No. 2-21-0086 Order filed March 8, 2021

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23(b) and is not precedent except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1). ______________________________________________________________________________

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

SECOND DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________

MATTHEW CORBIN, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court ) of Du Page County. ) Petitioner-Appellant, ) ) v. ) No. 21-MR-131 ) MARY SCHROEDER, ) SHARON SULLIVAN, ) JONATHON NUSGART, ) EDWARD POPE, and ) JEAN KACZMAREK, ) as Du Page County Clerk, ) Honorable ) Bonnie M. Wheaton, Respondents-Appellees. ) Judge, Presiding. ______________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE JORGENSEN delivered the judgment of the court. Presiding Justice Bridges and Justice Schostok concurred in the judgment.

ORDER

¶1 Held: The electoral board’s decision, overruling objections to the candidate’s nominating papers, is affirmed.

¶2 Respondent, Edward Pope, filed nominating papers to run in the upcoming April 6, 2021,

consolidated election for the office of Glendale Heights Village President. Petitioner, Matthew

Corbin, objected to Pope’s nominating papers on several bases, including that the statutory

minimum threshold for valid signatures was not satisfied. On February 4, 2021, after a hearing,

the Glendale Heights Municipal Officers Electoral Board (the Board), of which respondents Mary

Schroeder, Sharon Sullivan, and Jonathon Nusgart are members, overruled Corbin’s objections.

Corbin petitioned the circuit court for judicial review. On February 19, 2021, the court denied the

petition for review and affirmed the Board’s decision. 1

¶3 On February 22, 2021, Corbin filed a notice of appeal. On February 26, 2021, pursuant to

Illinois Supreme Court Rule 311 (eff. July 1, 2018), this court granted Corbin’s motion to place

the case on this court’s accelerated docket. We denied, however, his request for a stay pending

appeal. For the following reasons, we affirm.

¶4 I. BACKGROUND

¶5 On January 23, 2021, the Board held a hearing to address Corbin’s objections to Pope’s

nominating papers. As relevant here, Marie Schmidt testified that, since 2008, she has served as

the Glendale Heights Village Clerk. One of her responsibilities as clerk is to serve as an election

authority, including on the Board, although she recused herself from the Board for this case. In

her capacity as clerk, and regarding nominations of candidates for office in Glendale Heights,

Schmidt prepares candidate packets, in which she includes for prospective candidates various

1 We note that Corbin filed objections to the nominating papers filed by three candidates

for Glendale Heights Village President: Pope, Linda Jackson, and Chodri Ma Khokhar. On

January 23, 2021, the Board held a hearing addressing all objections, and it issued written decisions

on January 28, 2021, (Khokhar) and February 4, 2021 (Jackson and Pope), rejecting Corbin’s

objections to all three candidates. Although related, we address each appeal separately, addressing

Jackson’s and Khokhar’s candidacies in appeal Nos. 2-21-0085 and 2-21-0090, respectively.

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documents, including a list of instructions, but not a statement regarding how many signatures are

required for nominating petitions. In previous years, Schmidt received by mail packets of

information from the Du Page County Election Commission; however, that commission was

dissolved and, therefore, for the upcoming election, Schmidt received by email information

packets from an election official in the Du Page County Clerk’s office. Schmidt testified that she

reviewed a candidate’s handbook, published by the State Board of Elections, that said a candidate

for Village president needed to obtain signatures from 1% of the number of voters that participated

in the 2017 mayoral election. Unlike past years, there was no maximum percentage listed.

Schmidt personally performed a calculation to assess 1% of voters from the 2017 election (2325

voters) and determined that candidates for Village president needed to obtain 24 signatures for

their nominating papers.

¶6 Upon further questioning, Schmidt testified that, in past years, candidates for Village

president had to obtain signatures from 5% to 8% of the number of voters that had voted in the

relevant preceding election. 2 This year, “[i]n reading the [c]andidate’s book, it said [1%] for non-

2 Section 10-3 of the Election Code (10 ILCS 5/10-3 (West 2018)) provides, in relevant

part:

“Nominations of independent candidates for public office within any district or political

subdivision less than the State, may be made by nomination papers signed in the aggregate for

each candidate by qualified voters of such district, or political subdivision, equaling not less than

5%, nor more than 8% (or 50 more than the minimum, whichever is greater) of the number of

persons, who voted at the next preceding regular election in such district or political subdivision

in which such district or political subdivision voted as a unit for the election of officers to serve its

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partisan. And I had received an email from someone who works for the election division who said

due to COVID, we are reducing the points of contact, here is a list of forms. *** And it said this

is what you should fill out, and it said partisan election. We are non-partisan, so I looked up non-

partisan. I thought it was all due to COVID.” Schmidt explained that she did not agree with the

number being so low, as it could potentially bring out many candidates, and that she discussed the

low threshold with various members of the Village Board, although not in an open session, stating,

“I can’t believe they are being that stupid and only asking for [1%].” After a board meeting, she

also discussed the threshold with candidate Jackson, and told Jackson that they needed only 24

signatures and could easily obtain that amount. Schmidt testified that she did not have

conversations with any other candidate for president regarding the 1% threshold. However,

Schmidt is running again for the clerk position, believed that she, too, needed only 24 signatures

for her nominating papers, and also communicated the 24-number requirement to one of her own

opponents. According to Schmidt, no one told her before the filing deadline had passed that the

1% threshold was incorrect, and she noted that it was difficult to contact persons in the election

office when information was initially circulated, as the partial shutdown during the COVID-19

pandemic left the election office understaffed.

¶7 On cross-examination, Schmidt agreed that she did not discuss the 24-signature

requirement at a public board meeting or with any other candidates, nor did she post that

information on the clerk’s website or include it in the packets available to the public. Schmidt

testified that there is no requirement for the clerk to post the minimum number of signatures

required, and the Village did not and (never has) publicly announce required numbers. Schmidt

respective territorial area.” 10 ILCS 5/10-3 (West 2018).

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asserted that she emailed the election office to question the threshold, but did not recall receiving

a response. She later testified, however, that she did not reach out to the Du Page County Clerk

Election Manager in relation to the signature numbers, because she had unsuccessfully tried to

contact the office in the past while it was understaffed. An email from that office had mentioned,

in one paragraph, COVID-19 and reducing contact; thus, that paragraph partly influenced

Schmidt’s understanding that the threshold for signatures had changed due to COVID:

“ *** at that point, there were people talking about how they were going to circulate

petitions. And again, that goes to the low number in my mind because a lot of people were

not answering their doors because of COVID.

When I had someone going out with my petitions, it would be call you, say I’m

bringing a petition. Will you meet me outside? I’ll leave it on your porch. You sign it. Go

back in the house and I’ll get it. It was a tedious process. So this all made sense.

There were people who were leaving them on their front porches which violated

everything because you didn’t witness anyone doing it. And it was going on in the Village.

***

I honestly thought it was because of COVID and reducing the point of contact.

Everything has changed in the past year. Nothing is the same. And it made sense that you

would require fewer signatures and have fewer points of contact.”

Schmidt agreed, however, that she did not receive a notice from the Governor, State Board of

Elections, the Du Page Election Commissioner, or anyone else, stating that the statutorily-required

number of signatures had been reduced because of COVID.

¶8 Finally, Schmidt testified to her understanding that the Village performed non-partisan

elections. She did not, in the fall of 2020, understand the difference between non-partisan and

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independent candidates. The e-mailed information that Schmidt had received from the Du Page

County Clerk’s office listed five categories of signature requirements. For independent candidates,

it required 5% to 8%, as Schmidt recalled from past elections. Schmidt testified that this year has

been “very different” and “I misinterpreted it.” (Emphasis added.) Schmidt agreed that she and

Jackson used the “independent candidate” petitions when circulating their nomination papers. She

agreed that, in the candidate packets, it “clearly states” that candidates should check the

requirements with their attorneys. Schmidt did not consult an attorney about the signature

requirements.

¶9 Tracy Walters testified that she is the executive secretary to the Village administrator and,

on December 7, 2020, she was sworn in as a deputy clerk to assist with accepting nominating

petitions and issuing receipts. On December 21, 2020, (the deadline for filing nominating papers)

at around 12:30 p.m., in the second-floor lobby at Village Hall, Pope asked Walters for the required

number of signatures needed for his petition. Walters said that she did not know, but would try to

find out from Schmidt. She called Schmidt, who told her that Pope needed to submit signatures

from 1% of the voters who had voted in the previous election, which Walters understood to mean

the 2017 municipal election. Walters returned to the lobby and passed on the information to Pope.

He then submitted his petitions.

¶ 10 Pope testified that he is running for Village President. In pursuit of his candidacy, he

obtained signature petitions and a candidate’s packet from the Village Clerk’s office. Pope

considered himself an independent candidate, and he circulated “independent candidate” petitions.

Before submitting his petition, on the day of the filing deadline, he asked Walters “to verify the

number of signatures we needed because it did seem unusually low. But with COVID and

everything, I didn’t know if the rules had changed.” Pope testified that he had far more signatures

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than needed, but “there’s usually the [5%] minimum, [8%] maximum,” so he asked Walters for

verification. Walters consulted Schmidt, then returned and told Pope it was 1%, or 24 signatures

minimum, and that there was no maximum. “I was still concerned about the maximum though,

because of years past that there was one, so I submitted what I had in my hands and I held back

about another 50 signatures.” Pope formerly served as a trustee and, because he recalled there

being a 5%-to-8% signature-requirement range then, he remained concerned that there would be a

penalty for providing too many signatures. Ultimately, Pope submitted 32 signatures and he

shredded the “extras.”

¶ 11 Pope testified that, when deciding how many signatures to submit, he relied upon the

representations that Walters made in her capacity as a deputy clerk. He testified that he trusted

both Walters and Schmidt. Pope stated that, although he had a few hours remaining to gather

signatures before the filing deadline, he did not feel the need to do so, because he had verified the

requirement with Schmidt who was, in his opinion, the authority, and she had given him an exact

required number. Therefore, he figured that he had enough signatures to meet the requirements.

¶ 12 Pope explained that there are many numbers and elections, such that it is can be difficult

to ascertain the minimum-signature threshold, which is why he wanted the Village to verify it.

Had he known that more signatures were required, he “absolutely” would have submitted more.

Pope did not, however, obtain help from an attorney, nor did he obtain or consult the candidates’

guide from the State Board of Elections. Pope summarized that, “I just assumed the number was

substantially lower possibly because of COVID. You know, trying to have the low contact and it

was very difficult this year talking to people and people were even afraid to even touch our pens

when we were going door-to-door. So that was kind of my assumption, that it had something to

do with COVID.”

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¶ 13 On February 4, 2021, the Board, having taken, over Corbin’s objection, judicial notice of

voluminous executive orders issued by Governor J.B. Pritzker and local emergency orders and

proclamations that had issued in light of the pandemic, rendered a written decision, concluding, in

sum, that Corbin’s objections that Pope’s petitions contained less than the statutorily-required

minimum number of signatures failed, as Pope justifiably relied on Schmidt’s representation to

Walters that only 24 signatures were needed.

¶ 14 Specifically, the Board noted that the parties agreed that the question of reliance is a factual

one. Citing Merz v. Voldberding,

(1981), and Atkinson v. Schelling,

, the Board determined that, here, Schmidt, acting as Village Clerk, made a

mistake when calculating the signature requirement, based upon: her confusion as to whether the

Village was non-partisan; the Du Page County Clerk not providing specific instructions and

nomination papers, as it had done in past elections; and the COVID-19 pandemic. As in Merz and

Atkinson, the Board found no evidence of nefarious conduct on Schmidt’s behalf. The Board took

judicial notice of the “extraordinary circumstances” that existed during the 90-day petition

circulation period. The Board made several unanimous findings of fact, including that: the

witnesses were credible; Schmidt acted in an official capacity as Village Clerk and as a local

election official when she told Walters, who then told Pope, the 24-signature requirement; Jackson

and Pope relied on those official representations; and denying the candidates access to the ballot

would penalize not only them, but the voters.

¶ 15 Two Board members found that Pope’s reliance on the representations was justified, while

the third member asserted that he did not find the reliance justified, based upon the decision in

Jackson-Hicks v. East St. Louis Board of Election Commissioners,

(2015), and

when compared with Merz and Atkinson. The Board’s majority, however, found Jackson-Hicks

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inapplicable, as the candidate in that case did not raise an estoppel/reliance defense; rather, the

case concerned only substantial compliance. Although it acknowledged that Jackson-Hicks had

discussed Merz and Atkinson, it did not read that decision as forever precluding candidates,

regardless of the circumstances, from asserting a reliance or estoppel argument. “Given the

extraordinary circumstances presented by the COVID-19 pandemic, difficulty in maintaining

social distancing when gathering voters’ signatures on petition sheets, limited access to and

communication with the Du Page County Clerk, the [l]ocal [e]lection [a]uthority, this Electoral

Board finds that[,] given the undisputed and unrefuted facts and evidence presented at the

evidentiary hearing,” Jackson and Pope successfully raised and established the defense of

justifiable reliance on the signature requirement communicated to them by the Village Clerk.

Thus, the Board overruled Corbin’s objections and ordered that Pope’s name be placed on the

ballot as a candidate in the upcoming election.

¶ 16 Corbin petitioned the circuit court for judicial review. On February 19, 2021, after a

hearing, the circuit court denied the petition and affirmed the Board’s decision. The court

determined that it need not find, under these facts, the minimum number of signatures that were,

in fact, statutorily required for the petitions, and to do so would be purely advisory. The court

commented that whether the Village election is a partisan or non-partisan one is confusing and

should be clarified for future elections. The court found that publication is not limited to

publication in writing, a statement may be published orally (as it is in libel versus slander), and

that the Clerk’s statements here were orally published to Jackson and Pope. The court noted that

the Board found credible the candidates’ testimonies, and that this case was similar to Atkinson.

Moreover:

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“The question of whether this was reasonable I believe is limited to the facts which

are presented. The Court will take judicial notice that we are in the midst of a global

pandemic, which has changed many, many things in the legal system, and indeed, in the

electoral system as well, with the prevalence now of mail-in voting or drop box ballot

provisions. This is something that has really never taken place before the pandemic.

Reliance on the representations of the clerk, whether right or wrong, in the midst

of the global pandemic cannot be set as a matter of law to have been unreasonable. It seems

that most of the candidates and other persons who testified felt that the number was

extremely low, and perhaps, indeed it was. However, that does not go to the question of

whether under these particular circumstances that low number was unreasonable to be

relied on.”

¶ 17 The court noted that the candidates testified that they collected more signatures that they

did not file, and, again, that the Board found credible their testimonies. It upheld the Board’s

decision and ordered that Pope appear on the ballot. Corbin appeals.

¶ 18 I. ANALYSIS

¶ 19 Where a circuit court has reviewed an electoral board’s decision, we review the decision

of the board, not the court. Cinkus v. Village of Stickney Municipal Officers Electoral Board,

(2008). An electoral board is viewed as an administrative agency; thus, our

standard of review is determined by the type of question being reviewed.

. The

board’s findings and conclusions on questions of fact are deemed prima facie true and correct and

will not be overturned unless they are contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence, while we

review de novo its decision on a question of law.

. Moreover, the board’s determination

on a mixed question of law and fact will not be disturbed on review unless it is clearly erroneous.

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.3 A decision is “clearly erroneous” when the reviewing court is left with the “ ‘definite

and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.’ ”

at 211 (quoting AFM Messenger

Service, Inc. v. Department of Employment Security,

(2001)). We are mindful

that, “[b]y use of the phrase ‘judicial review,’ the legislature did not intend to vest a circuit court

with jurisdiction to conduct a de novo hearing into the validity of a candidate’s nomination

papers.” Id. at 209.

¶ 20 Corbin challenges three overarching Board decisions. First, he asserts that the Electoral

Board and the circuit court did not determine the minimum signatures required for independent

candidates under section 10-3 of the Election Code and specifically, whether the decision in

Ramirez v. Chicago Board of Election Commissioners,

, warrants a

different result. Specifically, to calculate the 5% minimum and 8% maximum signatures required,

the Board must first determine which preceding regular election applies, as section 10-3 bases the

figures on “the next preceding regular election in such district or political subdivision in which

such district or political subdivision voted as a unit for the election of officers to serve its respective

territorial area.” 10 ILCS 5/10-3 (West 2018). Corbin argues that the November 2018 general

election is the appropriate election to use to calculate the 5% minimum signatures (which had a

higher number of voters and, thus, would require more signatures), but the Board did not decide

this question.

3 We note that, although Corbin argues that our review is purely de novo, we disagree. The

Board made findings of fact and determined that, based on those facts, Pope had established a

reliance claim. Therefore, the determination was a mixed question of law and fact and we will not

disturb it unless clearly erroneous.

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¶ 21 We disagree that we need to reach this issue here. As noted by the circuit court, to do so

would be purely advisory. The candidates did not come close to the statutory threshold minimums,

regardless of whether the 2017 or 2018 election figures are used. The sole question is whether the

Board properly found that the candidates reasonably relied on the misinformation provided by the

Village Clerk. Nevertheless, we note that, in related appeal No. 2-21-0090, we consider the issue

and conclude that the 2017 election was the proper election under section 10-3. See Corbin v.

Schroeder,

, ¶¶ 16-17 (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23).

¶ 22 Next, Corbin argues that, regardless of which election is chosen, Pope’s nominating papers

lacked the minimum number of valid signatures and the Board erroneously allowed Pope to invoke

an estoppel defense to prevent his removal from the ballot. Specifically, Corbin argues that the

Board erred in finding that Pope reasonably relied upon Walters’ statement, passing on information

from Schmidt, that he needed only 1% (or 24 signatures) on his nominating petitions, such that his

submission of 32 signatures, which is below the minimum required, may be excused. Corbin

argues that estoppel fails, first, because the Clerk’s statements were unauthorized acts of a

ministerial officer or a ministerial misinterpretation and were not affirmative acts of the

governmental body itself. Further, Corbin disagrees that Pope’s reliance on the statement was

reasonable, noting that, despite his prior experience and admitted disbelief that the signature

requirement could be so low, he took no action to independently investigate or verify the

information, or to consult an attorney, election authority, or election consultant. Corbin requests

this court to reverse the Board and order Pope’s name removed from the ballot.

¶ 23 A summary of the relevant authority is required. The Board primarily relied on two cases

in finding successful Jackson’s reliance or estoppel argument: Merz and Atkinson. Indeed, those

cases share factual similarities with this case and, in both, in reliance on misinformation provided

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to them by the city/village clerks, who had misinterpreted section 10-3 of the Election Code,

candidates failed to obtain the minimum number of signatures required for their petitions. In both

cases, the courts determined that the candidates’ reliance on the misinformation had been

reasonable and that they could remain on the ballots. Merz,

; Atkinson,

.

¶ 24 Specifically, in Merz, certain candidates relied on the clerk’s information sheets, which she

had also issued in the past, to determine the number of required signatures. However, the clerk

had used the wrong election as the basis for her calculations, and the court agreed that the statute

was unclear. Merz,

. Given that: the statute was unclear; the clerk’s

historical practice of handing out information sheets prior to elections had gone unchallenged for

years and was performed as a public service (as opposed to with intent to undermine the statutory

scheme); and one candidate actually obtained the correct number of signatures required, but had

submitted only the incorrect number, the court held that penalizing the candidates would be an

injustice.

. Further, although only one of the three candidates involved testified to

relying on the clerk’s misinformation, such that only one could invoke estoppel, the court found

that the two other candidates (lacking sufficient signatures and an ability to claim detrimental

reliance) should also remain on the ballot in the “interests of justice,” because they had

demonstrated at least a minimal appeal to voters and their removal would, therefore, also penalize

those voters.

The court in Merz limited its holding to the facts before it, expressing that, “for

future reference, *** the minimum statutory signature requirement is mandatory and should be

strictly followed.”

.

¶ 25 In Atkinson, a panel of this court followed Merz. See Atkinson,

. There, after relying on a letter from the village clerk, who was a veteran in that position, and

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a candidate’s guide issued by the State Board of Elections, mayoral candidates collected an

insufficient number of signatures for their petitions. This court affirmed the board’s decision to

allow the candidates to remain on the ballot, essentially following Merz’s rationale.

The court

acknowledged that, in an intervening decision, Vestrup v. Du Page County Election Comm’n,

(2002), another panel of this court had declined to follow Merz and was critical

of that court’s application of estoppel against a State body. Atkinson, 2013 IL App (2d) 1330140,

¶ 19. The court in Vestrup had explained that estoppel would “be a concession that an

administrative agency’s mistaken interpretation of a state statute can preclude a court from

enforcing that statute. Essentially, [candidate] would have us give an interpretative error the force

of law and precedence over the law as enacted by the elected lawmakers of the State of Illinois.

This is entirely unacceptable ***.” Vestrup,

. Nevertheless, the panel

in Atkinson noted that the holding in Merz was undisturbed and, further, that nothing in section 10-

3 addressed a remedy for noncompliance with its requirements, so ballot removal would be a

drastic remedy where the statute provided none, particularly where the candidates before it had

demonstrated even more than the minimal appeal to voters than the candidates had shown in Merz.

Atkinson,

.

¶ 26 Our supreme court has expressed, at best, skepticism over the Merz and Atkinson analyses.

See Jackson-Hicks,

(2015). Specifically, in Jackson-Hicks, a mayoral candidate

submitted more signatures than required by the statutory minimum, but, after objections, the

number fell below the minimum threshold. The election board concluded that his name could

remain on the ballot, since he was short only 13 signatures and had substantially complied with

the statute. The supreme court reversed the election board’s decision that substantial compliance

with the statutory minimum was adequate, holding that the statutory numerical signature

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requirements are mandatory, the failure to comply with mandatory provisions in section 10-3 of

the Election Code render nominating papers invalid and require the candidate’s name be removed

from the ballot, and noting that, although the appellate court had found Merz and Atkinson

persuasive, “we do not.”

. The court noted that, in both cases, the Merz and

Atkinson courts had relied on principles of estoppel or considerations of substantial compliance to

justify their results, but the Jackson-Hicks court instead: (1) cited favorably Vestrup’s concern over

the propriety of invoking estoppel against the election authorities in those cases; (2) noted that

Merz was limited to the facts before it; and (3) reiterated that the minimum statutory requirement

must be strictly followed: “[w]e do not see how the law could be otherwise,” or there would be no

way to insure consistency.

. Indeed, the court held that, as opposed to subjective,

uncertain, and changing standards, the “General Assembly has opted for a mathematical formula

which is precise and definite in its meaning, clear and certain in its application, and by its nature,

excludes any possibility of impermissible political bias. That is the standard the Election Board

was bound to follow. It is the standard we are required to enforce.”

. Accordingly, the

court ordered the candidate’s name removed from the ballot and that any votes received for him

be disregarded.

.

¶ 27 As noted by the Board, estoppel was not, in fact, before the court in Jackson-Hicks, and,

therefore, its criticism was aimed at the appellate court having relied on those decisions in the

substantial-compliance case before it. Indeed, unlike here, there was no confusion in Jackson-

Hicks over the required signature threshold; rather, the candidate simply did not obtain enough

signatures. Moreover, and as discussed further below, when the Jackson-Hicks candidate

circulated petitions, there was no global pandemic impacting all aspects of life. Further, Merz and

Atkinson have not been overruled, and we do not read Jackson-Hicks as barring the possibility of

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an estoppel argument in all election cases. Rather, we read it as essentially cautioning that, with

respect to section 10-3’s mandatory-signature requirements, estoppel will rarely, if ever, be

appropriate.

¶ 28 The case here arose in exceedingly rare circumstances. We agree with the Board that the

COVID-19 pandemic is an exceptional circumstance. Indeed, and as noted by the voluminous

executive orders from the Governor and actions of which the Board took judicial notice, beginning

in March 2020, the pandemic affected procedures in virtually all aspects of life. For example,

citizens were ordered to remain home, socially distance, wear masks, and sanitize hands and

surfaces frequently. Many of those changes continue, as of the date of this decision, and they

certainly existed during the 90-day petition circulation period. Indeed, precautions were

particularly emphasized during the petition-circulation period, as the winter season and holidays

approached. Those circumstances are relevant because, as the record reflects, they informed the

actions taken by the relevant parties. Pope was surprised by the low number of signatures required

and, indeed, his political experience apprised her that this was a marked deviation from prior

requirements. Viewed in a vacuum, it would be easy to wonder, in hindsight, why he did not

consult an attorney or verify the requirements through other means. However, the Board found

reasonable and credible his testimony that, during the relevant period, his surprise at the low

signature number was quickly tempered by her knowledge that virtually all facets of life had

changed, on account of the pandemic, such that requiring a lower number of signatures to minimize

in-person contact and maintain social distancing simply made sense and would allow candidates

to comply with both requirements, i.e., the statute’s requirement to obtain signatures and

requirements issued via executive orders to maintain social distancing. He assumed that Schmidt,

a reliable veteran in her position, was correct that the change in the nominating process would also

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serve to reduce in-person encounters and the spread of COVID-19. While the evidence reflects

that, in fact, there was no change to the requirements and Schmidt mistakenly consulted the

requirements for a different type of candidacy, the critical inquiry here is not just why Schmidt

made a mistake but, rather, why Pope relied on it and whether that reliance was, under the

extraordinary circumstances, reasonable. In his reply brief, 4 Corbin emphasizes that the candidates

failed to produce documentary evidence concerning past practices, yet their testimony was

evidence, and the Board unanimously found it credible. Given the evidence before it, the Board’s

finding that this case presented exceptional circumstances, such that Pope’s reliance on the Clerk’s

information was reasonable, was not contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence.

¶ 29 Of course, as Corbin notes, to validly assert estoppel, the reliance must have been based on

an act by a public entity. For example, to validly assert estoppel against a public body, “there

generally must be an affirmative act on the part of the public body that induces substantial reliance,

and that affirmative act generally must be an act of the public body itself such as a legislative

enactment, rather than the unauthorized acts of a ministerial officer or a ministerial

misinterpretation.” (Emphases added.) Preuter v. State Officers Electoral Board,

(2002). Courts are reluctant to estop the State from enforcing its laws, in part because

“valuable public interests may be jeopardized or lost by the negligence, mistakes[,] or inattention

of public officials.” (Emphasis added.) See Vestrup,

(citing Brown’s

Furniture, Inc. v. Wagner,

(1996)). Courts have also held that “estoppel

4 We note that Corbin’s reply brief was, technically, untimely, as it was filed a few minutes

past the deadline. As this failure does not implicate our jurisdiction, we choose to overlook it and

consider the arguments raised therein.

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will only apply in extraordinary and compelling circumstances.” Morgan Place of Chicago v. City

of Chicago,

. Here, Corbin argues that Schmidt’s acts represent

quite literally an unauthorized ministerial misinterpretation, not an act of the election authority,

such that Pope’s defense must fail.

¶ 30 We disagree. The Board’s findings that Schmidt published the information in her capacity

as Village Clerk and as an election official was not contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence.

The evidence reflected that, in her duties as Village Clerk, Schmidt serves as an election authority

and, indeed, sits as an Electoral Board member. We note that, in the “2021 Candidate’s Guide”

issued July 2020 by the State Board of Elections, which was in the record before the Board, it

states, on page 15, that, while candidates are “strongly advised” to obtain legal counsel concerning

the number of signatures required for the relevant office, it also provides: “NOTE: Candidates

should contact the election authority or the local election official who is responsible for receiving

the filing of the petition [i.e., here, the Clerk] for nomination and/or election to office for further

information as to the specific number of signatures required on a nominating petition for a specific

office (or for the data needed to calculate that number).” (Emphases added; bolded emphasis in

original.) While it is true that Schmidt, as Clerk, did not issue written publications, such as those

that were referenced in Merz and Atkinson, we agree with the circuit court’s comment that

publication may be oral and that Schmidt historically has provided signature-requirement

information to candidates upon request. We also note that this is not a case where the Clerk acted

nefariously, in attempt to undermine the statutory scheme. She did not, for example, offer

conflicting information to different candidates. Rather, her publication was consistent; indeed,

Schmidt informed her own opponent that a low number of signatures was required. Thus, although

Corbin tries to cast Schmidt’s communications as behind-the-scenes covert comments that may

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create a slippery slope for future cases, those simply are the not the facts reflected by the evidence.

Again, while Corbin raises valid concerns that reliance cases are ripe for potential abuse, we

emphasize that the Board decisively found no abuse here. As such, the Board’s finding that

Schmidt acted in the capacity of local election official was not contrary to the manifest weight of

the evidence.

¶ 31 We also note that, as Corbin points out, it is true that the percentage of signatures Pope

collected, as compared with those required (regardless of number used), is significantly lower than

those collected by the candidates in Merz and Atkinson. However, we still think it reasonable for

the Board to find that Pope demonstrates a minimal appeal to voters (indeed, the purpose that

drives section 10-3’s requirement (see Merz,

(citing Briscoe v. Kusper,

(7th Cir. 1970))), as he: (1) collected more signatures than necessary, and would

have collected more, but for Schmidt’s representations; and (2) has been elected to public office,

albeit in a trustee role, before. “It is beyond dispute that access to a place on the ballot is a

substantial right, not lightly to be denied.” Jackson-Hicks,

. Thus, keeping

Pope’s name off the ballot here, under these unusual circumstances, would potentially penalize not

only Pope, but also the Glendale Heights voters. See Atkinson,

.

¶ 32 Finally, we reject Corbin’s argument that the Board erred when it consolidated the hearings

concerning his objections to candidates Jackson and Pope. He argues that Pope benefitted greatly

from Jackson’s appearance with counsel and the evidence received in support of her case.

However, the record reflects that the Board consolidated the cases because they concerned the

same issues, overlapping witness testimony, were of an expedited nature, and because of COVID.

The hearings, even consolidated, lasted several hours, with attendees present either in person in

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face masks or via Zoom. As the circuit court noted, if there was error in the Board’s decision to

consolidate the proceedings, it should not be held against the candidates.

¶ 33 In sum, we affirm the Board’s decision that, here, Pope reasonably relied upon the Village

Clerk’s representation that a minimum of 24 signatures were needed for the nominating petitions.

To be sure, the evidence reflected that Pope considered the Village Clerk a trusted veteran in that

position. While Corbin’s arguments, overall, assert that the candidates acted negligently, the

Board found the witnesses and their explanations credible. And while Corbin suggests that there

is simply no room to consider the world’s circumstances when assessing a reliance claim or when

counting signatures, we are not prepared to say the same. More importantly, we do not think that

Jackson-Hicks so held. Like the court in Merz, we, too, limit our holding to the unusual facts

before us and stress that the COVID-19 pandemic presented exceptional circumstances that

informed the reasonableness of the reliance claim here. We strongly emphasize that our decision

should not be read broadly or be construed as minimizing the importance of strict compliance with

statutory requirements. Rather, we acknowledge that the pandemic’s extreme alterations of

procedures and norms influenced this case and, as the pandemic is, hopefully, a once-in-a-lifetime

event, similar circumstances are unlikely to arise again.

¶ 34 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 35 For the foregoing reasons, the order of the circuit court of Du Page County affirming the

decision of the electoral board is affirmed. Our mandate shall issue forthwith.

¶ 36 Affirmed.

¶ 37 Mandate issued forthwith.

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