No. 1-16-2356 and 1-16-2357 (cons.)

FIRST DIVISION June 29, 2017 .

MICHAEL W. UNDERWOOD, JOSEPH M. VUICH, ) RAYMOND SCACCHITTI, ROBERT McNULTY, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court JOHN E. DORN, WILLIAM J. SELKE, JANIECE R. ) of Cook County. ARCHER, DENNIS MUSHOL, RICHARD ) AGUINAGA, JAMES SANDOW, CATHERINE A. ) SANDOW, MARIE JOHNSTON, and 338 other ) Named Plaintiffs listed, ) ) Plaintiffs-Appellants, ) v. ) ) CITY OF CHICAGO, a Municipal Corporation, ) ) No. 13 CH 17450 Defendant, ) and ) ) TRUSTEES OF THE POLICEMEN'S ANNUITY AND ) BENEFIT FUND OF CHICAGO; TRUSTEES OF THE ) FIREMEN'S ANNUITY AND BENEFIT FUND OF ) CHICAGO; TRUSTEES OF THE MUNICIPAL ) EMPLOYEES' ANNUITY AND BENEFIT FUND OF ) CHICAGO; and TRUSTEES OF THE LABORERS & ) RETIREMENT BOARD EMPLOYEES' ANNUITY ) & BENEFIT FUND OF CHICAGO, et al., ) ) Honorable Neil H. Cohen Defendants-Appellees . ) Judge Presiding

JUSTICE SIMON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Presiding Justice Connors and Justice Harris concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 This case is back before the court following another round of rulings by the circuit court

concerning plaintiffs’ rights to healthcare coverage. Plaintiffs are multiple categories of City of No. 16-2356 and 16-2357 (cons.)

Chicago retirees who have participated in the City’s medical benefits plan and received some

level of healthcare coverage from the City over the years. The City has undertaken to eliminate

the healthcare benefits that many of the plaintiffs previously enjoyed; while the plaintiffs have

fought to retain the benefits under a number of legal and equitable principles. The circuit court

largely ruled in favor of the City and dismissed most of the plaintiffs’ claims. We affirm in part,

reverse in part, and remand the case for further proceedings.

¶2 BACKGROUND

¶3 The genesis of this case dates all the way back to the 1960s, but most of the relevant

events occurred between 1983 and the present. The City has long been providing fixed-rate

subsidized healthcare to its retirees through the City of Chicago Annuitant Medical Benefits

Plan. In 1983, the City agreed to provide a subsidy for the Police and Firefighter funds for a

healthcare benefit. Under that plan, the respective annuity and benefit funds (the Funds) would

provide a subsidy to the City to cover a set amount of the participants’ healthcare ($55 per month

for non-Medicare-eligible retirees and $21 per month for Medicare-eligible retirees). Ill Rev.

Stat. 1983, Ch. 108–1/2, par. 8–167.5 (eff. Jan.12, 1983). The contributions themselves were

funded by a City tax. The municipal employees and the laborers and retirement board employees

were brought under the same construct as the police and firefighters in 1985, just at a smaller

average subsidy ($25 per month). Ill Rev. Stat. 1985, Ch. 108–1/2, par. 11–160.1 (eff. Aug.16,

1985).

¶4 In 1987, the City began its quest to stop subsidizing retiree healthcare. The City notified

the Funds that it would stop providing healthcare benefits on the first day of 1988, and it filed

suit in the circuit court of Cook County (City of Chicago v. Korshak, No. 87 CH 10134 (Cir. Ct.

Cook Cty.)) seeking a declaration that it had no obligation to continue providing coverage. The

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Funds counterclaimed seeking a declaration that the City was required to continue covering

healthcare costs. A group of retirees intervened and were certified as the “Korshak subclass.”

The Korshak subclass is comprised of individuals that retired on or before December 31, 1987.

The “Window subclass” was certified later and is comprised of employees that retired after

December 31, 1987, but before August 23, 1989. The retirees counterclaimed seeking a

declaration that they were entitled to lifetime healthcare coverage.

¶5 Before that case was adjudicated on the merits, the City and the Funds settled. The

individual retirees were not parties to the settlement. The settlement, which was adopted

legislatively as part of the Pension Code (40 ILCS 5/5-167.5 (as amended by P.A. 86–273, § 1,

eff. Aug. 23, 1989)), amended the 1983 and 1985 fixed-rate subsidy statutes to set forth the

City’s new obligations. The amendment stated that for the period from 1988 through the end of

1997, the Funds would continue to pay a subsidy and the City was also responsible for 50% of

the retirees’ healthcare coverage costs. The parties agreed to “negotiate in good faith toward

achieving a permanent resolution of this dispute” until the end of the settlement period and that

“[f]ailing agreement, the parties shall be restored to the same legal status which existed as of

October 19, 1987 ***.” The amendment to the Pension Code explicitly stipulated that the

obligations set forth therein “shall terminate on December 31, 1997.” 40 ILCS 5/5–167.5 (d) (as

amended by P.A. 86–273, § 1, eff. Aug. 23, 1989). The trial court in that Korshak case did not

address the individual participants’ claim for permanent coverage and imposed the settlement

agreement on them.

¶6 When no permanent solution was reached by 1997, the City again sought to end its

coverage obligations altogether. The case ended up before this court where we held that “under

the express terms of the settlement agreement, the [retirees] are entitled to reargue the claims

3 No. 16-2356 and 16-2357 (cons.)

originally asserted” in the 1987 case. Ryan v. City of Chicago, No. 98-3465, at p. 7 (Rule 23

Order June 15, 2000). Again before the claims were adjudicated on the merits, the parties settled.

After settlement extensions and corresponding amendments to the Pension Code in 1997, 2002,

and 2003 (P.A. 90-32, § 5, eff. June 27, 1997; P.A. 92-599, § 10, eff. June 28, 2002; P.A. 93-42,

§ 5, eff. July 1, 2003), all of which were substantially similar to the first settlement and all with

the same limiting language and expirations, the City conveyed its intent to end healthcare

benefits for retirees once and for all.

¶7 In the 2003 agreement, the parties agreed that, at the expiration of that agreement, “the

City may offer additional healthcare plans at its own discretion and may modify, amend, or

terminate any of such additional healthcare plans at its sole discretion.” The agreement created

the Retiree Health Care Benefits Commission (“RHBC”) that would make recommendations

concerning the state of retiree health care benefits, the costs of those benefits, and issues

affecting the retirees’ benefits to be offered after July 1, 2013. The 2003 agreement was set to

expire in 2013. Before the agreement expired, the City notified retirees that, on the

recommendation of the RHBC, once the agreement expired in 2013, the City was going to begin

to reduce healthcare benefits until January 2017, at which time the City would end the plan in its

entirety. Certain classes of employees, like those in the Korshak and Window subclasses, would

retain healthcare benefits under the City’s new plan but others, particularly those hired after

1989, would not.

¶8 Plaintiffs attempted to revive the 1987 lawsuit in the circuit court of Cook County, but

the court ordered them to interpose their claims in a newly-filed complaint (this case). Once the

new case was filed, the City removed it to federal court. After the federal district court dismissed

the retirees’ claims (Underwood v. City of Chicago, No. 13 C 5687,

, at *17

4 No. 16-2356 and 16-2357 (cons.)

(N.D. Ill. Dec. 13, 2013)), the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit affirmed

the dismissal of the federal claims, but remanded the matter to state court for a resolution of the

“novel issues of state law.” Underwood v. City of Chicago,

(7th Cir. 2015).

¶9 Back in state court, the City filed a motion to dismiss. The plaintiffs’ third amended

complaint has claims for: improper diminution of pension benefits under the Illinois Constitution

(count I), breach of contract (count II), estoppel (count III), impairment of contract (count V),

and equal protection and special legislation challenges to the City’s plan of action (counts VI and

VII). 1 The parties and the courts have discussed the retirees as broken down into four subclasses:

(1) the Korshak subclass, made up of people who retired before December 31, 1987; (2) the

Window subclass, made up of people who retired between January 1, 1988 and August 23, 1989;

(3) subclass three, made up of people who retired on or after August 23, 1989; and (4) subclass

four, made up of people who were hired after August 23, 1989.

¶ 10 While the motion to dismiss was still pending and before the trial court entered a

judgment on the merits of plaintiffs’ claims, plaintiffs filed a motion for a preliminary injunction.

The trial court denied the sought-after injunctive relief. Plaintiffs appealed that ruling and, after

examining plaintiffs’ claims insofar as they related to preliminary injunctive relief, we affirmed.

Underwood v. City of Chicago,

, ¶ 32 (appeal denied, No. 121498,

(Ill. Jan. 25, 2017)).

¶ 11 In resolving the motions to dismiss, the trial court held that plaintiffs could not state a

claim on the 1987, 1997, or 2003 amendments under the Illinois Constitution’s pension

protection clause because the settlements on which the claims are based provided only time-

limited benefits. The trial court did, however, hold that the members of the Korshak subclass, the

1 Count IV was a claim for a due process violation under federal law. It was dismissed in the federal case and did not call for an answer from the defendants in this case.

5 No. 16-2356 and 16-2357 (cons.)

Window subclass, and subclass three could state a claim based on the 1983 and 1985

amendments that did not contain the same limiting language that the subsequent amendments

did. The trial court dismissed the remaining claims, denied the plaintiffs’ motion for class

certification, and made a finding that there was no just reason to delay appeal of its judgment on

the claims it dismissed (See Ill. S. Ct. R. 304(a)). The retirees later filed a renewed motion for a

preliminary injunction, which the trial court also denied.

¶ 12 The case is now before the court on an interlocutory appeal principally concerning the

propriety of the trial court’s ruling on motions to dismiss filed by the City and the Funds. The

retirees’ renewed request for injunctive relief is also part of their appeal.

¶ 13 ANALYSIS

¶ 14 The trial court dismissed the retirees’ claims under section 2-615 of the Illinois Code of

Civil Procedure. A section 2-615 motion to dismiss attacks the sufficiency of a complaint and

raises the question of whether a complaint states a cause of action upon which relief can be

granted. 735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2012); Fox v. Seiden,

(2008). All

well-pleaded facts must be taken as true, and any inferences should be drawn in favor of the

nonmovant. Jones v. Brown-Marino,

. A section 2-615 motion to

dismiss should not be granted unless no set of facts could be proved that would entitle the

plaintiff to relief.

We review the dismissal of a plaintiff’s claims de novo. Sandholm v.

Kuecker,

.

¶ 15 I. Claims Under the Pension Protection Clause (Count I)

¶ 16 The pension protection clause of the Illinois Constitution has been the focus of

considerable public attention recently. As the State, cities, and other public employers attempt to

rein in their pension obligations and workers and retirees attempt to secure all the benefits they

6 No. 16-2356 and 16-2357 (cons.)

have been promised, many of the disputes have made their way through our courts. The decisive

legal mechanism in many of these cases has been the pension protection clause. See, e.g., In re

Pension Reform Litigation,

.

¶ 17 The pension protection clause of the Illinois Constitution states that “[m]embership in

any pension or retirement system of the State, any unit of local government or school district, or

any agency or instrumentality thereof, shall be an enforceable contractual relationship, the

benefits of which shall not be diminished or impaired.” Ill. Const. 1970, art. XIII, § 5. The

pension protection clause is intended to eliminate the uncertainty that surrounded public pension

benefits (People ex rel., Sklodowski v. State,

(1998)) and to provide public

employees with a basic protection against the complete abolition of their rights or the reduction

of their benefits after they have already embarked upon employment (Miller v. Retirement Board

of Policemen's Annuity,

(2001)).

¶ 18 A. Claims Based on the 1997, 2002, and 2003 Settlements and Amendments

¶ 19 The retirees argue that they are entitled to “lifetime healthcare coverage” “for each

annuitant class, as it best was during their participation.” For that to be the case, we would have

to find that the Illinois Constitution’s pension protection clause (Ill. Const. 1970, art. XIII, § 5)

protected the benefit levels in the 1997, 2002, and 2003 amendments for life for any member of

any subclass that participated in the plan while the particular amendment was in effect. The

retirees’ argument for permanent coverage on these terms has a significant emphasis on the

Illinois Constitution’s pension protection clause (Ill. Const. 1970, art. XIII, § 5) and the Illinois

Supreme Court’s decision in Kanerva v. Weems,

, so we begin there. However,

we find that neither the Illinois Constitution nor the Kanerva decision extend the settlements’

benefit levels to retirees beyond the temporal scope of those agreements.

7 No. 16-2356 and 16-2357 (cons.)

¶ 20 The Illinois Supreme Court has interpreted the pension protection clause to protect not

only the retirement annuity itself from diminution, but instead has held that all of the benefits

flowing from one’s participation in a public pension system are constitutionally protected.

Kanerva v. Weems,

. Including, specifically, health insurance subsidies. Id.

at ¶ 41, ¶ 57.

¶ 21 The retirees here maintain that their situation is the same as the retirees in Kanerva. They

are part of a qualifying public pension system. Their healthcare subsidies have come from their

participation in that system. Their public employer obligated itself to contribute to the cost of

their healthcare. And, therefore, the City’s plan to cease making healthcare contributions in

accordance with the 1997, 2002, and 2003 amendments is unconstitutional.

¶ 22 However, the plaintiffs here are not in the same situation as the retirees in Kanerva. In

that case, the healthcare subsidies were an open-ended obligation of the State, bestowed on the

employees without condition. The same is not true here. In this case, the benefits that the retirees

are trying to protect were conditional benefits that have since expired.

¶ 23 In 1987, the City sought to stop paying for retirees’ healthcare coverage and initiated

legal action in order to get a declaration of the parties’ rights and obligations. The result was that

a settlement was reached in 1989 and extended in 1997 and 2003 to offer subsidies and coverage,

but each settlement contained an expiration date. The last amendment obligated the City until

June 30, 2013 only and expressly provided that the City’s obligations under that settlement

terminated at that point. That was what the parties agreed upon and the General Assembly

adopted.

¶ 24 As we explained when we affirmed the trial court’s decision to deny the injunctive relief

sought by the retirees, the settlements and attendant amendments did not create lifetime benefits

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because the benefits came with an expiration date. Underwood v. City of Chicago,

, ¶ 23, ¶ 27. The expiration date was embedded in the benefit itself, and the benefit

does not endure beyond the expiration date by application of the pension protection clause.

Employees that began to participate in the retirement system in 1989 forward, like those already

enrolled, were vested with the rights provided in the amendment in effect when they became

employed and subsequent amendments enacted during their employment, but they never had any

contractual, statutory, or constitutional commitment that benefits at those levels would become

permanent or extend beyond the contract’s own term. Therefore, no member of any subclass can

state a cause of action under count I insofar as the claim is based on the 1989, 1997, or 2003

settlements.

¶ 25 The pension protection clause enables employees to “lock in” pension rights that exist

when they become employed or those that spring up thereafter during their employment. Bosco

v. Chicago Transit Authority,

(N.D. Ill. 2001). All that the

employees here could lock in during the amendment periods was the City’s obligation to provide

healthcare benefits as expressly provided for and conditioned by the statute. The scope of the

pension protection clause’s application is “governed by the actual terms of the contract or

pension.” Kerner v. State Employees' Retirement System,

(1978) (citing 1970

Const., art. XIII, sec. 5, Constitutional Commentary, at 302 (Smith-Hurd 1971)). The time

limitation here was a condition of the employment relationship to which those employees

consented. See

There was never any contractual or statutory commitment by the City to

provide the benefit levels in the amendments beyond the life of the amendments themselves. And

without a contractual or statutory commitment to create a benefit, there is nothing that the

pension protection clause can protect.

9 No. 16-2356 and 16-2357 (cons.)

¶ 26 While the pension protection clause guarantees the vested rights of a public employee as

provided in the contract that defines a participant's retirement system membership, it does not

change the terms of that contract or the essential nature of the rights it confers. Matthews v.

Chicago Transit Authority,

. The retirees’ argument is that they are entitled

to benefits on the best terms that were ever provided to them, without regard to the limitations

that encumbered those benefits. Such an interpretation would be an unwarranted extension of the

pension protection clause that would enable the clause to create and define benefits rather than

protect existing ones. A right cannot be protected if it does not exist. Here, the retirees have no

enduring right to the benefit levels in the 1989, 1997, and 2003 amendments that the pension

protection clause could possibly protect.

¶ 27 There is nothing in the Illinois Constitution or in any statute or precedent that prohibits

the legislature from attaching conditions to the receipt of a statutory benefit, such as the limited

time period here. To the contrary, where the legislature grants a right, it is free to define the

parameters and application of that right. Kaufman, Litwin & Feinstein v. Edgar,

(1998). There is nothing to prohibit the legislature from granting a privilege for a

limited period of time or from incorporating an expiration date into an amendment. In re Petition

for Detachment of Land from Morrison Community Hospital District,

(2000). This is especially true where the statute merely codified the parties’ own agreement. The

pension protection clause does not affect the contours of the rights themselves—that is for the

General Assembly to delineate when it grants benefits in the first instance.

¶ 28 After Kanerva was decided, our Supreme Court also explained that the pension

protection clause does not present “an obstacle to a contractual provision that permits subsequent

modification of public retirement benefits.” Matthews,

. Thus, importantly,

10 No. 16-2356 and 16-2357 (cons.)

“where a public employee becomes a member of a retirement system under a statute that

includes a provision which may operate to deny him benefits in the future, that provision does

not become an unconstitutional impairment of his retirement benefits because he agreed to it as a

condition of his membership in the system.” Id. at ¶ 61. That means that where a benefit is

conditional when conferred, the pension protection clause does not operate to remove the

condition. And parties are free to contract for benefits, including temporary ones. See id. at ¶ 66.

¶ 29 All of the foregoing analysis is a long way of saying that no retiree can state a claim for

healthcare coverage as it was provided under the time-limited amendments under count I of the

third amended complaint. When the amendments expired, the benefits granted therein expired.

The pension protection clause does not give the retirees lifetime coverage in the manner that the

coverage existed under the amendments, and the expiration of those benefits is not a diminution

or impairment of any protected benefit flowing from participation in a public pension system.

¶ 30 B. Do the Retirees Have a Claim for Any Enduring Benefit and How Is the Benefit Defined? ¶ 31 Our holding that the 1989, 1997, and 2003 amendments do not create lifetime coverage

under the pension protection clause is not the end of the analysis. Before those amendments were

enacted, the parties agreed upon and the General Assembly adopted healthcare benefit plans in

1983 and 1985 that contained no such limitations. The benefits conferred under those

amendments are unconditional healthcare benefits commensurate with the benefits provided by

the statute covering the retirees in Kanerva—and they cannot be diminished.

¶ 32 Although the issue is essentially moot for the Korshak and Window subclasses, the trial

court held that the members of subclass three could state a claim under count I for benefits based

on the 1983 and 1985 amendments under the pension protection clause. The trial court, however,

held that the members of subclass four could not state a claim under count I for benefits based on

11 No. 16-2356 and 16-2357 (cons.)

the 1983 and 1985 amendments because they began participating in the retirement system during

the operative period of the 1989 settlement and, thus, were subject to its expiration and left with

nothing.

¶ 33 The idea contemplated by the parties upon settling the 1987 Korshak litigation was that

the parties would continue to negotiate during the settlement period and, if they could not resolve

their issues by the end of it, the parties would be restored to their pre-settlement positions and

litigation could (and assuredly would) resume. The result is that when the settlement expired, the

parties’ rights and obligations returned to the status existing when the 1987 litigation began.

Under the 1983 and 1985 amendments, employees were given an open-ended, unconditioned

fixed-rate subsidy for their healthcare coverage, and those benefits, like the ones offered in

Kanerva, are protected. When the 1987 litigation was settled (put on hold), no one ever

anticipated, and there is no legal basis to conclude, that once the settlement expired, the City’s

obligations would be terminated as a matter of law.

¶ 34 In the 1989 settlement, the parties agreed to “negotiate in good faith toward achieving a

permanent resolution of this dispute” until the end of the settlement period and that “[f]ailing

agreement, the parties shall be restored to the same legal status which existed as of October 19,

1987 ***.” When no permanent solution was reached by 1997 and the City tried to terminate the

plan unilaterally again, the case ended up before this court where we held that “under the express

terms of the settlement agreement, the [retirees] are entitled to reargue the claims originally

asserted” in the 1987 case. Ryan v. City of Chicago, No. 98-3465, at p. 7 (Rule 23 Order June 15,

2000).

¶ 35 It was not until the 2003 settlement was executed that the parties agreed that the City

would have the unilateral authority to end the program entirely, meaning that all persons that

12 No. 16-2356 and 16-2357 (cons.)

participated in the retirement system before that agreement was executed still maintained a

vested right to the unconditional 1983 and 1985 amendments. Therefore, the retirees in subclass

four that began to participate in the retirement system before the 2003 settlement was executed

have a claim under count I based on the 1983 and 1985 amendments under the pension

protection clause.

¶ 36 For the first time in the 2003 agreement, the parties agreed that, at the expiration of that

agreement, “the City may offer additional healthcare plans at its own discretion and may modify,

amend, or terminate any of such additional healthcare plans at its sole discretion.” So for the first

time in 2003, the City obtained the requisite legal authority and put any new entrant to the

retirement system on notice that, if and when the time-limited 2003 plan was terminated, there

would be no further coverage at all. And because of the pension protection clause, such a

promulgation can only be applied prospectively to employees whose participation in the system

begins thereafter.

¶ 37 Even those retirees that began participating in the system after 1989 still had vested rights

in the 1983 or 1985 amendments. The post-1989 participants did not start under a benefit plan

that said all healthcare benefits would expire at the end of the settlement period. They started on

a time-limited plan which stated that they would be reinstated to the pre-settlement status quo at

the time the settlement expired. The settlements never expressed that future annuitants were to be

treated differently or precluded from also reverting to the pre-settlement status quo. When the

2003 settlement expired in 2013, the rights of employees whose participation started before the

2003 settlement was executed merely reverted to the status existing when the Korshak case was

filed in 1987. So, being back at that point, the City is obligated to those retirees under the 1983

and 1985 amendments.

13 No. 16-2356 and 16-2357 (cons.)

¶ 38 When the case was before us for a review of the denial of a motion for a preliminary

injunction, our main inquiry was into whether the 2016 benefits were a sufficient substitute for

the 1983 and 1985 levels. Underwood,

, ¶ 26. Our review at that point

was also whether the trial court abused its discretion in denying the preliminary injunctive relief.

Id. The fact of the matter is that the 1983 and 1985 amendments offered healthcare benefits with

no strings attached. The settlements acted as a substitute for those benefits on an interim basis

and did not diminish them, but in fact, enhanced them. See id. at ¶ 25-26. However, when the

settlements ceased to operate as a matter of law, the retirees still had the 1983 and 1985 benefits

to fall back on—benefits that cannot legally be diminished. 2

¶ 39 The next question then is what is the “benefit” that is actually protected? The United

State Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit alluded to this question in its opinion remanding

the case to state court.

“There is, moreover, a potentially important question that the parties have

not addressed: What ‘benefits’ does the Pensions Clause protect? Plaintiffs

assume that it covers in-kind benefits such as health care, no matter the cost to the

employer. Yet pensions promise a particular amount of money (for defined-

benefit plans) or the balance in a particular fund (for defined-contribution plans),

not a particular quantum of buying power. If the cost of automobiles, food, or

health care rises, the Pensions Clause does not require the state to supplement

pensions beyond the promised level. A parallel approach for health care would

imply that the Pensions Clause locks in the amount of the promised subsidy but

2 In dicta in our opinion affirming the denial of preliminary injunctive relief, we imprecisely stated that subclass four had “no ascertainable claims to lifetime healthcare benefits.” Underwood,

, ¶ 23. However, as alluded to in the preceding sentence of that opinion and encapsulated the opinion as a whole, our review concerned the interim settlement agreements, which we reaffirm today did not create any right to lifetime coverage.

14 No. 16-2356 and 16-2357 (cons.)

does not guarantee a particular level of medical care. Kanerva implies as much by

saying that the state's contributions to health-insurance premiums are the

protected benefit.” (Emphasis in original). Underwood v. City of Chicago,

(7th Cir. 2015).

We hold that the pension protection clause protects the latter—the fixed-rate subsidy itself.

When the benefit at issue is a defined subsidy, the clause protects the pensioner’s right to that

contribution at that specific level. The recipients get what the statute or contract that grants the

right expressly says they get. Matthews,

, ¶ 59, ¶ 66.

¶ 40 Under the 1983 amendment, the City is obligated to pay towards its retirees’ healthcare

$55 per month for non-Medicare-eligible retirees and $21 per month for Medicare-eligible

retirees). Ill Rev. Stat. 1983, Ch. 108–1/2, par. 8–167.5 (eff. Jan.12, 1983). Under the 1985

amendment, the City is obligated to pay $25 per month for its municipal employees and laborers

and retirement board employees. Ill Rev. Stat. 1985, Ch. 108–1/2, par. 11–160.1 (eff. Aug.16,

1985). The retirees contend that the pension protection clause should be considered to protect

their abstract right to “healthcare coverage.” But that is not what the Illinois Constitution

provides. The pension protection clause protects a specific tangible benefit that cannot be

diminished or impaired. See Kanerva,

. It is the subsidy itself that is

protected. Under count I, the pension protection clause protects the benefits in the 1983 and 1985

amendments for any retiree that began participating in the retirement system before the 2003

settlement was executed. The 1983 and 1985 amendments represent the highest level of benefits

to which the retirees ever had an enduring right. For the reasons set forth in section A above, the

pension protection clause entitles the retirees to nothing more.

15 No. 16-2356 and 16-2357 (cons.)

¶ 41 C. Statute of Limitations and Jurisdiction

¶ 42 In the trial court, the City maintained that all of the retirees’ claims under the 1983 and

1985 amendments are barred by the statute of limitations. At least one of the retirement funds

joined in this argument. This argument applies to our previously-expressed holding as it

challenges whether any of the retirees, but particularly subclasses three and four, can state a

claim based on the 1983 and 1985 amendments after the passage of so much time. The City and

the Funds contend that the retirees’ claims under the 1983 and 1985 amendments are contract-

based, and even with the application of the pension protection clause, are subject to and barred

by the 10-year statute of limitations for contract claims (735 ILCS 5/13-206 (West 2012)). The

trial court ruled that the statute of limitations issue was moot as to the Korshak and Window

subclasses because the parties had agreed upon some form of coverage that the City would

provide for those members. The trial court held that as for subclass three, there was a question of

fact about when the members discovered their injury under the discovery rule, so it denied the

City’s motion to dismiss in that regard. Then the court held that as for subclass four, they had no

claim for relief in any event, so it was unnecessary to address the applicability of the statute of

limitations for those members. We hold that none of the claims made under count I of the third

amended complaint are time-barred.

¶ 43 The parties agreed in the 1989 settlement that “failing agreement” on a “permanent

resolution of this dispute” they would be restored to their same legal status as it existed on

October 19, 1987. The parties never reached a permanent solution. Then, when the City tried to

unilaterally end the program again, we held that the retirees are “entitled to reargue the claims

originally asserted” in the 1987 case. Ryan v. City of Chicago, No. 98-3465, at p. 7 (Rule 23

Order June 15, 2000). The 2003 settlement agreement again put off a judicial resolution of the

16 No. 16-2356 and 16-2357 (cons.)

suit, tolling the limitations period by agreement and once again expressly reserving the retirees’

rights to pursue their claims for permanent coverage. The parties continued to settle for periods

up until 2013 (and really until 2017) when, still having not arrived at a permanent solution, the

City terminated its healthcare plan. The limitations period never expired for the retirees’ claims.

¶ 44 The trial court applied the limits attached to the post-1987 settlements against the retirees,

but did not give the retirees the benefit of the favorable terms of those same agreements—such as

that the retirees always reserved their rights and that the parties would return to their pre-

litigation positions when the settlements expired. It is also important to note that the settlements

were originally between the Funds and the City, but they were imposed on the retirees because

the agreements were always understood to simply delay a judicial resolution on the merits unless

the parties could agree on an enduring solution.

¶ 45 A cause of action accrues, and the limitations period begins to run, when the party

seeking relief knows or reasonably should know of its injury and that it was wrongfully caused.

Feltmeier v. Feltmeier,

(2003). Because there was never a permanent

solution and because the City did not end its healthcare coverage until January 1, 2017, the

retirees’ claims are not time-barred. Every time the City attempted to terminate the healthcare

plan, the retirees promptly instituted legal action and did so successfully until the City relented

and entered into a new settlement. In addition, and while the rights invoked by the retirees were

initially granted by contractual settlements, under count I of their third amended complaint, the

retirees’ claim for relief is a facial challenge to the constitutionality of the City’s action based on

the pension protection clause. The benefits are constitutionally protected from diminishment.

Any inaction on the part of the retirees was a result of the City’s inducement through settlements

and their justifiable reliance that when the settlements expired they would be entitled to revive

17 No. 16-2356 and 16-2357 (cons.)

their claims for coverage.

¶ 46 The Funds argue that we lack jurisdiction to consider the applicability of the 1983 and

1985 amendments to the Korshak, Window, and subclass three subclasses. This argument is

based on the fact that the trial court held that those subclasses could state a claim based on the

1983 and 1985 amendments and, therefore, denied that portion of the motions to dismiss.

However, the claims under count I of the complaint that relate to subclass four were dismissed in

their entirety, and we have jurisdiction to review the dismissal under Illinois Supreme Court Rule

304(a). The Korshak and Window subclass members’ claims are essentially moot as the parties

have settled. So, subclass three remains, but our application of the law to the dispute between the

City and subclass four necessarily touches on the rights of subclass three.

¶ 47 II. Contract and Estoppel Claims (Counts II and III)

¶ 48 Aside from the constitutional claims based on the pension protection clause, the retirees

argue that they are entitled to lifetime coverage based on a contract or estoppel theory. Count II

of their third amended complaint is for common law breach of contract and count III is for

common law estoppel. As we explained above, any person that entered the retirement system

before the 2003 settlement went into effect does have lifetime coverage under the pension

protection clause. Therefore, the only important inquiry remaining is whether the retirees are

entitled to the benefit levels they claim they are entitled to as a result of any of the remaining

theories set forth in the operative complaint.

¶ 49 The trial court dismissed the retirees’ contract claim on the basis that they failed to attach

any contract to their complaint. The trial court also indicated that the City of Chicago Annuitant

Medical Benefits Plan Handbook was insufficient to support a claim for breach of contract

because the handbook contains no promise or offer for lifetime healthcare coverage. Moreover,

18 No. 16-2356 and 16-2357 (cons.)

and as we noted in our opinion affirming the denial of the retirees’ motion for a preliminary

injunction (Underwood,

, ¶ 26), the handbook expressly stated that

coverage would terminate “the date the Plan is terminated.” There are other references to

coverage being terminated in the annuitant handbook, and the retirees cannot point to anything in

the handbook or in any other document that conveys an offer or promise that would obligate the

City to provide lifetime coverage much less to provide coverage at any particular benefit level.

¶ 50 On appeal, the retirees focus their argument concerning their contract claim on the statute

of frauds. Seemingly backing away from previous positions that there was an oral agreement for

this lifetime contract, the retirees argue that the handbook and some other written

communications are sufficient. But again, none of these communications contractually obligate

the City to provide lifetime benefits. Indeed, since 1987, the City has had an eye towards ending

the plan and has been very careful about expressing the limitations on the coverage it has

provided. There is no documentary evidence to support the retirees’ claim for healthcare

coverage for life on a contractual basis and its reliance on oral assurances is misplaced because

lifetime contracts must be in writing (McInerney v. Charter Golf, Inc.,

(1997)).

¶ 51 As for the retirees’ estoppel claim, the allegations in the operative complaint itself are

wholly insufficient. But the retirees’ argument is that the City is estopped from changing or

terminating coverage because the City issued benefit handbooks and held pre-retirement

seminars. The retirees contend that the City is estopped from changing a retiree’s coverage to a

level below the highest level during a retiree’s participation in the retirement system. In order to

apply equitable estoppel against a municipality, a plaintiff must plead specific facts that show:

(1) an affirmative act by either the municipality itself or an official with express authority to bind

19 No. 16-2356 and 16-2357 (cons.)

the municipality; and (2) reasonable reliance upon that act by the plaintiff that induces the

plaintiff to detrimentally change its position. Vaughn v. City of Carbondale,

. The retirees have failed to plead or even support an argument with facts to support such a

claim.

¶ 52 Moreover, since we have already held that the retirees are entitled to coverage under the

amendments that remained intact, the only issue to address is the level of benefits that the

retirees claim they are entitled to because of estoppel. But the retirees point to nothing at all to

show they were promised a particular benefit level, especially for life. And any reliance on the

1989, 1997, and 2003 settlements would not be reasonable because those agreements expired by

their own terms and could not support a claim for lifetime coverage at those levels. The retirees

have also pivoted to an apparent authority theory, suggesting that because presenters at seminars

told them they would have lifetime coverage, they have a claim for estoppel. But the retirees fail

to allege how the presenters might have been authorized to bind the City to a commitment to

lifetime coverage (especially at any particular benefit level), and apparent authority is not enough

to bind a municipality, actual authority is required (Patrick Engineering, Inc. v. City of

Naperville,

).

¶ 53 III. Remaining Constitutional Claims (Counts V, VI, VII)

¶ 54 The retirees interposed a claim in their third amended complaint that the City’s plan

impermissibly impairs a contract and they have also lodged equal protection and special

legislation challenges.

¶ 55 The contracts clause provides that the government cannot pass laws that impair the

obligation of contracts. Ill. Const., art. I, § 16. To determine whether a law impermissibly

impairs a contract, we examine: (1) whether there is a contractual relationship; (2) whether the

20 No. 16-2356 and 16-2357 (cons.)

law at issue impairs that relationship; (3) whether the impairment is substantial; and (4) whether

the law serves an important public purpose. Nissan North America, Inc. v. Motor Vehicle Review

Board,

. The retirees do not develop any argument about the

dismissal of this claim in their appeal, so the claim is forfeited. Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7)(eff. Jan. 1,

2016) (points not argued on appeal are forfeited). The contracts clause does not fit the case. For

one example, the contract between the parties, the settlements at issue, expired by their own

terms, not any government action. Anyhow, as pled, the claim fails because the allegations, if

proved, would be insufficient to support a claim for any violation of the contracts clause. The

retirees cannot state a claim on count V of the third amended complaint.

¶ 56 As for the retirees’ equal protection and special legislation challenges, those types of

challenges are judged by the same standard. General Motors Corp. v. State of Illinois Motor

Vehicle Review Board,

(2007). Both focus on whether a law treats similarly

situated individuals differently.

The constitutional guarantee of equal protection requires that

the government treat similarly situated individuals in a similar manner. American Federation of

State, City, Municipal Employees (AFSCME), Council 31 v. State, Department of Central

Management Services,

. Similarly, the Illinois Constitution

provides that the General Assembly cannot pass special laws when a general law is or can be

made applicable. Id. at ¶ 31; Ill. Const. 1970, art. IV, § 13. This means that the General

Assembly is prohibited from passing laws that confer a special benefit on a select group to the

exclusion of others that are similarly situated. Best v. Taylor Machine Works,

(1997).

¶ 57 The retirees argue that the City’s plan violates the constitution because it discriminates

among retirees based on when they retire. That claim, however, has nothing to do with the

21 No. 16-2356 and 16-2357 (cons.)

benefit levels themselves and, because of our holding on the pension protection clause issue, the

level of benefits is the retirees’ only outstanding grievance. Our holding on other issues results in

none of the retirees being treated differently based on the date of retirement—they are all entitled

to the same fixed-rate subsidy based on when they entered the retirement system. Therefore, the

retirees cannot state a claim on count VI or VII of the third amended complaint. As we have

noted, the City has agreed separately to fund some portion of the Korshak and Window subclass

members’ healthcare coverage. This opinion merely speaks to what the City is constitutionally

obligated to provide. It, of course, may provide other benefits by agreement, as it did for a

number of years under the 1989, 1997, and 2003 time-limited settlements.

¶ 58 IV. Injunctive Relief

¶ 59 The retirees include arguments about injunctive relief in their brief on appeal. They were

attempting to preserve the status quo at the end of 2016 so that the City’s plan to terminate

coverage entirely could not go into effect. We addressed the retirees’ requests for injunctive

relief on motion 3 and, because the end of 2016 has already arrived, the retirees’ request for

injunctive relief is moot. Moseley v. Goldstone,

(1980).

¶ 60 V. Conclusion

¶ 61 To summarize our holding, the settlements that held the 1987 Korshak litigation in

abeyance from 1989 until 2013 have no enduring effect. The pension protection clause does not

protect any term of those settlements because the settlements expired by their own terms as the

parties agreed upon. However, the pension protection clause locked in the 1983 and 1985 fixed-

rate subsidies for any employee that began participating in the system by the time the 2003

settlement was executed. Up until that point, all annuitants retained the rights that an annuitant

had before the 1987 litigation began. Among those rights was the right to a fixed-rate subsidy 3 On December 7, 2016, we denied the retirees’ motion for an injunction. 22 No. 16-2356 and 16-2357 (cons.)

that, under the Illinois Constitution, cannot be diminished or impaired for those employees

already in the system.

¶ 62 Therefore, we agree with the trial court that the members of subclass three can state a

claim on count I based on the 1983 and 1985 amendments, but we hold that the members of

subclass four that began participating in the retirement system before the 2003 settlement

became operative also have a claim under count I.

¶ 63 None of the retirees have a right to lifetime coverage based on contract, estoppel, or any

constitutional theory other than the pension protection clause. Similarly, none of those other

theories entitle the retirees to a benefit level greater than that provided by the 1983 and 1985

amendments.

¶ 64 On remand, the court will have to find a workable solution to address how the subsidy

will be funded as the court already indicated it would do for subclass three under the 1983 and

1985 amendments. Now, the court will need to include any participant in the system before the

2003 settlement was executed into that matrix in accordance with this opinion.

¶ 65 The result here will predictably leave both sides unhappy. The retirees have intimated

that the 1983 and 1985 fixed-rate subsidies are insufficient because the amount of the benefit

covers little of their ever-rising healthcare premiums. On the other hand, the City has been

boastful of its heretofore success in eliminating the retiree healthcare plan altogether, and its

interest in the badly-needed financial savings from eliminating the program is legitimate.

However, after 30 years of litigation and millions of dollars spent, the result compelled by the

application of our constitution, statutes, and precedent is that the retirees are entitled to lifetime

healthcare coverage, albeit at modest levels—a result that should, but unlikely will, put an end to

hostilities.

23 No. 16-2356 and 16-2357 (cons.)

¶ 66 Accordingly, we affirm all but the trial court’s ruling that the members of subclass four

have no claim whatsoever under count I. Instead, we hold that any retiree that began

participating in the system before the 2003 settlement was executed has a claim for relief based

on the 1983 and 1985 amendments by operation of the pension protection clause.

¶ 67 Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further proceedings consistent with

this opinion.

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