FILED NOS. 4-16-0105, 4-16-0106 cons. November 16, 2018 Carla Bender IN THE APPELLATE COURT th 4 District Appellate Court, IL OF ILLINOIS

FOURTH DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Circuit Court of v. (No. 4-16-0106) ) Sangamon County MAGED N. SADEQ, ) No. 14CF380 Defendant-Appellant. ) ) ) THE PEOPLE of THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) No. 14CF381 Plaintiff-Appellee, ) v. (No. 4-16-0105) ) Honorable IBRAHIM A. SADEQ, ) Peter C. Cavanagh, Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding.

JUSTICE STEIGMANN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices Holder White and DeArmond concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 In April 2014, the State charged Ibrahim A. Sadeq and his cousin, Maged N.

Sadeq (collectively, defendants), with unlawful transportation of unstamped cigarettes (35 ILCS

130/9c (West 2014)) and unlawful possession of unstamped cigarettes (35 ILCS 135/30(d) (West

2014)). In October 2014, defendants filed a motion to suppress the cigarettes and Ibrahim’s

subsequent statements to the police, claiming the traffic stop and search that produced them was

impermissibly prolonged in violation of the fourth amendment.

¶2 In December 2014, the trial court conducted a hearing on the motion to suppress

at which the Illinois state troopers involved in the stop testified and a video of the stop was

played. In February 2015, the court issued a written order denying the motion to suppress. In June 2015, the trial court conducted a stipulated bench trial and found defendants guilty.

¶3 Defendants have filed separate appeals. On this court’s own motion, we

consolidated these appeals.

¶4 Defendants appeal, arguing that the trial court erred by denying their motion to

suppress because the traffic stop was impermissibly prolonged without reasonable suspicion of

criminal activity. Both defendants also argue that the circuit clerk improperly imposed various

fines that must be vacated. Last, Maged argues that he was denied his constitutional right to

conflict-free counsel because defendants’ attorney did not seek separate trials or advance a valid

defense for Maged. We disagree with all of these arguments and affirm.

¶5 I. BACKGROUND

¶6 A. Defendants’ Motion To Suppress

¶7 1. The Evidence at the Hearing on the Motion To Suppress

¶8 In December 2014, the trial court conducted a hearing on defendants’ motion to

suppress, at which the three Illinois state troopers involved in the traffic stop testified, as did

Maged. In addition, a video of the traffic stop was played for the court. The evidence presented

showed the following.

¶9 Illinois state trooper Dustin Weiss testified that he had been an Illinois state

trooper for 11 years. In addition to his training at the academy, Weiss had taken a three-week

training course with the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) in drug interdiction. Weiss

had also been working with the DEA for 2½ years on narcotics investigations and money-

laundering cases. Weiss was certified as an instructor under a federal program known as the

Drug Interdiction Assistance Program, which teaches other officers about drug interdiction. Part

of this training includes traffic stops, behavior classes, interviewing techniques, and other

-2­ training to recognize possible drug activities during traffic stops.

¶ 10 Weiss testified that on April 23, 2014, at around 10:45 p.m., he was on patrol on

Interstate 55 just south of Springfield. Weiss was stopped on the median near mile marker 91,

monitoring northbound traffic, when he observed a Ford Taurus traveling 75 miles per hour in a

70 mile-per-hour zone. Weiss caught up with the Taurus, which maintained a speed of 75 miles

per hour, and followed it north.

¶ 11 At mile marker 93, Weiss initiated a traffic stop by turning on his emergency

lights. The car came to a stop in the middle of the right lane, which immediately raised Weiss’s

suspicion. In his experience, the vast majority of stops do not involve the car stopping in a lane

of traffic. Weiss testified that people who stop in the middle of a lane do so because they are

nervous, and, in his experience, every time a car stopped in a lane of traffic, he discovered

something that resulted in an arrest.

¶ 12 Using his police car’s external public address (PA) system, Weiss instructed the

driver of the Taurus to pull over onto the shoulder. He gave this command twice before the

Taurus moved over to the shoulder.

¶ 13 Weiss approached the passenger side window of the Taurus and informed the two

occupants that they must pull over onto the shoulder when being stopped by the police. Within

seconds, he noticed the driver, Ibrahim Sadeq, and the passenger, Maged Sadeq, were extremely

nervous. Their hands shook as they handed over their identification and a copy of a rental

agreement for the Taurus. Weiss could tell they had rapid heartbeats by viewing the throbbing of

Ibrahim’s carotid artery and the “bouncing” stomach of Maged. Weiss further observed that

Ibrahim’s eyes were twitching and Maged’s right leg was bouncing up and down.

¶ 14 Just 15 seconds into the stop, Weiss informed defendants they were going to

-3­ receive a “quick warning.” (We note that the times stated herein are taken from the video of the

stop.) After 30 seconds into the stop, Weiss asked defendants where they rented the car. Maged

replied, “Avis,” and when Weiss again asked where, Maged stated, “the airport.” Weiss

confirmed through his questioning that they rented the car at an airport in Chicago. He then

asked where they were coming from. Defendants stated they were coming from Missouri. Weiss

asked where at, and Maged replied, stuttering slightly and speaking with a heavy accent, they

had visited one of his “other friends.”

¶ 15 Weiss testified defendants answered his simple, initial questions about their travel

plans by pausing and stuttering, which led him to believe they were making the answers up on

the spot. Weiss further testified he had no difficulty communicating with or understanding

defendants at any point.

¶ 16 While standing at the Taurus, Weiss reviewed the paperwork and informed

defendants they were travelling 75 miles per hour in a 70 mile-per-hour zone. He stated he was

going to check to make sure everything was valid and that he was not going to write them a

ticket. One minute and thirty seconds into the stop, Weiss left the Taurus and returned to his

police car. Weiss testified he had everything he needed to issue the written warning at that time

and stated it takes him about 10 to 12 minutes to complete a written warning.

¶ 17 Once back in his police car, Weiss confirmed with dispatch that the rented Taurus

was “clear.” Over the next three minutes, Weiss ran a warrant check on defendants and did not

learn of any outstanding warrants.

¶ 18 Four minutes and forty-five seconds into the stop, Weiss directed the driver,

Ibrahim, over the police car’s PA system to “come here,” meaning the police car. Weiss

explained that he typically invites every driver to whom he issues a written warning to sit in his

-4­ police car as he fills out the warning because it is safer than filling it out on the side of the road

and because he is a “friendly guy.”

¶ 19 Ibrahim exited the Taurus, walked to Weiss’s police car, and sat in the front

passenger’s seat. Weiss again informed Ibrahim that Weiss was just writing a warning, not a

ticket, and he began to fill out the written warning form. Weiss then asked where defendants

were coming from. Ibrahim told him Missouri. Weiss sought a more specific location, but

Ibrahim said he could not remember because he was just with Maged and they were visiting “his

friend’s father.” Weiss asked if they were brothers, and Ibrahim informed him they were cousins.

¶ 20 Weiss asked what time defendants got to Missouri and asked if they went to St.

Louis. Ibrahim said they had not gone to St. Louis, they went to Missouri. Ibrahim apologized

that his English was not very good. Weiss again asked what time they got there. After

considering the question for a moment, Ibrahim replied “maybe five.” Weiss asked if they just

stayed there for about three hours. Ibrahim responded it was five hours, or maybe three or four

hours.

¶ 21 Weiss then asked what the purpose of defendants’ trip was. Ibrahim stated they

“had some business with his father.” Weiss asked what kind of business, and Ibrahim told him it

was a gas station and grocery store. Weiss inquired whether they went to a house, and Ibrahim

said they just went to the gas station.

¶ 22 Seven minutes and forty-five seconds into the stop, Weiss radioed for backup.

The two continued to talk intermittently. Ibrahim informed Weiss he was from another country

and was a student here.

¶ 23 Nine minutes into the stop, Weiss turned on the internal camera of his police car.

Ibrahim was sitting with his right hand on the back of his neck, occasionally scratching it, as

-5­ Weiss filled out the warning ticket.

¶ 24 At nine minutes thirty seconds into the stop, Weiss asked Ibrahim why he was so

nervous. Ibrahim said it was because this was the first time he sat in a police car.

¶ 25 Weiss testified that Ibrahim remained extremely nervous throughout their

conversation, even though Weiss repeatedly told Ibrahim he would only receive a warning,

which would not cost him anything. Weiss explained that, in his experience, drivers relax

significantly when they know they are not getting a ticket.

¶ 26 Over the next minute and a half, the following discussion occurred.

“WEISS: You—you don’t remember where at in Missouri you went,

what city?

IBRAHIM: No, the city, it same, Missouri, but I don’t know the exact

address.

WEISS: Ok. And you went into the gas station, too?

IBRAHIM: Yeah.

WEISS: Ok. You guys just hung out there?

IBRAHIM: Mmhmm.

WEISS: Didn’t go anywhere else?

IBRAHIM: No.

WEISS: Did you guys have any kind of clothes with you? Just your

clothes you have on?

IBRAHIM: Yeah.

WEISS: You didn’t bring any clothes?

IBRAHIM: No because we were only gonna come back same day.

-6­ WEISS: Yeah, ok. Nothin’ illegal in the car?

IBRAHIM: No.

WEISS: Ok. Everything in the car is yours?

IBRAHIM: Yeah.

WEISS: Ok. What’d you guys bring with you, anything?

IBRAHIM: No. Bring what?

WEISS: No, did you bring anything like no clothes—

IBRAHIM: No.

WEISS:—or drinks or—

IBRAHIM: No.

WEISS:—food or—

IBRAHIM: No. We eat and drink over there.

WEISS: Uh-huh. You smoke?

IBRAHIM: No.

WEISS: Ok. Cigarettes, not, you know, drugs or—

IBRAHIM: No, I know—

WEISS:—yeah—

IBRAHIM: I know. I don’t smoke cigarettes. I’m clean.

WEISS: Ok.

IBRAHIM: So that ticket or warning?

WEISS: No, it’s just a warning.

IBRAHIM: Warning?

WEISS: Yeah. Now he rented the car, right?

-7­ IBRAHIM: Yeah.

WEISS: What’s his name?

IBRAHIM: Maged.”

¶ 27 At that moment, 11 minutes and 20 seconds into the stop, Illinois state trooper

Clayton Chapman arrived as a backup. Weiss informed Ibrahim he was going to speak with

Maged “real quick.”

¶ 28 Weiss testified that he went to talk to Maged because he did not believe Ibrahim’s

story and because he always gives paperwork directly back to the person from whom he received

it to prevent allegations of lost or misplaced paperwork. Weiss then exited his police car. At that

time, he had completed the written warning and only needed Ibrahim to sign it before the stop

would have concluded.

¶ 29 Weiss returned to the Taurus and gave Maged back his license and rental

agreement. He then asked many of the same questions he had asked Ibrahim moments earlier.

Maged answered them for the most part consistently with Ibrahim’s account. Maged stated they

had visited his father’s friend. He explained that his father was a partner with two similar stores

and was looking to become partners with his friend in Missouri. Maged had travelled to Missouri

to observe the business at his father’s request so he could learn. He stated they arrived sometime

in the afternoon and stayed for about five hours. He stated they did not bring any clothes, there

was nothing illegal in the car, he had inspected the trunk when he rented the Taurus, and there

was nothing in it. Maged did not hesitate before answering questions, though he sometimes

stuttered and struggled to find the right word.

¶ 30 Weiss stated it was an “awfully quick trip” and asked Maged why Ibrahim was so

nervous. Maged stated he did not know, but indicated that Ibrahim was only 21 years old. Weiss

-8­ then explained that he “could believe the story [they] were giving [him], but because of the way

[Ibrahim] was acting,” he wanted to make sure defendants were not involved in criminal activity.

Weiss asked for permission to search the car and Maged declined. Weiss informed Maged that,

based on the way defendants were acting, he was going to have a drug dog come and sniff the car

because he believed they were involved in criminal activity.

¶ 31 Weiss testified he requested the drug dog based on the following factors:

(1) defendants’ stopping their car in the middle of the right lane, (2) defendants’ travel plan was

conflicting and implausible in that it was highly unusual, and (3) defendants remained extremely

nervous despite being repeatedly told that they would receive just a warning. Weiss additionally

explained that his suspicion was aroused because Ibrahim did not know where he was coming

from and could only give a vague description of what he was doing while in Missouri.

¶ 32 Weiss ordered Maged out of the Taurus and sent him to Chapman who was

talking to Ibrahim (who had remained seated in Weiss’s police car). Chapman took Maged back

to his police car. Weiss radioed dispatch to request a drug dog. The stop had lasted 17 minutes at

that point.

¶ 33 Weiss got back in his police car. He then radioed the canine unit to determine

when it would arrive. The canine unit advised it would be there in “less than 10.” Weiss then had

Ibrahim sign the written warning. Weiss handed Ibrahim the warning and told him to “drive

safe.” Ibrahim opened the door to exit the police car, but stopped and asked Weiss “what about

[Maged]?” Almost simultaneously, Weiss asked Ibrahim if he would not mind answering a few

more questions before he left. Ibrahim indicated he would answer questions and closed the door.

¶ 34 Shortly into the additional questioning, Weiss asked Ibrahim for consent to search

the Taurus. Ibrahim initially consented but retracted that consent once he learned Maged had

-9­ refused to give Weiss permission to search.

¶ 35 Illinois state trooper Steve Ent and his narcotics-detection dog arrived

approximately 8 minutes after Weiss called, which was 25 minutes and 30 seconds into the stop.

Ent walked the dog around the Taurus to conduct an open-air sniff. The dog alerted on the trunk

of the Taurus. Weiss got the keys to the Taurus and opened the trunk, which contained 480

cartons of cigarettes. The cigarettes had Missouri tax stamps, but not Illinois tax stamps. Weiss

arrested defendants for the transportation of unstamped cigarettes.

¶ 36 A few hours later, at the police station, Ibrahim waived his Miranda rights (see

Miranda v. Arizona,

(1966)) and admitted to the police that defendants had

travelled to Missouri to purchase cigarettes and transport them for resale in Chicago without

paying Illinois taxes. The applicable Missouri tax was approximately $0.17 per pack, while in

Chicago the applicable tax was approximately $6.16 per pack.

¶ 37 Chapman testified that he provided backup to Weiss during the traffic stop.

Chapman could not remember much about the stop and could not say whether he put Maged in

his police car or if he remained outside. Ent testified that he was a canine officer on the night of

the stop and he responded to Weiss’s request. Ent testified that his dog was properly certified at

that time. Ent also explained that his dog alerted on the trunk of the Taurus and he assisted Weiss

in searching the vehicle. Maged testified he was in Chapman’s police car after he was ordered

out of the Taurus.

¶ 38 At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court ordered the parties to submit

written arguments, and the parties complied.

¶ 39 2. The Trial Court’s Ruling

¶ 40 In February 2015, the trial court issued a written order that contained the

- 10 ­ following findings of fact:

“1. Illinois State Police Trooper Weiss had probable cause to initiate a

traffic stop.

2. Trooper Weiss has been a police officer for eleven years, is a

member of the Drug Enforcement Administration task force, and has received

training in drug interdiction including training on body language and suspicious

behaviors.

3. Trooper Weiss observed nervous behavior and was provided

conflicting travel plans.

4. Trooper Weiss observed that the nervous behaviors did not subside

but rather increased during the course of the traffic stop.

5. Trouper Weiss had reasonable suspicion to detain the defendant[s]

to await the canine unit.

***

8. Trooper Weiss did not unnecessarily prolong the stop and his

actions do not amount to misconduct.”

¶ 41 Based on these findings, the trial court denied defendants’ motion to suppress.

¶ 42 B. The Stipulated Bench Trial and Sentencing

¶ 43 In June 2015, defendants waived their right to a jury trial, and the parties agreed

to have the trial court conduct a stipulated bench trial. By agreement, the court took judicial

notice of the testimony presented at the hearing on defendants’ motion to suppress, as well as the

parties’ stipulated facts, and found both defendants guilty of unlawful transportation and

unlawful possession of unstamped cigarettes.

- 11 ­ ¶ 44 In February 2016, as part of a negotiated disposition, the trial court sentenced

both defendants to two years of conditional discharge and ordered each to serve 14 days in jail.

The court also ordered forfeiture of the cigarettes and the imposition of “fines, fees and costs.”

Per the parties’ agreement, the court sentenced defendants only on the possession conviction.

¶ 45 This appeal followed.

¶ 46 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 47 Defendants appeal, arguing the trial court erred by denying their motion to

suppress because the traffic stop was impermissibly prolonged without reasonable suspicion of

criminal activity. Both defendants also argue that the circuit clerk improperly imposed various

fines which must be vacated. Last, Maged argues that he was denied his constitutional right to

conflict-free counsel because defendants’ attorney did not seek separate trials or advance a valid

defense for Maged. We disagree with all of these arguments and affirm.

¶ 48 A. The Standard of Review

¶ 49 When reviewing a ruling on a motion to suppress, a bifurcated standard of review

applies. “[T]he trial court’s findings of fact are entitled to great deference, and we will reverse

those findings only if they are against the manifest weight of the evidence.” People v. Heritsch,

,

. “A finding is against the manifest weight of the

evidence where the opposite conclusion is clearly evident or if the finding itself is unreasonable,

arbitrary, or not based on the evidence presented.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) People v.

Peterson,

,

. A trial court’s conclusions of law are reviewed

de novo. Heritsch,

.

¶ 50 B. The Applicable Law

¶ 51 The fourth amendment of the United States Constitution protects the rights of

- 12 ­ individuals “against unreasonable searches and seizures.” U.S. Const., amend. IV.

Reasonableness is the touchstone of fourth amendment analysis and is an objective standard,

determined by examining the totality of the circumstances. Ohio v. Robinette,

(1996).

¶ 52 Although a police officer may stop and briefly detain a motorist when the officer

has observed the motorist committing a traffic offense (People v. Abdur-Rahim,

,

), the traffic stop can become unlawful “if it is prolonged

beyond the time reasonably required to satisfy its initial purpose” (People v. Reedy,

,

). The United States Supreme Court has observed that “the

tolerable duration of police inquiries in the traffic-stop context is determined by the seizure’s

‘mission’—to address the traffic violation that warranted the stop.” Rodriguez v. United States,

, ___,

(2015). According to the Supreme Court, “[a]uthority

for the seizure thus ends when tasks tied to the traffic infraction are—or reasonably should have

been—completed.”

at ___,

. In a routine traffic stop, the officer’s mission

includes not only deciding whether to issue a ticket, but also activities such as “checking the

driver’s license, determining whether there are outstanding warrants against the driver, and

inspecting the automobile’s registration and proof of insurance.”

at ___,

.

Although an officer may also conduct checks unrelated to the traffic stop’s mission, “he may not

do so in a way that prolongs the stop, absent the reasonable suspicion ordinarily demanded to

justify detaining an individual.”

at ___,

.

¶ 53 C. The Appropriate Analytical Framework

¶ 54 Twenty-eight years ago, in People v. Ricksy, this court suggested a particular

analytical approach for trial courts when deciding motions to suppress evidence. People v.

- 13 ­ Ricksy,

,

(1990). Specifically, we explained

that “[w]hen, as here, the evidence before the court reveals a series of interactions between the

police and a person who is being stopped or searched, the court’s analysis should be as finely

divided as possible to distinguish among the various stages of that interaction.”

¶ 55 In Ricksy, we outlined the following questions for consideration as an example:

“(1) Was the initial stop of the [vehicle] lawful? (2) Assuming the initial stop to

be lawful, did the officer lawfully order the passengers to get out and to stand at

the rear of the vehicle? (3) Assuming that order was lawful, did the officer

lawfully conduct a pat-down of the defendant? And (4) assuming the pat-down

was lawful, did the officer lawfully remove the envelope from defendant’s pants

pocket?”

.

See also People v. Salvator,

,

(1992), in

which this court applied the analytical framework from Ricksy.

¶ 56 Using the Ricksy analysis in this case, the relevant questions are the following:

(1) Was the initial traffic stop was valid? (2) Assuming the initial stop to be lawful, was the stop

prolonged beyond the time necessary to complete the mission of the stop? (3) Assuming it was

so prolonged, was the continued detention of defendants supported by a reasonable suspicion?

We believe this segmented approach is the best means of determining whether the trial court

properly denied the motion to suppress in this case.

¶ 57 D. The Facts of This Case

¶ 58 1. Was There Probable Cause To Stop the Car

¶ 59 When, as here, a case involves the police stopping a car, the first question a trial

court dealing with a motion to suppress must ask is whether the stop was justified at its

- 14 ­ inception. People v. Gonzalez,

,

(2003) (holding first

consideration under Terry v. Ohio,

(1968), is whether officer’s action was justified at

its inception), overruled on other grounds by People v. Harris,

,

(2008). A police officer is justified in stopping and detaining a driver if the officer

observes the driver commit a traffic offense or has probable cause to believe a traffic violation

has occurred. Abdur-Rahim,

; Whren v. United States,

(1996).

¶ 60 The parties in this case agree that probable cause existed for the traffic stop

because defendants were traveling five miles per hour above the posted speed limit. We also note

that the trial court specifically found that Weiss had probable cause to initiate the stop for the

speeding infraction.

¶ 61 2. Was the Stop Impermissibly Prolonged

¶ 62 a. When Did the Stop Begin?

¶ 63 “[A] seizure that is lawful at its inception” “can become unlawful if it is

prolonged beyond the time reasonably required to complete that mission.” Illinois v. Caballes,

(2005). In determining whether a stop was impermissibly prolonged, we must

first decide when the stop “began.” This may seem to be a hyper-technical approach, but it is not,

particularly in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in Rodriguez that there are no such things as

de minimis extensions of otherwise completed stops. See Rodriguez, 575 U.S. at ___,

. Rodriguez requires that this initial question be addressed and answered.

¶ 64 We conclude that the proverbial “clock” to evaluate the length of a traffic stop

begins to run at that moment in time when the vehicles have come to a complete stop and the

officer is or reasonably should be prepared to exit his or her police car to approach the vehicle

- 15 ­ the officer stopped. In the typical case, this will be the moment when the officer opens the door

and exits the police car. However, if the officer is otherwise prepared to exit, and may safely do

so, but chooses to remain in his or her vehicle to perform some other action (such as running the

license plates to see if the vehicle is stolen), then the clock may begin to run before the officer

exits the vehicle.

¶ 65 Here, defendants initially stopped in the middle of the right lane of traffic on an

interstate highway. Because it was not safe for the officer to exit his vehicle at that point behind

the stopped vehicle, the stop did not begin to run at that point. Instead, Weiss used his vehicle’s

PA system to order defendants to pull over to the shoulder, and they complied. Once both cars

were stopped on the shoulder, Weiss exited his police car without first performing any other

action. Therefore, this case is typical, and the clock began to run the moment Weiss exited his

vehicle.

¶ 66 b. When Did the Stop End?

¶ 67 The next question is when did the stop conclude? The State contends the traffic

stop did not conclude until Weiss gave Ibrahim his warning ticket and told him to “drive safe.”

In support of this contention, the State relies upon People v. Cosby,

,

(2008), which stated the traffic stop in that case came to an end when the

officers returned the defendants’ paperwork. See also People v. Brownlee,

,

(1999) (stop concluded when officer returned license and insurance and

explained no citation would be issued). Defendants counter that the stop ended when Weiss had

completed writing the warning ticket which was the initial basis for the stop. We agree with

defendants.

¶ 68 “In looking at the length of the stop, no bright-line rule has been adopted to

- 16 ­ indicate when a stop has been unreasonably prolonged.” People v. McQuown,

,

(2011). Instead, the duration of the stop must be justified by

the nature of the offense and “the ordinary inquiries incident to such a stop.” Caballes,

; People v. Koutsakis,

,

(1995) (“Courts

must consider the purpose to be served by the stop[,] as well as the time reasonably needed to

effectuate those purposes.”). Courts “employ a contextual, totality of the circumstances analysis

that includes consideration of the brevity of the stop and whether the police acted diligently

during the stop.” People v. Baldwin,

,

(2009).

¶ 69 When deciding whether a traffic stop is impermissibly prolonged, the focus of the

inquiry is on “when tasks tied to the traffic infraction are—or reasonably should have been—

completed.” Rodriguez, 575 U.S. at ___,

. In a routine traffic stop, the officer’s

mission includes not only deciding whether to issue a ticket, but also activities such as “checking

the driver’s license, determining whether there are outstanding warrants against the driver, and

inspecting the automobile’s registration and proof of insurance.”

at ___,

.

An officer may ask additional questions or have a dog sniff performed, even though those tasks

are not related to the mission of the stop if they do not prolong the stop.

at ___,

. Thus, “[t]he critical question *** is not whether the dog sniff occurs before or after the

officer issues a ticket, *** but whether conducting the sniff ‘prolongs’—i.e., adds time to—‘the

stop.’ ”

at ___,

. The reasonableness of the stop is determined by “what the

police in fact do.”

at ___,

.

¶ 70 Contrary to the State’s assertions, there is no per se rule that a stop is completed

when documentation is returned to the driver. True, the return of paperwork and issuance of a

ticket is usually the clearest sign that a traffic stop is completed, but it is not the only sign. When

- 17 ­ all tasks related to the mission of the stop have been completed, the stop is or reasonably should

have been completed, irrespective of whether the officer continues to engage in other actions.

¶ 71 Here, Weiss testified that the written warning was completed when he left his

police car to return the rental paperwork to Maged. The only thing missing was Ibrahim’s

signature on the written warning, which Weiss could easily have obtained. Instead, Weiss

proceeded to question Maged for approximately 4½ minutes about defendants’ itinerary.

¶ 72 Although Weiss had a valid reason for returning to Maged (handing him back his

paperwork personally so no future claim that it was not returned could be made), the additional

questioning was not related to the “mission” of the stop. We conclude that the stop “was—or

reasonably should have been—completed” at 11 minutes and 20 seconds into the stop.

¶ 73 The State argues the mission of the stop was not yet completed when Weiss spoke

with Maged. Alternatively, the State contends that the additional questioning did not

“measurably delay” the stop. Last, the State contends that even if this court were to conclude that

Weiss prolonged the traffic stop, his doing so was justified by reasonable suspicion to justify

further detention. We disagree with the State’s first two contentions but agree with its third.

¶ 74 First, although the State makes an oblique reference to officer safety as supporting

Weiss’s actions, we note that officer safety was not an overriding concern because Chapman had

arrived to assist Weiss before Weiss went to the Taurus to question Maged. Thus, there does not

appear to be any reason why Weiss had to question Maged before Ibrahim could have returned to

the Taurus; Chapman could have escorted Ibrahim to insure officer safety.

¶ 75 Additionally, Weiss’s questioning of Maged was not related to officer safety,

given that he did not ask Maged about weapons; nor did Weiss’s testimony support a belief that

Maged was potentially armed and dangerous.

- 18 ­ ¶ 76 It may be true that Weiss could have asked Maged one or two questions about

defendants’ itinerary when he returned Maged’s paperwork without causing a “measurable

delay.” Nonetheless, Weiss’s 4½-minute questioning cannot be described as an immeasurably

brief delay or even a close call. Accepting the State’s argument might encourage officers to

simply physically hold on to drivers’ paperwork to prolong the stop until their questioning is

completed. However, as Rodriguez instructs, the police must act diligently and may not drag

their feet in an attempt to make an otherwise unreasonable stop reasonable. See

at ___,

(citing United States v. Sharpe,

(1985).

¶ 77 Second, it is a stretch to suggest that Weiss’s questioning of Maged related to the

mission of the stop. Maged could provide no further information that would have supported

giving defendants a written warning. Weiss observed the infraction and repeatedly stated that he

was going to issue only a written warning.

¶ 78 The State contends that asking about the driver’s itinerary is part of the “mission”

of any traffic stop. See United States v. Dion,

(1st Cir. 2017) (holding a police

officer may ask driver for an itinerary as part of a routine traffic stop). Assuming this statement

is true, Weiss had already thoroughly interrogated Ibrahim about their itinerary. Questioning

Maged about the timing of defendants’ trip would not have altered the decision Weiss had

already made to issue a warning.

¶ 79 Because Weiss had completed the warning ticket when he exited the squad car 11

minutes and 20 seconds into the stop, the mission of the stop had been concluded at that point.

Any further detention or questioning would need to be supported by “the reasonable suspicion

ordinarily demanded to justify detaining an individual.” Rodriguez, 575 U.S. at ___,

.

- 19 ­ ¶ 80 3. Did Officer Weiss Have Reasonable Suspicion To Justify Further Detention

¶ 81 Having determined that the traffic stop was prolonged, we next consider whether

defendants’ continued detention was justified by a reasonable articulable suspicion of criminal

activity. Defendants argue the trial court’s ruling that Weiss had reasonable suspicion was

erroneous. We disagree.

¶ 82 a. The Applicable Law

¶ 83 Reasonable suspicion is based on the totality of the circumstances. People v.

Timmsen,

,

. Officers are entitled to rely on their past training

and experience and to make inferences and deductions based on factors that may well elude the

untrained person. People v. Leighty,

,

(2005).

The nervousness of a stopped driver may be appropriately relevant in an officer’s judgment when

assessing suspicious behavior, even though many people are nervous when interacting with the

police. See People v. Davenport,

,

(2009) (citing

United States v. Fernandez,

(10th Cir. 1994). An officer is free to evaluate a driver’s

nervousness and the possible reasons therefor as part of the “totality of the circumstances” the

officer may consider when determining whether the officer has reasonable suspicion to justify

further detention. People v. Moore,

,

(2003).

¶ 84 Other things to consider are implausible travel plans (People v. Collins,

, ¶ 26,

), strange behavior, conflicting stories (People v.

Richardson,

,

(2007)), and the presence of

odors associated with drugs (People v. Boyd,

,

(1998)) or designed to mask the smell of drugs (People v. Roa,

,

(2010)).

- 20 ­ ¶ 85 b. This Case

¶ 86 Defendant argues the trial court erred in considering Maged’s responses to

Weiss’s questioning in determining that Weiss was given “conflicting travel plans.” Defendant

contends the court’s finding that the nervous behaviors “increased” was manifestly erroneous

and unsupported by any evidence in the record.

¶ 87 Defendants are correct that the answers Weiss received from questioning Maged

after Weiss questioned Ibrahim cannot be considered in evaluating whether reasonable suspicion

existed to prolong the stop. The State may not bootstrap subsequently learned information in

attempting to establish reasonable suspicion. Richardson,

(O’Brien, J.,

dissenting). However, the record fully supports the trial court’s finding that Weiss had

reasonable suspicion to justify further detention before he spoke with Maged. Three pieces of

evidence, in particular, support this conclusion.

¶ 88 First, it is undisputed that defendants initially stopped in the middle of the right

lane on I-55. Weiss testified that based on his prior experience, drivers pull off onto the side of

the road the vast majority of the time. He further stated that in his experience, every time a car

stopped in the middle of the road, Weiss discovered something that resulted in an arrest.

¶ 89 Second, Weiss testified that in his experience, when a driver is told he or she is

receiving a warning instead of a citation, his or her level of nervousness decreases. In this case,

however, Weiss testified, and defendants concede, that defendants’ nervousness never subsided

despite repeatedly being told they would receive a warning.

¶ 90 Third, Weiss testified that defendants gave him a vague and implausible travel

plan. Ibrahim told Weiss that they had traveled from Chicago to an unspecified location in

Missouri (but not St. Louis) and stayed at a gas station for three to five hours. Ibrahim further

- 21 ­ could not give specific answers regarding what defendants were doing while in Missouri.

Common experience tells us that travelling for many more hours than one stays at his or her

destination is unusual and, when travelling a great distance to cross state lines, can be suspicious.

See United States v. Sokolow,

(1989) (explaining that few people would travel 20

hours from Hawaii to Miami to spend just 48 hours at that destination, thus contributing to

reasonable suspicion).

¶ 91 It was reasonable for Weiss to be suspicious that defendants would travel to

Missouri from Chicago and remain there only between three to five hours. Likewise, defendants’

purpose for the short trip was not something common, such as seeing a baseball game or

attending a family event. Instead, defendants “just hung out” at a gas station, which can certainly

be seen as unusual and suspicious. Additionally, Weiss thought it odd that Ibrahim could say

only that he was in Missouri and did not know or “remember” the name of the town or address

he visited.

¶ 92 We view this case as analogous to People v. Collins,

.

There, the defendant who was pulled over for speeding claimed to be heading east, but was

traveling in a westbound lane. Id. ¶ 5. He claimed that he had exited the highway because his car

was overheating and he was looking for a gas station. Id. He also claimed he took that route to

avoid traffic. Id. However, the officers noted defendant had passed two gas stations and his

proposed route would have him unnecessarily travel eight miles to avoid less than one mile of

traffic. Id. ¶ 7. The police ultimately searched the vehicle and defendant, and found drugs in the

car. Id. ¶ 6. The trial court in Collins found that the defendant provided an implausible

explanation for what he was doing, justifying the increased suspicion of the officer who stopped

the defendant’s car, and the appellate court concluded that it would defer to the trial court’s

- 22 ­ finding. Id. ¶ 26.

¶ 93 Defendants argue each of the bases for finding reasonable suspicion can easily be

explained as innocent conduct. For instance, they emphasize that they are from a foreign country

and sometimes have difficulty communicating in English. They claim it makes sense that

foreigners, not well-versed in the methods of law enforcement in the United States, would be

extremely nervous and remain so when dealing with police for the first time. Additionally, one

who has never been pulled over may not know the proper procedure, thus explaining why

Ibrahim stopped in the middle of the right lane on an interstate highway and not on the shoulder.

Last, they assert that nervousness is of limited value because each person may show nervousness

differently, and if an officer has no prior knowledge of how a suspect normally acts, the officer

has no baseline for comparison.

¶ 94 However, as the State correctly notes, defendants cannot prevail by addressing—

and attacking—each ground for reasonable suspicion in isolation. United States v. Arvizu,

(2002). Instead, a court’s focus should be on the totality of the circumstances, and

even potentially innocent conduct may give rise to reasonable suspicion when aggregated.

; Sokolow,

. The police are not required to “rule out” innocent conduct or

default to believing behavior is innocent just because they may be presented with an ambiguous

situation. People v. Close,

,

(2010).

¶ 95 We find support for our conclusion in the recent decision of the United States

Supreme Court in District of Columbia v. Wesby,

, ___,

(2018),

in which the Court reversed a decision of a federal appeals court that had concluded the officers

involved in that case lacked probable cause to make an arrest. The Court criticized the appellate

court majority for engaging “in an ‘excessively technical dissection’ of the factors supporting

- 23 ­ probable cause. [Illinois v.] Gates, 462 U.S. [213,] 234 [(1983)]. Indeed, the panel majority

failed to follow two basic and well-established principles of law.”

at ___,

.

¶ 96 The Supreme Court first noted that the panel majority viewed each fact “in

isolation, rather than as a factor in the totality of the circumstances.” (Internal quotation marks

omitted.)

at ___,

. The Court noted that the “totality of the circumstances

requires courts to consider the whole picture,” explaining that “[o]ur precedents recognize that

the whole is often greater than the sum of its parts—especially when the parts are viewed in

isolation.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)

at ___,

. The Court further

held that the “totality-of-the-circumstances test precludes this sort of divide-and-conquer

analysis” that the panel majority engaged in. (Internal quotation marks omitted.)

at ___,

.

¶ 97 The Supreme Court then pointed out that the “panel majority mistakenly believed

that it could dismiss outright any circumstances that were susceptible of innocent explanation.”

(Internal quotation marks omitted.)

at ___,

. Instead, the Supreme Court

explained that “the relevant inquiry is not whether particular conduct is ‘innocent’ or ‘guilty,’ but

the degree of suspicion that attaches to particular types of noncriminal acts.” (Internal quotation

marks omitted.)

at ___,

. The Court concluded by writing the following:

“Thus, the panel majority should have asked whether a reasonable officer could conclude—

considering all of the surrounding circumstances, including the plausibility of the explanation

itself—that there was a substantial chance of criminal activity.” (Internal quotation marks

omitted.)

at ___,

.

¶ 98 In closing, we note that if Weiss was suspicious for any reason that the car he was

following and intending to stop might contain illegal drugs and thought it would be a good idea

- 24 ­ to have the drug dog sniff the car, he could have arranged for such a meeting with the drug dog

before Weiss ever pulled the car over. Caballes instructs that an open air sniff is permissible if it

does not unreasonably prolong the stop. Caballes,

. The simplest way to

ensure a sniff is conducted without delaying a normal traffic stop is to request the drug dog

before the car is even pulled over.

¶ 99 For instance, in this case Weiss was sitting in the median near mile marker 91 on

I-55, which is just south of Springfield, when he observed defendants’ car involved in a violation

of the Illinois Vehicle Code—namely, speeding. Weiss had no obligation to pull this vehicle over

as soon as he could safely do so. Instead, Weiss could have radioed to see where the canine unit

was and if it was available. If it was, Weiss could have explained that he was tailing a suspect

going northbound on I-55, and Weiss could have asked the canine unit to meet him at a particular

location where Weiss planned to pull the car over—for instance, exit 105 near Sherman, Illinois.

¶ 100 If Weiss had taken this course of action and the canine unit was in fact at exit 105

when Weiss pulled defendants’ car over, the drug dog could have sniffed at defendants’ car

during the time Weiss was handling the routine details of the traffic stop, and an issue regarding

whether the stop was unduly prolonged would never arise.

¶ 101 E. Fines and Fees

¶ 102 Defendants argue that this court should vacate various fine improperly imposed

by the circuit clerk. However, we lack jurisdiction to consider these claims.

¶ 103 In its most recent case addressing the alleged improper imposition of fines by a

circuit clerk, our supreme court stated, in part, the following:

“Because the circuit clerk had no authority to levy any fines against

defendant, the recording of the additional fines was invalid and unenforceable.

- 25 ­ However, the fact that the clerk’s action was improper does not mean that

defendant can challenge the unauthorized fines through the appeal process. The

appellate court is constitutionally vested with jurisdiction to review final

judgments entered by circuit courts. The recording of a fine is a clerical,

ministerial function and is not a judgment—void or otherwise. Therefore, the

improper recording of a fine is not subject to direct review by the appellate court.”

People v. Vara,

, ¶ 23.

Thus, the supreme court concluded that “the appellate court lacked jurisdiction to review the

clerk’s recording of mandatory fines that were not included as part of the circuit court’s final

judgment.” Id.

¶ 104 In this case, defendants argue the following fines were impermissibly imposed by

the circuit clerk and should be vacated: $50 “court systems” assessment, $10 “child advocacy”

assessment, $15 “ISP op assistance fund” assessment, $5 “drug court fee,” $10 “probation op

fund” assessment, and a $100 “victims assist fund” assessment. In light of the supreme court’s

decision in Vara, we conclude we have no jurisdiction to review the circuit clerk’s imposition of

these fines.

¶ 105 F. Conflict of Interest

¶ 106 Last, Maged raises an issue limited to him. He argues that his counsel acted under

an actual conflict of interest when he represented both him and Ibrahim after the trial court had

ruled on the motion to suppress and denied it. Specifically, Maged contends he had a viable

“reasonable doubt defense” to the transportation charge because he never spoke with police and

Ibrahim’s admissions concerning the cigarettes could not be used against him at trial.

¶ 107 The State argues Maged did not have a viable reasonable doubt defense because

- 26 ­ there was so much circumstantial evidence against him. In particular, the State notes that Maged

rented the car in which the cigarettes were found, and Maged admitted to Weiss that his father

operated gas stations in Chicago, which strongly suggests the cigarettes were purchased in

Missouri for resale in Chicago at his father’s stores. The State also claims Maged has failed to

show that this defense harmed or conflicted with Ibrahim’s defense, and therefore, there was no

conflict of interest. We agree with the State.

¶ 108 “When, as here, a defendant does not raise a conflict of interest until after trial,”

“a defendant must demonstrate that an actual conflict of interest adversely affected his lawyer’s

performance.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) People v. Nelson,

,

. To demonstrate an actual conflict, a defendant

“ ‘[f]irst, *** must demonstrate that some plausible alternative defense strategy or

tactic might have been pursued. He need not show that the defense would

necessarily have been successful if it had been used, but that it possessed

sufficient substance to be a viable alternative. Second, he must establish that the

alternative defense was inherently in conflict with or not undertaken due to the

attorney’s other loyalties or interests.’ ”

¶ 37 (quoting United States v. Fahey,

(1st Cir. 1985).

¶ 109 Here, the circumstantial evidence against Maged is quite compelling. In addition

to the evidence we previously mentioned, we note that Maged rented the Taurus, admitted to

Weiss that he examined the trunk before renting it, and told Weiss the trunk was empty. The

police found 480 cartons of cigarettes in the trunk. Accordingly, we conclude that Maged has

failed to demonstrate an actual conflict of interest.

¶ 110 III. CONCLUSION

- 27 ­ ¶ 111 For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

¶ 112 Affirmed.

- 28 ­