Illinois Department of Transportation v. Dalzell
Illinois Department of Transportation v. Dalzell
Opinion
¶ 1 Plaintiff, the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT), brought a condemnation action under the Eminent Domain Act (Act) ( 735 ILCS 30/1-1-1 et seq. (West 2008) ) and the Illinois Highway Code ( 605 ILCS 5/4-501 et seq. (West 2008) ) to acquire property owned by defendants, Darlene M. and Ronald L. Dalzell, as trustees under a declaration of trust dated December 12, 1990. 1 Dalzell filed a counterclaim seeking compensation for damage to the remainder ( i.e. , the part of his property not taken). After trial, the jury found that the just compensation due to Dalzell totaled $247,000, comprised of (1) $23,000 for the taking of parcel No. 1EA0014, (2) $220,000 for damage to the remainder, and (3) $4000 for damage to the property within and outside of a temporary-easement strip on parcel No. 1EA0014TE. The trial *1236 court denied IDOT's motion for a new trial.
¶ 2 IDOT appeals, first raising issues concerning the court's jurisdiction over certain claims for damages. Next, IDOT challenges numerous court rulings concerning the parties' motions in limine as well as its decisions to permit or restrict certain testimony, limit cross-examination of a witness, and refuse certain jury instructions. Finally, IDOT asserts that Dalzell's counsel's opening and closing statements constituted plain error. IDOT requests a new trial. For the following reasons, we affirm.
¶ 3 I. BACKGROUND
¶ 4 Dalzell owns property on the northeast corner of North Avenue (also known as Route 64) and Powis Road in West Chicago. Since 1985, Dalzell has operated thereon a business, On Site Storage, for public rental of parking areas and storage of steel containers (ranging approximately 20 to 40 feet in length). Drivers could originally access Dalzell's property via two driveways, one off North Avenue, which runs east-west, and the other off Powis Road, which runs north-south.
¶ 5 On December 14, 2010, to complete its public-works project of widening and resurfacing North Avenue, IDOT filed a complaint for condemnation of portions of Dalzell's land. Specifically, IDOT wished to acquire two things:
1. Fee-simple title to parcel No. 1EA0014. The parcel is roughly an L-shape, with the short arm near the southwest corner of the property (running parallel to North Avenue). The long arm extends along the west border of the property, on Powis Road. The area connecting the short arm to the long arm encompasses a triangular section of grass lawn. Included within the parcel taken, on the west border (or long arm), is a portion of the property's Powis Road driveway.
2. A temporary easement (for a period up to five years) on parcel No. 1EA0014TE. This easement is located directly east of the long arm of parcel No. 1EA0014, although it is shorter, and it includes a section of, and spans the width of, the Powis Road driveway.
¶ 6 Although slightly out of sequence chronologically, we note two additional aspects of the overall project to provide context for the issues and arguments. First, the project's expansion of North Avenue elevated the stretch of highway directly in front of the property's North Avenue driveway, and IDOT placed a concrete barrier there that closed that driveway. Second, a concrete median was ultimately placed in the middle of Powis Road such that the property's Powis Road driveway became only a right-turn-in, right-turn-out access point. Collectively, the closure of the North Avenue driveway and the median barrier on Powis Road prevent drivers from exiting the property onto North Avenue; rather, drivers must exit onto Powis Road and drive 3.5 miles to return to North Avenue.
¶ 7 A. Quick-Take Hearing
¶ 8 Shortly after filing its complaint, in January 2011, IDOT moved for immediate possession and use of the two parcels, i.e. , a "quick-take" motion under section 25-7-103.1 of the Act (735 ILCS 30/25-7-103.1 (West 2010) ), alleging that delay in acquiring the two parcels would set back the North Avenue improvement project. In response, Dalzell filed a "traverse and motion to dismiss," arguing, in part, that IDOT did not have the requisite authority to acquire the property, the taking was not necessary, and the taking exceeded IDOT's needs. An October 12, 2011, order reflects, however, that, "in consideration of *1237 the parties' agreement and the modification of the construction plans for Route 64, [Dalzell] withdraw[s] [his] Traverse and Motion to Dismiss." Thereafter, on November 4, 2011, the parties entered into a stipulation that acknowledged both IDOT's eminent-domain authority and the existence of reasonable necessity to take the property through "quick-take" proceedings. However, the parties agreed that their stipulation regarding the value of the two parcels would be "irrelevant to, separate from, independent of, and shall have no effect on, the issue of damages to the remainder due to the take."
¶ 9 Therefore, at the quick-take hearing, testimony was received concerning the value of the remainder. Various appraisers testified and, notably, all acknowledged that the project would result in the closure of the North Avenue driveway. IDOT's appraiser, Frances Lorenz, did not believe that the North Avenue driveway added value to the property and, thus, did not assess any reduction in value to the property from the driveway's closure. Lorenz explained:
"Q: You didn't give any compensation for the North Avenue driveway; correct?
A: That's correct.
Q: And why did you make reference to it in your report if you weren't giving any compensation to Mr. Dalzell?
A: I didn't think it was appropriate to ignore it. It was a part of the taking, part of the improvement , and I thought that it was important to disclose in my report what's going on." (Emphasis added.)
Dalzell's appraiser, Michael MaRous, did attribute the loss of the North Avenue driveway as an element of damages. He explained that the property would go from "two main driveways to one driveway that's far inferior." MaRous testified that, in the "before" state, both driveways were "absolutely" important to the property and that losing one driveway would be a material change to the site. MaRous testified that he knew of no appraisal practice that would ignore the closing of a driveway in a condemnation project. He explained that it is customary for any appraisal report to include the number of driveways or access points to the subject property. When asked why, in an appraisal concerning condemnation powers, he considers damages associated with closing a driveway, MaRous explained, "[b]ecause a driveway for most properties is a very important fact. It's kind of like the main artery into a property, and it's very critical and properties that have limited access generally have a direct reflection of a lower value."
¶ 10 A few years later, on July 28, 2014, the parties entered into a three-part stipulation. First, they agreed that, as of the date of valuation in this case ( i.e. , December 14, 2010, when IDOT filed its condemnation complaint), the property had a right of access directly onto North Avenue. Second, they agreed that, as of the date of valuation, the "North Avenue driveway existed from North Avenue directly north to the subject property." Third, and most relevant, they agreed that "[b]oth parties may present evidence at trial as to the subject property's North Avenue driveway's value based upon any issue of fact except as to the legality or illegality of the driveway." (Emphases added.)
¶ 11 On December 3, 2014, Dalzell filed his counterclaim for damage to the remainder. The counterclaim noted that "the Remainder parcel is owned and used in common with the Part Taken and Easement Area" that IDOT acquired. It did not mention or specifically request damages for the closure of the North Avenue driveway.
¶ 12 B. IDOT's Motion in Limine No. 1: North Avenue Driveway
¶ 13 On March 4, 2016 (more than five years after the condemnation complaint *1238 was filed), IDOT filed numerous motions in limine , with motion No. 1 requesting that Dalzell's appraisers be barred from considering the closure of the North Avenue driveway as an element of damage to the remainder. IDOT argued that such testimony would be improper because the closure was not a direct and proximate result of the taking and, therefore, any claim for damages based on that closure must be brought in the Illinois Court of Claims, which has exclusive jurisdiction over all claims against the State for damages in any case sounding in tort, if such a case would lie against a private person in a civil suit. 705 ILCS 505/8(d) (West 2008). IDOT noted that the taking itself did not physically touch the North Avenue driveway and that the property's North Avenue access was instead altered by the overall construction project. IDOT argued that, "in order to claim damage to the remainder here as a result of the closure of the North Avenue access point in this circuit court action, the damage must be a direct and proximate result of the taking of parcel Nos. 1EA0014 and 1EA0014TE and not merely as a result of [IDOT's] total construction plan and construction of North Avenue or of construction in [the] general area." In sum, IDOT argued that the trial court lacked jurisdiction over damages claims concerning the North Avenue driveway, and it therefore asked that Dalzell's appraisers be barred from considering the closure of the driveway in formulating their damage-to-the-remainder opinions.
¶ 14 On March 18, 2016, after hearing oral argument, the court denied the motion. Noting that the constitution provides that private property may not be taken or damaged for public use without just compensation, the court framed the issue as follows: whether, when arriving at an opinion of the fair market value of the property after the taking occurred, an appraiser could consider the closure of access, even though the taking did not physically touch the closure and the closure resulted from the construction project. The court agreed with IDOT that, if the taking had nothing to do with the closure of the North Avenue driveway, any claims for damages concerning the closure would be exclusive to the court of claims:
"But I think that the closing of the North Avenue driveway in this case does impact the value of the property, in light of the change in the access at Powis Road, which was the taking . So I agree with [Dalzell's counsel] that this is interrelated, and the decrease in value in the after is directly related to the taking.
And you-I don't see how you can take out the closure of the North Avenue driveway, because if the North Avenue access point was still open, then the right-in/right-out of Powis Road wouldn't matter. It wouldn't decrease the value of the property at all, because you can get in and out North Avenue.
But you can't get in and out at North Avenue, and so the appraisers, I think, have to consider the impact of the taking as a whole, which would include the closing of North Avenue to arrive at a fair market value in the after.
*** [T]he fair market value of this property in the after[,] in order to arrive at the figure[,] you cannot ignore the closing of the North Avenue access. It has to be part of the consideration. *** [I]t's directly related to the taking and the change in the access at Powis Road ." (Emphases added.)
¶ 15 In response to questions from IDOT, the court explained that Dalzell could not request damages as a result of the closure of the North Avenue driveway. Rather, Dalzell could request that the jury consider the difference between the property's *1239 value before and after the taking, and part of that difference might be based on the driveway's closure. IDOT asked whether the jury would receive an instruction that it could not award damages for the closure, and the court responded that it was not going to instruct the jury on all things for which it could not award damages. Rather, the jury would be told what it could consider and that it would be tasked with awarding the difference between the fair market value before and after the taking. Further, the court reiterated that the appraisers would not be permitted to testify as to damages in a specific amount attributable to the closure but, instead, as to:
"[T]heir opinion based on a reasonable degree of appraisal certainty that the before market value is X and the subsequent fair market value is Y. And then I base my opinion on these comparables, and I base my opinion on this situation and that situation, one of which is going to be the fact that you can only go right in and right out of the Powis driveway, which really wouldn't have had much of an impact if they still had this North Avenue entrance.
But since they don't have the North Avenue entrance anymore, this has been a huge impact to the value of the property. There will be no amount assigned as damages for the closure of North Avenue."
¶ 16 The court summarized its ruling:
"I actually agree with both of your positions, and I agree with [IDOT] that if they're seeking damages for the closure of access to North Avenue they've got to go to the Court of Claims. If they're seeking the fair compensation between the value of the property before and the value of the property in the after *** I just don't see how an appraiser cannot include a factor that actually exists. I don't know how they do that, and that's why I say it's interrelated. And the fair market value in the after is directly a result of the taking, and that's why it can be considered by [the] appraisers."
¶ 17 IDOT moved for reconsideration. IDOT first purported to provide a comprehensive review of eminent-domain precedent establishing that claims of impaired access belong in the court of claims and that, therefore, Dalzell could not seek damages in the trial court for the closure of the North Avenue driveway, which was not part of the taking. As to the court's concern about how the appraisers could value the property after the taking without considering the closure, IDOT asserted, for the first time, that the appraisers must value the property after the taking as though the driveway remained open . Specifically, IDOT noted that the driveway was not physically closed until January 20, 2012. Therefore, on December 14, 2010, the date of valuation, the driveway remained open. Accordingly, IDOT argued, the "solution to the court's concern becomes clear: the appraisers in this circuit court proceeding must consider that the North Avenue [d]riveway existed and provided access to North Avenue in the before and after conditions, but exclude any damages for the closure of the North Avenue [d]riveway." IDOT urged that such an approach would not force the appraisers to consider a hypothetical, because, in fact, the North Avenue driveway was open on December 14, 2010, and that circumstance did not change as a result of the taking. Rather, the driveway did not close until months later.
¶ 18 In denying the motion, the court first questioned the strength of IDOT's argument in light of the fact that it was being raised on the eve of trial when, if the law were as clear as IDOT propounded, it would have been raised at or near the time *1240 of the quick-take hearing and before significant taxpayer expenditures were incurred for discovery and numerous other motions concerning the North Avenue driveway. The court reiterated that damages arising from closing the North Avenue driveway would, if sought on their own, be properly sought only in the court of claims. However, the court noted that its jurisdiction of Dalzell's claim was supported by Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Civil, No. 300.49 (2011) (hereinafter, IPI Civil (2011) No. 300.49), which provides that, in determining the fair market value of the remainder after a taking, the jury may consider any detriment (or benefit) from the proposed public use proved by the evidence that decreases (or increases) the fair market value of the remainder. The court did not find that instruction to be qualified, and it opined that, if the driveway's closure had somehow benefited the property, IDOT likely would have used that benefit to argue for a reduction in damage to the remainder. Thus, the court noted, "I don't see how the government can use that benefit and not let the property owner use a detriment." The court stated that the driveway's closure would be presented to the jury not as evidence of specific damages for cutting off the access but, rather, under IPI Civil (2011) No. 300.49.
¶ 19 The court next acknowledged that parties could not confer or waive subject-matter jurisdiction and, so, the issue could be raised at any time. However, the court noted that, if the issue were not jurisdictional, it would have found estoppel and waiver based on IDOT's position at the quick-take hearing and throughout the litigation, as well as on its delay in raising the issue and the resultant expense and time that went into arguments concerning the driveway.
¶ 20 Finally, as to IDOT's argument concerning the date of valuation:
"IDOT, really, is asking me to consider *** that the property is supposed to be valued as of the-a date that the eminent domain complaint was filed, which is absolutely true, that's the part taken and the easement taken. But it cannot be the law that you cannot consider the benefit or detriment of the proposed public use because why would we indeed have this IPI instruction if that were true.
So[,] I don't think you can consider when the project was completed to the extent that it closed off the North Avenue driveway and say, you don't get damages to [the] remainder because we didn't complete this project until after the valuation date. And that's essentially what IDOT is arguing, and I don't think that that is correct law." (Emphasis added.)
¶ 21 C. Safety of North Avenue Driveway
¶ 22 In response to various motions in limine filed by Dalzell, and as a discovery sanction, the court barred IDOT's engineer and safety expert, Michael Ziegler, from testifying to any opinions concerning the safety of the North Avenue driveway that relied on design speed. In keeping with that ruling, the court also ruled that certain exhibits relating to design speed would not be permitted into evidence and that IDOT could not cross-examine Dalzell's engineer and safety expert, Todd Abrams, concerning design speed. The court ruled, however, that the experts could testify to the safety of the driveway on bases not related to design speed. 2
*1241 ¶ 23 In a series of discovery requests between 2011 and 2013, Dalzell sought from IDOT any and all prior construction plans since 1995 for North Avenue or Powis Road that included the subject property. It is apparently undisputed that (1) there was only one prior project at this intersection, in 1995, and (2) the design speed for the North Avenue driveway would have been included within any such plan, even appearing on the cover sheet. It is also apparently undisputed that IDOT objected to the requests as burdensome and irrelevant and that, at one point, IDOT suggested that any such documents had been destroyed, providing to Dalzell its document-retention policy.
¶ 24 Ziegler issued reports in April and May 2013 and November 2014, opining that, for multiple reasons, in the "before" condition and on the date of valuation, the North Avenue driveway was unsafe, based in part on tests and equations applying a design speed of 50 miles per hour. In December 2014, Dalzell moved for leave to issue discovery specifically to obtain documents related to design speed. IDOT objected on the basis of untimeliness, because discovery had already closed. On December 18, 2014, the court denied Dalzell's motion, noting that anything not produced would not be introduced at trial by either side. However, the court extended, until August 2015, the time to disclose nonappraisal expert reports.
¶ 25 Abrams issued a report in January 2015, opining that the North Avenue driveway was safe, applying a design speed of 45 miles per hour. His deposition was taken on February 17, 2015.
¶ 26 On March 12, 2015, IDOT produced to Dalzell a rebuttal opinion from Ziegler (attaching, according to Dalzell, more than 1000 pages of documents), critiquing Abrams's opinion, in part, for relying on an incorrect design speed. Included within the attachments were documents showing that the design speed before the taking was 50 miles per hour (consistent with Ziegler's opinion). In March 2016, Dalzell moved in limine to bar Ziegler's testimony based on design speed, as the documents supporting that opinion were not previously disclosed.
¶ 27 In response to Dalzell's motion, IDOT argued that Ziegler did not have the documents at issue until he prepared his report rebutting Abrams's opinion. However, the court found that Dalzell's general discovery requests, to which IDOT objected, would have encompassed documents that would have reflected the design speed. Moreover, the court found critical that, in December 2014, IDOT objected to Dalzell's specific request for design-speed documents when it knew that Ziegler had testified to safety based on design speed, even if he had not used the documents at issue. Accordingly, although IDOT produced the documents in March 2015, the production was not until after Abrams rendered an opinion and was deposed. IDOT was then able to give Ziegler the documents to bolster his opinion and to critique Abrams's opinion as based on incorrect information.
¶ 28 IDOT argued that, although Dalzell did not receive the documents until March 2015, he had until August 2015 to have Abrams amend his opinion but he did not do so; therefore, IDOT argued, Dalzell's motion in limine simply reflected gamesmanship. The trial court disagreed. It granted Dalzell's request to bar Ziegler from testifying to any opinion based upon the design speed before the taking, but it *1242 held that he could testify to his opinion to the extent that it was not based on design speed. The court similarly held that no other witnesses could rely on design speed or Ziegler's analysis or conclusion relating to design speed. The court noted, apparently referencing Dalzell's initial discovery requests for construction plans (which would have included design speed), that the spirit of discovery is full disclosure and that "if anything could remotely be within a notice to produce or an interrogatory, then it should be produced, especially when you have the government on one side and a private party on the other side." Further, with respect to Dalzell's specific request for design-speed information, the court concluded:
"To object to [the request] on that basis that it's too late, discovery is closed[,] is kind of like, in your face my expert is using this, but I'm not going to let you use it because you were too late. I think [it] is outrageous, really.
To object to it, knowing your expert is going to be using the exact documents that they have been requesting all along and now come into court and try to denigrate Mr. [Abrams's] testimony because he didn't have the documents because you didn't produce them and then allow the expert to render an opinion based upon documents that you objected to producing, I think is outrageous."
¶ 29 The court denied IDOT's motion to reconsider the ruling. IDOT asserted that the initial requests did not specify design-speed information and that it did not realize that design speed was an issue until after Abrams's deposition. Therefore, when it objected to the request in December 2014, IDOT thought that the request was seeking to challenge what the design speed should be, not just to find out what it was. IDOT reiterated that Dalzell had time to have Abrams amend his opinion after the documents were produced. In response, Dalzell noted that none of IDOT's arguments was proper for a motion to reconsider. Further, he argued that, although they did not specifically mention design speed, his early discovery requests would have encompassed it and, clearly, IDOT's objections that production was burdensome and irrelevant and that the documents had been destroyed proved untrue. In fact, the evidence reflected that IDOT's counsel never requested the documents until February 20, 2015. In any event, Dalzell noted, he did not need to justify to IDOT his strategic purpose for wanting the documents, so its failure to produce the documents until it realized why he wanted them was inexcusable.
¶ 30 The trial court agreed with Dalzell. It again emphasized that the initial discovery requests would have included the design-speed information. Nevertheless, it explained, it was more concerned with IDOT's objection to Dalzell's December 2014 specific request for design-speed information. Even if Ziegler did not rely on the documents at issue for his initial opinions, he nevertheless, even then, opined on design speed. Dalzell wanted documents that related to that issue, upon which Abrams would also be expected to opine. IDOT objected to the request, and the court denied it:
"And then, I'm sorry, [IDOT] had the audacity to then produce it to their expert, and it just happened to confirm his opinion that the design speed was 50 miles per hour.
I mean, what would happen if the design speed was something else?
It was just lucky that it happened to confirm it.
But here is the prejudice to [the] property owner. He already disclosed his expert. He already had his expert's report disclosed. He already had presented *1243 his expert for deposition testimony. At which time the expert, Mr. Abrams, is utilizing an, apparently, incorrect design speed. So that all of his testimony with regard to the safety of this driveway now becomes imperil[ed].
***
*** [W]e are not producing it to the defendant. Yet, we are going to have our own expert-have it produced for our own expert, and [it's] going to confirm his opinion that this was indeed the 50-mile-an-hour design speed."
¶ 31 The court denied the motion to reconsider, reiterating that, as a sanction pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 219(c) (eff. July 1, 2002), it was barring Ziegler from testifying to any opinion based on the design speed, for IDOT's (1) failure to produce the prior construction plans in response to Dalzell's production requests and (2) objection Dalzell's specific request for design-speed information. The court noted that other witnesses would also be prohibited from testifying, to the extent that their opinions relied upon Ziegler's design-speed analysis. Further, not even Abrams could testify to design speed, because his testimony that the design speed was 45 miles per hour would open the door to IDOT's cross-examination of him for using an incorrect design speed, an error resulting from IDOT's failure to produce relevant information. "So anything that is based on the design speed is out of the case on both sides."
¶ 32 D. Dalzell's Motion in Limine No. 14
¶ 33 As previously noted, the parties stipulated that the legality of the North Avenue driveway's existence before the taking would not be an issue at trial. However, Dalzell believed that IDOT still wished to touch upon that issue through evidence concerning the existence, or lack thereof, of a permit for the driveway. As such, Dalzell deposed Thomas Gallenbach, IDOT's permit engineer.
¶ 34 At some point prior to trial, the trial court apparently agreed that no evidence would be received concerning the driveway's permits. Therefore, Dalzell moved in limine to exclude Gallenbach's testimony, partly on the basis that IDOT, after Gallenbach's deposition, amended its disclosures for other expert witnesses, who had already opined and been deposed, as including "all matters disclosed and discussed" in Gallenbach's deposition. Dalzell objected that IDOT's other experts' opinions could not possibly have been based on something that did not exist, i.e. , Gallenbach's testimony, when they rendered their conclusions.
¶ 35 The court granted the motion in part. It did not bar all evidence from Gallenbach. However, it agreed that IDOT should not be permitted to effectively supplement other witnesses' opinions with Gallenbach's testimony. The court noted that the other witnesses did not need or have Gallenbach's testimony when they issued their opinions. For them to now testify that they reviewed Gallenbach's testimony and that it supported their opinions would unfairly buttress their testimony. The court therefore barred five of IDOT's witnesses from discussing Gallenbach's testimony. However, it also held that, on cross-examination of those witnesses, Dalzell could not assert or imply that they had failed to review Gallenbach's testimony. The court stated that, with respect to the other witnesses, "[Gallenbach's testimony is] not going to be mentioned in their testimony at all."
¶ 36 At trial, IDOT made an offer of proof concerning Gallenbach's testimony, specifically with respect to Dalzell's objection to his testimony concerning motorists "coming over the crest of the bridge." IDOT offered Gallenbach's entire deposition *1244 transcript. It apparently did not, however, make an offer of proof as to what other witnesses would have testified with respect to Gallenbach's opinion.
¶ 37 E. Motions and Instructions Regarding Barrier Median
¶ 38 As previously noted, before the taking and the project, the property had direct access to North Avenue from the North Avenue driveway and indirect access to North Avenue by exiting left out of the Powis Road driveway. After the taking and during the project, direct access to North Avenue was removed when the North Avenue driveway was closed. The indirect access was not retained either, as IDOT installed a barrier median along Powis Road that prevents drivers from turning left either (1) onto Powis Road from the property to access North Avenue at the intersection or (2) off Powis Road to access the property. Therefore, although North Avenue is less than 100 feet from the Powis Road driveway, drivers can access it from the property only by turning right out of the Powis Road driveway and then proceeding in a 3.5-mile circular route. Further, the sole means of accessing the property is a right turn onto Powis Road from North Avenue and then a right turn onto the Powis Road driveway. Also, the Powis Road driveway was reduced in size by the taking.
¶ 39 Prior to trial, IDOT moved in limine to bar any damages flowing from the barrier median, on the basis that damages from a barrier median are not compensable. IDOT also moved in limine for a finding as a matter of law that there was no material impairment of access to the property (and Dalzell filed a motion in limine arguing the opposite position). IDOT submitted proposed jury instructions on the same bases. In sum, IDOT argued that not every limitation of access is compensable and that, because the installation of barrier medians is a valid exercise of a government's police powers and Dalzell retained direct access to Powis Road's lane of traffic that abuts the property, he was not entitled to compensation flowing from the median or the resulting 3.5-mile route.
¶ 40 After hearing oral argument, the trial court distinguished the cases upon which IDOT relied, namely
Department of Public Works & Buildings v. Wilson & Co.
,
¶ 41 At the jury-instruction conference, the court rejected, without prejudice, a non-IPI instruction that IDOT offered, allegedly based on
Department of Public Works & Buildings v. Greenwell
,
¶ 42 At trial, the court also rejected IDOT's presentation of IPI Civil (2011) No. 300.51. That instruction provides, "The law does not permit an award of damages for the
loss or reduction of traffic
which may result from [the installation of a median or divider strip] [the establishment of a one-way traffic regulation], and you should not consider this factor in determining damages to the remainder." (Emphasis added.)
¶ 43 At trial, IDOT also moved to strike all testimony about the 3.5-mile route, arguing again that the barrier median was the sole cause of the 3.5-mile route. Dalzell argued that the 3.5-mile route concerned impairment of access, both ingress and egress. "And that is the essence of material impairment of access. If you only had to go 20 extra yards, you'd never [have] had material impairment of access. This is probably the textbook case on material impairment of access." The court agreed, and it denied the motion to strike.
¶ 44 F. Opening and Closing Statements
¶ 45 During opening statements, Dalzell's counsel informed the jury that the issues in the case included "access, responsibility and accountability." He explained that the jurors should view the evidence through the "prism" of responsibility and accountability. Counsel explained that the case did not concern Dalzell's actions; rather, it concerned IDOT's responsibility to pay just compensation for the ruined access for which it was accountable. Counsel noted that IDOT claimed that the North Avenue driveway was not safe before the taking and therefore lacked value and that its closure thus did not warrant compensation.
¶ 46 Similarly, in closing arguments, Dalzell's counsel explained that the evidence showed that access to the property had been compromised and damaged as a result of IDOT's project and the taking, responsibility for which lay with IDOT, not Dalzell, who had done nothing wrong. "He only happens to be the property owner, and that's where the accountability comes in. IDOT has to be held accountable." Counsel requested that the jury, recognizing IDOT's responsibility, compensate Dalzell fairly and according to the law for the impaired access and the damage to his property. Counsel also noted that "[t]his is the only opportunity that Mr. Dalzell has to be made whole in this process, is through you, as a jury deliberating on the evidence that's been presented." Finally, counsel commented, "If you're not paid just compensation, you violate the Fifth Amendment constitutional right to receive just compensation, and that's why you have to consider the take and the project, *1246 because if you don't, you are not properly awarding Mr. Dalzell the just compensation, what's fair, the just compensation that he is due."
¶ 47 IDOT concedes that it did not object at trial to Dalzell's counsel's opening and closing statements.
¶ 48 G. Dale Kleszynski's Valuation Testimony
¶ 49 One of Dalzell's appraisers, Dale Kleszynski, testified that, to arrive at the value for the part taken, consideration of the whole property was required; "you consider its contributory value *** what does the part that is being taken contribute to the overall value of the real estate." Further:
"COUNSEL: Okay. And you don't just value the part taken as just this independent, irregular-shaped taking of the property and say what is this part; you look at the value of this in relation to the whole, correct?
KLESZYNSKI: That is correct, what does it contribute to the whole property, as well as the improvements that are on the property."
¶ 50 Kleszynski discussed comparable properties and determined that the unit value for the subject property would fall between $4.71 and $11.35 per square foot. In Kleszynski's opinion, after various adjustments, the value of the property as a whole, before the taking, was $6.75 per square foot. As to the value of the part taken, Kleszynski explained that it equated to $12 per square foot, because the contributory value of that portion of the property, as it related to the whole property, was higher than other portions of the site. He stated, "the value of the part taken as part of the whole is an analysis of what the contributory value of the part taken is as it relates to the whole property taking into consideration the utility that is has, as well as the remainder parcel and the improvements that are on it." Counsel asked Kleszynski why he had concluded that the part taken had a substantially higher value than the property overall, and Kleszynski commented, "[i]t's the best part of the site," explaining:
"[i]t's the most visible portion of the site that is located on North Avenue and Powis Road. And if you were to compare it to some of the back portions of the property, the contributory value of that portion of the site would be higher when compared to just, by way of example, the back, the furthest eastern section of the property that is in the middle of the site."
He further explained that, from an appraisal perspective, every piece of property has zones of value, but not every portion contributes equally; for example, the back corner of a backyard is typically worth less than the front yard. After elements of damage were considered, Kleszynski valued the remainder (after the taking) at $4.60 per square foot.
¶ 51 IDOT did not object to the foregoing direct testimony. On cross-examination, IDOT asked Kleszynski whether, in valuing the part taken, he had considered the contributory value of the improvements contained in the remainder. He replied, "yes."
¶ 52 At the conclusion of Kleszynski's testimony, the trial court offered the jury the opportunity to submit questions for Kleszynski. The jury returned three questions, including: "Regarding the part taken, are you saying that a market purchaser would pay $12.00 per square foot for that part alone? Or would a buyer have to include the balance of the property in a purchase to validate the $12.00 [per] square foot for that parcel?" In response, Kleszynski explained:
*1247 "KLESZYNSKI: What I am saying is that the $12.00 [per] square foot is reflective of the high profile nature of that portion of the property.
So, in other words, if for example, and I am just using this as an example, if Mr. Dalzell had somebody who came to him and said I want to put a sign at this location because it's high-
IDOT: Objection, there was no [Rule] 213(f) [disclosure] on sign.
COURT: Okay. The signage is not an issue in this case. This is a hypothetical to explain it. So the objection is overruled. You may proceed.
KLESZYNSKI: And I am just using it. It's best explained by example.
So if, for example, somebody came to Mr. Dalzell and said I want to buy this portion of the property because I want to put a sign up on it *** Mr. Dalzell would be-it would be in his best interest to charge them the $12.00 [per] square foot for that property because it would be reflective of the high profile needs that that particular user would have.
What I am saying in this particular instance is that the area that was marked [on an exhibit] in blue on the part taken is, in fact, the highest visibility and the location of the highest profile of the subject property, and so it has a higher contributory value .
By contrast[,] if it were true that we were talking about the taking being at the back portion of the property near the rail tracks and it had very little visibility, that number would be significantly lower." (Emphasis added.)
¶ 53 Dalzell's counsel asked some follow-up questions, eliciting that evaluating a narrow strip of land in isolation, with no consideration of its relation to the remaining land, would actually lower the strip's value. As such, counsel confirmed with Kleszynski that "you have to take into consideration the entire property because it's *** an integrated piece of property, correct?" Kleszynski replied, "That is exactly correct. That is why the question is asked what is the value of the part taken as part of the whole. It has to be always considered as part of the whole property in the utility that it carries itself, as well as the utility that it adds to the overall piece of real estate including the improvements in the after condition."
¶ 54 Outside of the jury's presence, IDOT moved to strike Kleszynski's entire testimony. It argued that the jury's question reflected that it was confused "as to what the value of a part taken is." IDOT argued that Kleszynski had discussed the value of the part taken for putting up a sign, versus how that portion contributes to the actual storage use of this property. "They are looking at it now for a sign, and that is highly prejudicial and confusing to the jury. I think that the jury is absolutely confused at that now." Dalzell disagreed, noting that Kleszynski made very clear that he was posing only a hypothetical.
¶ 55 The court overruled the motion to strike the testimony. Noting first that "this jury is, amazingly, on track, which is very gratifying," the court found further that "he clarified it at the end that it has to be part of the whole part ." (Emphasis added.)
¶ 56 H. Dalzell Cross-Examination
¶ 57 Dalzell testified at trial that ingress to and egress from his property are now problematic. He testified that he continues to use the property as an outside storage yard, as he did prior to the taking. However, prior to the taking, 20-foot, 40-foot, and 45-foot trailers could come onto the property. Now, 45-foot trailers cannot get onto the property. A 40-foot trailer can access the property from the Powis Road *1248 driveway, but only "with difficulty" so "we don't do it anymore." When asked whether he is conducting essentially the same storage business, Dalzell replied, "It's the same storage business, not the same equipment." IDOT's counsel then asked, "Now was your income from 2010 and 2014 pretty much the same?" The trial court sustained Dalzell's counsel's objection to the question as irrelevant.
¶ 58 IDOT requested a sidebar. There, IDOT presented
Department of Transportation v. Shell Oil Co.
,
¶ 59 The court concluded:
"I'm going to sustain the objection. The reason I'm sustaining the objection is because I think that it has very little probative [value] and [is] highly prejudicial in that you're trying to directly relate income to access to this property, and income can be dependent on a lot of things, especially when we're going from 2010 to, I don't even know what year. Are we doing 2016? I don't know when the project was finished? Are we doing it from the time the project was finished to 2016? And since there was no discovery on this, there's been no opportunity to explain why there's *** less of an income. He's 73 years old now. Maybe he's not working as much now. [We are] [t]alking about the market value of the property itself. Not his income that he generates from that property . So for those reasons[,] I'm sustaining the objection." (Emphasis added.)
¶ 60 I. Abrams's Remedy Plan
¶ 61 At trial, Abrams testified to a remedy plan for the Powis Road driveway, which would allow Dalzell to provide ingress and egress for trucks. Abrams testified that, in order to implement the remedy plan, Dalzell would have to get permission from his neighbor. IDOT objected that the testimony had not been disclosed and violated Illinois Supreme Court Rule 213 (eff. Jan. 1, 2007). Dalzell's counsel showed that the evidence was in Abrams's exhibit, "as it relates to where the scope of the remedy plan is and the property lines." Counsel asserted, "It's a fact. It's not an opinion." The court agreed and overruled IDOT's objection. Thereafter, counsel asked Abrams if "Mr. Dalzell would have to go to his neighbor and obtain permission to have an easement or some sort of use of his property in order to construct his driveway?" Abrams responded, "It's an agreement usually between the parties [ ( i.e. , Dalzell and his neighbor) ]."
¶ 62 IDOT appeals.
¶ 63 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 64 A. IDOT's Motion in Limine No. 1: North Avenue Driveway and Jurisdiction
¶ 65 IDOT argues first that the court erred as a matter of law when it denied IDOT's motion in limine No. 1 wherein it sought to exclude, on the basis *1249 of the trial court's lack of jurisdiction, testimony concerning damage to the remainder caused by the closure of the North Avenue driveway. Reiterating that it took only the two parcels and that the North Avenue driveway was not closed as a result of the taking, IDOT argues that, as a matter of law, any claims of damages to the remainder due to the closure of the North Avenue driveway are within the exclusive jurisdiction of the court of claims. IDOT notes that, to be recoverable in eminent-domain proceedings, all claimed damages must be the direct and proximate result of the taking . Therefore, IDOT argues, Dalzell cannot in this action claim damages as a result of the North Avenue driveway closure, where the damages were not a direct and proximate result of the taking, the obstruction to the driveway was not built upon land taken, and the closure resulted merely from IDOT's overall construction plan for North Avenue.
¶ 66 Generally, a court's ruling on a motion
in limine
is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.
City of Quincy v. Diamond Construction Co.
,
¶ 67 A circuit court claim for just compensation derives from the Illinois Constitution. Specifically, article I, section 15, of the Illinois Constitution provides that "[p]rivate property shall not be taken or damaged for public use without just compensation as provided by law. Such compensation shall be determined by a jury as provided by law." Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 15. This constitutional provision is codified in section 10-5-5 of the Act. 735 ILCS 30/10-5-5 (West 2008). Accordingly, the object of a condemnation proceeding is to ascertain the just compensation to be paid.
Illinois State Toll Highway Authority v. Dicke
,
¶ 68 As noted above, a property owner may claim,
separate
from the amount of just compensation for the land taken, that the remaining property was damaged by the taking. See,
e.g.
,
Oak Brook Park District v. Oak Brook Development Co.
,
¶ 69 Accordingly, there is no question that, to the extent that Dalzell's claim implicated just compensation and damage to the remainder as a result of the taking, the trial court was the proper forum. Indeed, IDOT never disputed this in a motion to dismiss the counterclaim for lack of jurisdiction. Instead, IDOT's challenge is based on the concept that, for damages to be compensable in an eminent-domain proceeding, they must be a direct and proximate result
of the taking
(
Dicke
,
¶ 70 However, in denying IDOT's motion in limine , the court clearly and correctly drew the proverbial "line in the sand" with respect to its jurisdiction. The court was aware that claims for damages against the State belong in the court of claims, and it expressly did not allow Dalzell to seek damages for the North Avenue driveway's closure. Indeed, the court agreed with IDOT that, if Dalzell wished to seek damages for the driveway's closure, he would have to proceed in the court of claims. However, the court also correctly recognized that the constitution and the Act contemplate that certain elements of claims regarding just compensation and the corollary of damage to the remainder properly belong in the circuit court. The issue, therefore, is more nuanced than as framed by IDOT: namely, the issue is whether the court correctly determined that, although Dalzell could not elicit testimony concerning damages for the driveway's closure, the impact of that closure could nevertheless still be considered by appraisal experts and the jury in assessing the remainder's post-taking fair market value . Again, Dalzell's counterclaim did not request damages pertaining to the driveway; rather, it alleged that, because the remainder was used in common with *1251 the parcels taken, IDOT's condemnation actions decreased the overall value of the remainder . Therefore, the court found simply that the appraisers and the jury were not required to ignore that, because of the North Avenue driveway's closure, the Powis Road driveway became the sole driveway on the property. For the following reasons, we reject IDOT's argument that the court's ruling was improper, addressing first its cited authority and then its ancillary arguments.
¶ 71 IDOT cites several cases to argue that the court's ruling was improper, emphasizing that claimed damage to the remainder must be proximately caused by the taking. However, the cases upon which IDOT relies are unpersuasive, because they either simply recount undisputed law or do not present analogous facts. For example, although certain claimed damages in some of the cases were denied because proximate cause between the taking and the alleged damages did not exist, the focus in those cases was on the fact that the damages sought were caused not by takings on the
owners'
properties but, rather, by takings or other events that occurred on the properties of
others
. See,
e.g.
,
Dicke
,
¶ 72 Here, Dalzell is claiming damage, i.e. , a loss in value, to the remainder based solely on events that occurred on his property, and the issues here do not concern depreciation factors that affect the public at large. Further, in the above-mentioned cases, it was relevant that the alleged damages would have occurred regardless of any takings on the defendants' properties. Accordingly, the requirement that the damages be a direct and proximate result of a taking was not satisfied, because the damages were simply the result of construction in the general areas. Here, the counterclaim alleged damages and a reduction in value from the taking only on, and unique to, Dalzell's property.
¶ 73 IDOT also relies upon
*1252
Department of Transportation ex rel. People v. Interstate Brands Corp.
,
" 'When an Eminent Domain proceeding brought by the State of Illinois involves the taking of a temporary easement, may the Defendant seek recovery by counterclaim for damages to the remainder based upon changes in access to the property, in a forum other than the Illinois Court of Claims?' "Id.
¶ 74 The facts given in
Interstate
do not fully describe the physical alterations to the property, but it appears that IDOT acquired a temporary easement through condemnation proceedings and also relocated an access driveway as part of the project. The relocated access driveway required that semi-trucks be given more maneuvering room and, consequently, resulted in a loss of parking spaces to the property owner. The property owner counterclaimed for damages for the loss of parking spaces. The court noted that (1) the counterclaim did not seek damages to the remainder resulting from the taking of the temporary easement (2) it was not alleged that the property subject to the temporary easement was the same property on which the new access driveway was built and (3) the damages (lost parking) due to the location of the access driveway did not directly relate to the temporary easement.
¶ 75 At first blush, the certified question in
Interstate
seemingly speaks to the issue before us. However, for three reasons,
Interstate
does not change our opinion that there is no jurisdictional issue here. First, we note that, although
Interstate
purported to answer a certified question of law, it improperly did so, in large part, by basing its answer on the particular facts of the case rather than answering a question of law. See,
e.g.
,
Razavi v. Walkuski
,
¶ 76 Accordingly, the aforementioned case law does not instruct that the trial court here erred, as a matter of law, when it allowed consideration of the driveway's closure for purposes of assessing post-taking remainder value. While it is clear that not every diminution resulting from a project necessarily also results from a taking that is a component of that project, the facts of this case demonstrate that the closure is interrelated with the damage to the remainder caused by the taking. In this case, the closure meant that the taking caused, as testified, a greater diminution than it would have otherwise. As a result, the calculation of that diminution properly included the closure.
¶ 77 We also reject IDOT's argument for other reasons. First, we reject its argument, raised for the first time in its motion to reconsider the denial of the motion
in limine
, that the appraisers
must
ignore the driveway's closure in their valuations because, on the date of valuation (
i.e.
, the date of the complaint's filing), the driveway remained open. While there is no dispute here that the date of the complaint's filing constitutes the date of valuation, we may deem this particular argument forfeited, as it was improperly raised for the first time in a motion to reconsider before the trial court. See
Evanston Insurance Co. v. Riseborough
,
"In determining the fair cash market value of the remainder after the taking, you may consider [ any ] [benefits] [or] [ detriments ] from the proposed public use , proved by the evidence, which [increase] [or] [ decrease ] the fair cash market value of the remainder." (Emphases added.)
¶ 78 In our view, the valuation cannot include only the property's physical state immediately after the complaint's filing, without any consideration of what the taking and the project will entail, as it is likely that little of the project will have been physically completed "immediately" (however that term is defined) after a condemnation complaint is filed. For one thing, such an approach would provide incentive to delay a project. Moreover, if IDOT's argument were correct, IPI Civil (2011) No. 300.49 would not allow for consideration of the "proposed" public use. 4
*1254
Further, one of the comments to the instruction provides: "It is also proper to consider detriment to the remainder which is
reasonably certain to result
from the
use to be made
of the part taken." (Emphases added.) IPI Civil (2011) No. 300.49, Comment, at 586. We also note that the comments to IPI Civil (2011) No. 300.45 reflect that, while not all factors bringing about depreciation represent recoverable damages relating to land not taken, some items that are
not
recoverable themselves
may
remain relevant as evidence of the depreciation. See IPI Civil (2011) No. 300.45, Comment, at 586 (citing
Bloomer
,
¶ 79 We also note that, at the quick-take hearing, both parties presented expert appraisal witnesses whose assessments of the fair market value of the property in fact considered the closure of the North Avenue driveway. Lorenz explained that, although he did not attribute a damages amount for the driveway's closure, he "didn't think it was appropriate to ignore it. It was a part of the taking, part of the improvement." Similarly, MaRous testified that (1) he knew of no appraisal practice that would ignore the closing of a driveway in a condemnation project, (2) it is customary in any appraisal report to include the number of driveways or access points to the subject property, and (3) "a driveway for most properties is a very important fact. *** [P]roperties that have limited access generally have a direct reflection of a lower value ." 5 (Emphasis added.) Therefore, when the court ruled on IDOT's motion in limine , its finding that the driveway's closure was a relevant factor to post-taking valuation was supported by the evidence it had previously received.
¶ 80 In sum, we see no jurisdictional error here concerning the closure of the North Avenue driveway. We do not disagree with the general proposition that "the actual taking or the use of the part actually taken must be the direct physical cause of the damage to the remainder."
Horejs
,
¶ 81 B. Safety of the North Avenue Driveway
¶ 82 IDOT argues next that the trial court abused its discretion with respect to rulings involving the safety of the North Avenue driveway. Specifically, it contends that the court abused its discretion in granting Dalzell's motions in limine to effectively bar Ziegler's testimony related to design speed and any exhibits related thereto (Dalzell's motions in limine Nos. 8, 9, and 10 and IDOT's exhibits Nos. 34, 35, 48, and 49), granting the motions as a Rule 219(c) sanction, and granting Dalzell's oral motion to bar IDOT's cross-examination of Abrams about design speed or tests based upon design speed. IDOT also asserts that the court should not have permitted Abrams to testify that the North Avenue driveway was safe, while limiting, on the basis that it would run afoul of the court's ruling on design speed, Gallenbach's testimony to the contrary. In sum, IDOT contends that it produced the design-speed information "once [it] understood that Mr. Abrams did not know and disputed the design speed in the before condition, [at which time] IDOT's counsel asked IDOT for any documentation it could find related to what Mr. Abrams said he was looking for in his deposition." IDOT then "voluntarily, without court order," produced the documents to Dalzell "only nine days " (emphasis in original) after they were located and more than one year prior to trial. IDOT asserts that, upon receipt, Dalzell could have Abrams supplement his report and opinion with the correct design speed but, instead, Dazell moved to bar the information one year later, right before trial, and, in doing so, engaged in gamesmanship.
¶ 83 We review for an abuse of discretion both a trial court's ruling on a motion
in limine
and its decision to impose Rule 219(c) sanctions.
County Line Nurseries and Landscaping, Inc. v. Glencoe Park District
,
¶ 84 We find no abuse of discretion in the trial court's rulings in limine or its imposition of sanctions. In 2011, 2012, and 2013, Dalzell issued discovery requests seeking from IDOT prior construction *1256 plans for North Avenue and Powis Road that included Dalzell's property. It is apparently undisputed that, although those requests did not specifically mention design speed, production of the plans would have included the design-speed information. It is also apparently undisputed that IDOT did not produce those plans, objecting to the requests as burdensome and irrelevant and, at one point, representing that those documents had been destroyed. When Dalzell later made a specific request, after discovery closed, for design-speed information, IDOT objected. But in February 2015, after Abrams had issued his report and had been deposed, IDOT's counsel requested from IDOT the very information that Dalzell had been seeking since 2011.
¶ 85 The trial court found outrageous that, in December 2014, IDOT objected to the request for the information as untimely, but then, when it "understood" why Dalzell wanted the information, it finally requested it, easily obtained it, and produced it. The court found outrageous that IDOT intended to use the information both to support Ziegler's opinion and to rebut and critique Abrams's opinion as based on an incorrect design speed, when IDOT failed to earlier produce the information. The court questioned whether the information would have ever been produced had it not supported IDOT's own witness. We agree. We submit that it is also outrageous that IDOT failed to produce the plans in response to Dalzell's earlier , general discovery requests between 2011 and 2013. It matters not that IDOT did not then know that Dalzell wanted the plans for the design-speed information. Clearly, producing the plans would not have been burdensome, they were not irrelevant, and they had not been destroyed, as they were easily retrieved when IDOT's counsel deigned to request them. If they had simply been produced between 2011 and 2013, Dalzell would not have needed to incur additional expense, pursuing discovery requests and filing motions to exclude. (Nor, frankly, would additional taxpayer money have been expended for IDOT to respond to those motions and to further pursue and resolve this issue.)
¶ 86 IDOT argues that, ultimately, Dalzell received the documents one year prior to trial and, therefore, cannot claim surprise or prejudice. It contends that a lesser sanction would have been appropriate. We disagree. First, we note that, according to Dalzell, although the design-speed information was produced with Ziegler's rebuttal opinion in March 2015, the information was included within more than 1000 pages of attachments, not specifically identified, and Dalzell did not know that it had been produced until Ziegler mentioned it in his November 2015 deposition. Second, and more importantly, other witnesses had relied on Abrams's opinion. Thus, even if Dalzell had pursued the additional expense of having Abrams revise his opinion to account for the information, which IDOT possessed but failed to previously disclose, Dalzell would have had to pursue the additional expense of having the other witnesses modify their opinions that were based on Abrams's previous opinion. Presumably, IDOT would then have requested an opportunity to rebut all the revised opinions. The far more just (and certainly reasonable) decision, we agree, was for the trial court to simply exclude the testimony from both experts that relied upon design speed. 6
*1257 ¶ 87 Critically, testimony concerning the North Avenue driveway's safety was still permitted ; the experts were allowed to opine on its safety to the extent that their conclusions were based on factors other than design speed. Under these unique facts, it is clear that the safety of the driveway was relevant only to the extent that it impacted the property's value and, in turn, the extent to which the remainder was damaged when Powis Road's driveway became the sole access point on the property. We disagree, therefore, with IDOT's contention that the discovery sanction deprived it of a full trial on the merits. The jury was not deprived of information with respect to the driveway's safety; instead, the experts were allowed to opine on safety, excluding design speed. Accordingly, we cannot conclude that no reasonable person would agree with the trial court's rulings, and we reject IDOT's challenge to the court's decision to bar design-speed testimony and its resulting decisions consistent therewith.
¶ 88 IDOT also asserts that the trial court abandoned its role as gatekeeper when it announced that Abrams could testify that his safety opinion was based on "a yellow duck." Again, we disagree. IDOT takes the court's comment out of context. IDOT challenged at trial the bases for Abrams's safety opinion, arguing that they were not adequately disclosed. After Dalzell produced Abrams's previous reports and testimony, Dalzell and IDOT agreed that Abrams had disclosed and could testify to three bases for safety that did not include design speed. IDOT's counsel represented that, as long as Abrams testified to those three things, counsel would not further object. Thereafter, however, IDOT's counsel asserted that one of the bases might be irrelevant, simply due to the passage of time. The court responded, "That is cross-examination. No, it doesn't matter. No. That is the bas[i]s." IDOT's counsel replied, "I got you." The court continued, "He could say that I looked at this yellow duck and then I came to this opinion. You may think it's ridiculous that that would be a basis for his opinion. So that is a matter of cross-examination." Accordingly, in context, it is clear that the court was simply informing IDOT that, since the basis had been disclosed, the alleged inadequacy of the basis was subject to cross-examination, not exclusion. Abrams did not, in fact, base his opinion on looking at a yellow duck. The court's comment was simply rhetorical, and it did not abandon its gatekeeper role. Further, we are, at this point, discussing minutiae. Again, the safety of the North Avenue driveway was relevant only to the extent that it impacted its value as related to the remainder. The point of Abrams's testimony was simply that he viewed the driveway as safe, and IDOT agreed that three bases for that opinion were disclosed. We must, therefore, reject IDOT's argument that it was denied a fair trial by this isolated comment relating to a single basis for a safety opinion that was of marginal relevance to this case.
¶ 89 Similarly, we reject IDOT's argument that the court was biased and erred where, based on its design-speed rulings, it sustained an objection to Gallenbach's testimony concerning motorists "coming over the crest of the bridge" but allowed Abrams to testify that the driveway was safe where he "considered, you know, basically the distance, you know, from the top of the hill to the driveways." Again, IDOT takes Gallenbach's testimony and the court's ruling out of context, as it does not present Gallenbach's entire statement. Specifically, Gallenbach testified that he based his safety opinion partly on "what kind of reaction time would a motorist have looking to the east to make a decision to go eastbound or if the vehicles coming *1258 over the crest curve of the bridge would they have to slow down below ten miles an hour, really hit the brakes-." Dalzell objected that the "stopping site distance" was based on site-distance analysis, a test that relied on design speed. The court sustained the objection. Given the full context of the quotation, we cannot find that the court's decision was an abuse of discretion.
¶ 90 C. Dalzell's Motion in Limine No. 14
¶ 91 IDOT argues next that the trial court abused its discretion when it granted Dalzell's motion in limine No. 14. Specifically, IDOT argues that the court should not have barred other witnesses from discussing Gallenbach's opinion. IDOT asserts that Gallenbach was timely disclosed, Dalzell moved to depose him, and IDOT was granted leave to supplement its disclosures based on Gallenbach's testimony. IDOT contends, "It is hardly fair to limit testimony that a party sought and obtained via a court order on a motion to compel simply because it is unfavorable to that party." IDOT argues further that the other witnesses could not buttress Gallenbach, because they were not permit engineers and, therefore, had different perspectives. For the following reasons, we reject IDOT's argument.
¶ 92 First, we address forfeiture. Dalzell notes that IDOT objected to his motion but did not further preserve the claim for appeal. Indeed, in civil cases, when the court rules before trial concerning the admission of evidence, a contemporaneous trial objection or offer of proof must be made to preserve a claim of error for appeal. See Ill. R. Evid. 103(b)(3) (eff. Oct. 1, 2015);
People v. Denson
,
¶ 93 Second, in any event, we would not find that the court abused its broad discretion in determining that IDOT's other witnesses could not incorporate Gallenbach's opinion into their own, when his opinion did not even exist when their opinions were formulated. The ruling limited the extent to which other witnesses could claim to have relied on that opinion. Therefore, the issue was not other witnesses buttressing Gallenbach; rather, the court determined that it would be inappropriate to buttress the other witnesses by allowing them to claim that Gallenbach's opinion supported their own. We cannot find that this decision constituted an abuse of discretion.
¶ 94 D. Motions and Instructions Regarding Barrier Median
¶ 95 IDOT argues next that the court erred as a matter of law when it denied IDOT's motions concerning the barrier median, circuity of travel, and material impairment of access (and, in turn, when it granted Dalzell's motion
in limine
concerning material impairment of access), and, further, that the court abused its discretion when it refused jury instructions about the barrier median and circuity of travel. IDOT argues that, pursuant to
Wilson
,
¶ 96 We note first that Dalzell asserts that IDOT forfeited these issues by failing to contemporaneously object at trial, and IDOT does not directly reply to that assertion.
*1259 However, given the interrelated nature of the issues presented by the motions in limine and the jury instructions, we choose to consider the issues to have been arguably (and tenuously) preserved at trial by (1) IDOT's oral motion to strike any testimony concerning the 3.5-mile route and (2) its pursuit of IPI Civil (2011) No. 300.51 concerning the barrier median.
¶ 97 We review for an abuse of discretion a trial court's ruling on a motion
in limine
.
Diamond Construction
,
¶ 98 Here, the trial court did not err in determining that there had been a taking and material impairment of access at the Powis Road driveway. First, there was, undisputedly, a taking. Second, the court properly found that the reduced driveway size, coupled with the insurmountable median and resulting 3.5-mile route, materially impaired access. The extent of the damages resulting from the taking and impairment was a matter properly left to the jury.
¶ 99 We agree with the trial court's determination that IDOT's cited cases do not speak to the combination of factors present here. In
Wilson
, the court reviewed compensable and noncompensable actions affecting access and determined that "the rule is that[,] if there has been a taking or material impairment of access, then it is appropriate for the jury to consider that fact in determining the extent of damages to the remainder in an eminent domain proceeding."
Wilson
,
¶ 100 Likewise, IDOT's heavy reliance upon
Mabee
is misplaced. First, in
Mabee
, unlike here, there was no taking. Second, the property owner in
Mabee
operated a gas station and argued that the construction of an insurmountable median on the portion of highway abutting one side of the property limited access to a one-direction traffic flow, reducing the volume of business and, to an extent, the value of the property. The court found first that the property owner was not entitled to an optimal flow of traffic and that inconveniences from the median, which ran the length of a roadway, were the same as those shared by the public generally.
Mabee
,
¶ 101
Mabee
was also distinguished in
Rasmussen
,
¶ 102 Accordingly, IDOT's arguments concerning the jury instructions must also be rejected. Whether to provide a certain jury instruction lies within the trial court's sound discretion.
Webber v. Wight & Co.
,
¶ 103 As to IDOT's submission of IPI Civil (2011) No. 300.51, which, again, states that "[t]he law does not permit an award of damages for the loss or reduction of traffic which may result from [the installation of a median or divider strip] [the establishment of a one-way traffic regulation], and you should not consider this factor in determining damages to the remainder" (emphasis added), the court did not abuse its discretion in finding that the instruction concerns damages from flow of traffic, an argument not raised by Dalzell and not based on the evidence before it, and therefore would potentially confuse the jury.
¶ 104 The court also did not err in rejecting IDOT's non-IPI instruction that "[t]he law does not permit an award of
*1261
damages for circuity of travel." A court's decision to refuse a non-IPI instruction should not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion.
Parikh v. Gilchrist
,
¶ 105 E. Opening and Closing Statements
¶ 106 IDOT argues next that Dalzell's counsel, in opening and closing statements, inappropriately invited the jury to render its verdict based on prejudice and sympathy. Specifically, IDOT asserts that counsel improperly touched on issues, such as responsibility and accountability, that fell outside the sole issue to be decided, i.e. , just compensation. It asserts that the comments also improperly dwelt at length upon the jury's duty to award just compensation, lest it violate Dalzell's constitutional rights; invited the jury to award damages for the closure of the North Avenue driveway; and violated the court's instruction that the jury afford both sides fair consideration. IDOT concedes that it offered no objection at trial to counsel's arguments. However, IDOT asserts that we should review the issue for plain error because the comments deprived it of a fair trial and substantially impaired the integrity of the judicial process.
¶ 107 The plain-error doctrine may be applied in civil cases, but it finds much greater application in criminal cases. See
Arient v. Shaik
,
¶ 108 Here, Dalzell argues that IDOT's arguments must fail. He asserts that IDOT's failure to object at trial to any of the "selective" comments with which it takes issue on appeal reflects that the comments were simply not so egregious that IDOT was deprived of a fair trial or that the integrity of the judicial process was impaired. Dalzell notes that the terms "responsibility" and "accountability" are particularly innocuous in eminent-domain settings, because IDOT is, in fact, undisputedly "accountable" for any damages and "responsible" for paying just compensation. Dalzell asserts that, in a case such as this, referencing a property owner's constitutional right to just compensation from a condemnor who is, in fact, accountable for damages it caused cannot be considered an appeal to a jury's "base emotions *1262 of prejudice and sympathy." We agree.
¶ 109 We are not convinced that any of the comments that IDOT highlights necessarily constitute error, let alone prejudicial error or flagrant misconduct so egregious that IDOT was deprived of a fair trial, the integrity of the judicial process was impaired, and there is a likelihood that the jury's verdict resulted from biased passion. In contrast, for example, the plain-error doctrine was applied and a new trial awarded for the first time in a civil case by the supreme court in
Belfield v. Coop
,
¶ 110 In sum, for the foregoing reasons, this civil case does not present the "exceedingly rare" scenario warranting application of the plain-error doctrine. IDOT's challenges to the opening and closing statements are forfeited.
¶ 111 F. Kleszynski's Valuation Testimony
¶ 112 IDOT argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it denied the motion to strike Kleszynski's valuation testimony. Specifically, IDOT argues that Kleszynski improperly responded to the jury's question with an example that did not follow proper valuation methodology for a partial taking, because he valued the part taken as a tract of land separate and distinct from the whole. See
Department of Transportation v. Kelley
,
¶ 113 First, we note that IDOT's trial objection to this testimony concerned disclosure of the testimony, the example of signage, and alleged juror confusion. IDOT did not object on the basis that the testimony reflected improper valuation methodology. As such, we may deem this argument forfeited.
K & K Iron Works, Inc. v. Marc Realty, LLC
,
¶ 114 Second, even if not forfeited, the argument fails. We review for an abuse of discretion a trial court's decision to strike an expert's testimony. See,
e.g.
,
In re Marriage of Hunter
,
¶ 115 Here, IDOT's argument regarding improper valuation methodology relies upon a mistaken premise, i.e. , that Kleszynski valued the part taken separate from the whole, thereby misrepresenting the value of the part taken. As acknowledged by the trial court, Kleszynski made clear (on multiple occasions) that he assessed the value of the part taken in terms of its contributory value to the property as a whole. He explained that various parts of a property have different contributory values to the whole and that the part taken here had a higher contributory value to the whole than would a different portion of the property. We do not find this concept inconsistent with Kleszynski's testimony that valuing a small strip of land in total isolation would result in a lower value for that strip of land. Therefore, the court did not abuse its discretion in denying IDOT's motion to strike the testimony.
¶ 116 G. Dalzell Cross-Examination
¶ 117 IDOT next argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it sustained Dalzell's objection to cross-examination concerning his income. IDOT contends that its reliance on Shell Oil was sound and that it should have been allowed to pursue this line of questioning to discredit Dalzell and "destroy" his direct testimony that ingress and egress were worse after the taking. "IDOT was prejudiced because the jury could have found Mr. Dalzell's testimony regarding ingress/egress not credible because his income largely remained the same." IDOT asserts that it should be granted a new trial.
¶ 118 Evidentiary issues, including determining the scope of a witness's cross-examination, fall within the trial court's sound discretion.
Sekerez v. Rush University Medical Center
,
¶ 119 The court did not abuse its discretion in finding that this case concerned the market value of the property itself, not Dalzell's income that he generates from the property. The court found that there was no discovery concerning Dalzell's income before and after the taking. Dalzell was not claiming damages due to loss of income. Rather, he was claiming that physical alterations to the property affected ingress and egress. Therefore, where the evidence concerned only the valuation of the property itself, not Dalzell's business income, the court did not abuse its discretion in sustaining Dalzell's objection to IDOT's income question.
*1264
¶ 120 We note that IDOT's reliance on
Shell Oil
is misplaced. There, the property had the same number of entrances before and after the taking, but the driveways were made smaller and vehicles needed to make sharper turns in order to enter.
Shell Oil
,
¶ 121 Therefore, in
Shell Oil
, where the same number of entrances to the property existed after the taking and no barrier median or other impediment was at issue, Shell could substantiate its claim to a material impairment of access
only
by showing decreased sales. Further, Shell's witness had relied upon decreased sales in his valuation opinion, and he testified, without objection, that ease of ingress is of primary importance for determining the value of a service station.
Id.
at 306,
¶ 122 H. Abrams's Remedy Plan
¶ 123 IDOT argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it allowed Abrams to testify to his remedy plan because Abrams's opinion that Dalzell would need to obtain permission from his neighbor in order to implement the remedy plan was not disclosed pursuant to Rule 213(f)(3). IDOT asserts that the only thing Dalzell pointed to in support of disclosure was a demonstrative exhibit. IDOT finally asserts that the court's ruling was unfair in that it allowed Dalzell to sabotage his own remedy plan by suggesting that it could not be implemented.
¶ 124 We cannot find an abuse of discretion in the court's decision to allow Abrams's remedy-plan testimony. Apparently, the remedy plan contemplated Dalzell's use of his neighbor's property. That the use of the neighbor's property would require some form of permission is, as counsel noted, more akin to fact than opinion. We reject IDOT's feeble argument that the ruling was unfair in that it allowed Dalzell to sabotage his own remedy plan. Pointing out the steps that would need to be taken to implement the plan does not equate to an assertion that those steps *1265 could not be completed. In sum, we cannot find unreasonable the court's decision that the testimony reflected a common-sense implication of a demonstrative drawing disclosing a remedy plan.
¶ 125 I. Cumulative Error
¶ 126 In its reply brief, IDOT raises for the first time an argument that cumulative errors warrant a new trial. As this argument was improperly raised in the reply brief, we need not address it. An appellant's arguments must be made in its opening brief and cannot be raised for the first time in the reply brief. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. July 1, 2008) ("Points not argued are waived and shall not be raised in the reply brief, in oral argument, or on petition for rehearing."); see also,
In re Marriage of Winter
,
¶ 127 In any event, while no litigant is assured a perfect trial, the litigant must not be denied a fair trial.
Andes v. Lauer
,
¶ 128 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 129 For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Du Page County.
¶ 130 Affirmed.
Justices Zenoff and Birkett concurred in the judgment and opinion.
Darlene passed away during the pendency of the litigation, and Ronald was substituted as the successor trustee of her trust. Accordingly, we refer to Dalzell, in the singular, in this opinion. In addition, we note that, on February 12, 2012, a default judgment was entered against any unknown owners and nonrecord claimants.
We note that the parties' stipulation ( supra ¶ 10) allowed for consideration of the issue of the driveway's value. The driveway's safety related to its value as an access point on the date of valuation. In turn, its value, or lack thereof, was relevant to the extent to which its closure impacted damage to the remainder.
In
Rasmussen
,
In fact, Kleszynski testified at trial that, regardless of when the North Avenue driveway was actually closed, he considered it closed as of the date of his valuation, "because that is the way it's done. It's-the presumption is that on the date of value in the after condition the project is complete and the driveway would be closed. That is the technique that is applied." We suspect that the concept of valuing property as of the date that a condemnation complaint is filed serves to account for possibly unrelated circumstances affecting property values ( e.g. , natural disasters, zoning changes, etc.) before the condemnation suit has proceeded to judgment, as opposed to creating a split-second snapshot for assessing value irrespective of any damages resulting from the proposed public use.
IDOT asserts that the quick-take evidence is irrelevant and should be disregarded. It correctly notes that section 20-5-10(d) of the Act provides that the preliminary finding of just compensation from the quick-take hearing shall not be evidence in further proceedings, nor shall the reports of appointed appraisers be evidence in further proceedings, although the appraisers may be called as witnesses. 735 ILCS 30/20-5-10(d) (West 2014). However, our reference to testimony from the quick-take hearing does not concern admission of evidence or implicate estoppel to IDOT from its witness's appraisal approach. Rather, we reference the testimony to the extent that the appraisers' approach to valuation at the quick-take hearing informed the court in its consideration of the factors that the post-take property assessment should include.
Incredibly, IDOT asserts that it "should be allowed at a new trial to cross examine Mr. Abrams on his admitted incorrect opinion of the design speed of North Avenue in the before condition."
Reference
- Full Case Name
- The DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, Plaintiff and Counterdefendant-Appellant, v. Darlene M. DALZELL, as Trustee Under Declaration of Trust Dated December 12, 1990; Ronald L. Dalzell, as Trustee Under Declaration of Trust Dated December 12, 1990; Unknown Owners; And Nonrecord Claimants, Defendants (Ronald L. Dalzell, as Trustee Under Declaration of Trust Dated December 12, 1990, Defendant and Counterplaintiff-Appellee).
- Cited By
- 12 cases
- Status
- Unpublished