the door, a

reasonable trier of fact could infer that Jones's face hit the airbag when it deployed, and he

suffered an injury during the accident that bled on the SUV before he fled. See People v. Evans,

(2004) (jury's function to resolve conflicts in evidence; jury not required to

accept any possible explanation compatible with defendant's innocence). Other circumstantial

evidence supports the DNA evidence. The SUV belonged to Jones and he regularly drove it; he

and Brown were friends and had communicated the day of the burglary. The jury could

conclude, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Brown would not have used Jones's SUV as the

getaway car for a residential burglary without Jones's active participation.

¶ 24 Second, Jones challenges the sufficiency of the evidence that he participated in the

residential burglary or can be held accountable for Brown's actions. Jones correctly notes that no

evidence indicates that he personally burglarized Shaw's home. See 720 ILCS 5/19-3 (West

2008) (person commits residential burglary when knowingly and without authority enters or

knowingly and without authority remains within dwelling place of another with intent to commit

felony or theft).

¶ 25 But, Jones's accountability for Brown's actions flows naturally from the evidence that

Jones drove the SUV as it left Shaw's house after the burglary, tried to elude police, and

ultimately crashed. As the getaway driver, Jones played a vital role in transporting the stolen

goods and carrying Brown away from the crime scene See Jones,

(getaway driver's knowing participation in crime "closely linked to the crime's success ***.

When the plan, express or implicit, calls for a person to sit in a car while the crime is being

committed and then to spirit the others away from the scene, the driver's participation is deemed

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to occur during the commission of the crime."). The evidence of Jones's role as the driver, taken

as a whole and viewed in the light most favorable to the State, makes Jones accountable for the

residential burglary. See People v. Daniels,

(1977) (defendant who was

found in driver's seat of getaway car close to where burglars attempted to leave building with

stolen property, left scene in haste, and was found in driver's seat with burglary tools nearby was

proved accountable for burglary).

¶ 26 In addition to the other evidence, the sheer amount of Shaw's property (multiple

television sets and a computer) found in Jones's SUV also supports the inference that Jones and

Brown shared a common design to commit the residential burglary. Brown hardly could have

hidden these items from Jones's eyes, or convinced Jones that Brown's removal of these items

from Shaw's home was aboveboard, especially after Brown broke into Shaw's home through the

back door. Thus, this is not a case like People v. Dennis,

(1998), where the

"getaway driver" did not realize his passenger had committed a robbery until after the passenger

reentered the driver's car. See

(legal accountability satisfied where driver knowingly

participates in crime by driving getaway car).

¶ 27 The police saw the SUV leave the scene of the burglary and, on exiting the alley, it

immediately accelerated, went the wrong way down a one-way street, and sped through multiple

intersections while police chased after it. This supports the inference that Jones participated in

the burglary from start to finish as the getaway driver. See People v. Ruckholdt,

(1984) (defendant's conduct at scene of crime and thereafter demonstrated his participation

in burglary rather than as innocent bystander).

¶ 28 Jones's legal accountability for Brown's actions in the residential burglary, along with the

evidence that he drove the SUV during their flight from police, also sufficiently shows Jones's

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guilt for felony murder, because the actions causing Freeman’s death occurred during that flight.

See People v. Burke,

(1980) (where defendants suspected of robbery

within four blocks and few minutes of crime, evidence sufficient to support inference that

codefendant's speeding and reckless driving part of escape attempt, and all defendants guilty of

felony murder).

¶ 29 Jury Instruction

¶ 30 Jones argues that the trial court erred in giving a nonpattern instruction. That instruction

stated that Jones could be found guilty of first-degree murder if he was responsible for a death

occurring during his escape from the residential burglary. Jones maintains that the jury should

have been instructed that he was responsible only if the death occurred before he reached a place

of safety. (The State erroneously argues that this claim can be reviewed only for plain error;

however, defendant both contemporaneously objected to this instruction and raised the issue in

his posttrial motion. The State also argues that the instruction has already been approved by this

court in codefendant Brown's appeal. But, Brown challenged the jury instructions on the

different ground that it failed to define "foreseeable." People v. Brown,

. Thus, our holding in Brown does not control.)

¶ 31 Jury instructions must explain the correct principles of law that apply to the evidence, and

not be misleading or confusing. People v. Valadovinos,

. When

a jury does not receive proper guidance through instructions, it cannot perform its constitutional

functions and thereby violates the defendant's right to a fair trial.

To warrant reversal, a

defendant must show that the claimed instructional error “ ‘creates a serious risk that the jurors

incorrectly convicted the defendant because they did not understand the applicable law, so as to

severely threaten the fairness of the trial.’ ” People v. Durr,

(2005) (quoting

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People v. Hopp,

(2004)). Generally, we review jury instructions for an abuse of

discretion. Valadovinos,

, ¶ 24. But, we review de novo whether the

jury instructions accurately explain the law. Id.

¶ 32 Where no pattern jury instruction exists on a subject, the trial court has the discretion to

give a nonpattern instruction. People v. Hudson,

(2006). The non-pattern

instruction should be "simple, brief, impartial, and free from argument." Ill. Ct. R. 451 (eff. Apr.

8, 2013).

¶ 33 The jury instruction accurately stated the principle that "[a] killing that occurs during the

course of an escape from a forcible felony is within the operation of the felony-murder rule."

Klebanowski,

. Jones argues, however, that the trial court should have added

language indicating that his responsibility extends only so far as the death occurs before he

reached a place of safety.

¶ 34 Jones is correct, insofar as the escape from the residential burglary continues until the

offenders reach a "place of safety." People v. Lowery,

(1997). But, the "place

of safety" language merely defines the end point of the escape from a forcible felony. It is not an

element of the crime. Thus, Jones was not deprived of a fair trial. Cf. People v. Green,

(2007) (to ensure fair trial, trial court must instruct jury on elements of offense,

presumption of innocence, and burden of proof).

¶ 35 Even if it considered an element, the error would still be harmless. The trial evidence

established that the actions that caused Freeman's death occurred in the midst of Jones's high-

speed flight from the police. See People v. Thurow,

(2003) (failure to

instruct on element reviewed for harmless error; where evidence in support of omitted element

"uncontested and overwhelming," failure to instruct jury on that element harmless (quoting

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Neder v. United States,

(1999))). When Jones's SUV caused the accident that

killed Freeman, he had not reached a "place of safety." Cf. People v. Moore,

(2007) (where defendant stole car a day before leading police on high speed chase that

led to death of another motorist, evidence established that defendant had reached place of safety

before collision and thus defendant not guilty of felony murder). Jones's actions after the

crash—running away from the debris of his SUV to elude the police—further establishes that the

escape was on-going. See Lowery,

(defendant's action of turning coat inside-

out to avoid police detection demonstrates he did not believe he had reached place of safety

during escape from robbery). Thus, the error was harmless.

¶ 36 Sentencing

¶ 37 Jones argues that his 42-year sentence is excessive in light of the mitigation evidence:

the incarceration of both parents during a portion of his childhood, and his suffering physical

abuse at the hands of another relative. (The State erroneously argues that the issue forfeited

because defendant did not file a motion to reconsider sentence; however, he did file the motion.)

¶ 38 All sentences must reflect the seriousness of the offense committed and the objective of

rehabilitating offenders to useful citizenship. People v. Cooper,

(1996).

The trial court considers all factors in mitigation and aggravation. People v. Quintana,

(2002). We presume a trial court evaluates the relevant factors in mitigation

before it, and that presumption cannot be overcome without affirmative evidence of the

sentencing court's failure to do so. People v. Flores,

(2010).

¶ 39 A reviewing court may only reduce a sentence when the record shows that the trial court

abused its discretion. People v. Streit,

(1991). The reviewing court may not

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reverse the sentencing court just because it may have weighed the relevant factors differently.

¶ 40 The sentencing court reviewed Jones's criminal history and specifically credited the

proffered mitigation evidence. The sentencing court also stated that in imposing a sentence in the

middle of the applicable range, it took into account Jones's rehabilitative potential. Because the

court contemplated all the relevant factors, we will not reweigh the evidence. People v. Snyder,

(reviewing court gives substantial deference to trial court's sentencing

decision because trial judge, having observed defendant and proceedings, is in much better

position to weigh defendant's credibility, demeanor, moral character, mentality, environment,

habits, and age). We affirm the sentence.

¶ 41 Affirmed.

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