No. 2-20-0195 Opinion filed June 30, 2022 ______________________________________________________________________________

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

SECOND DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE ) Appeal from the Circuit Court OF ILLINOIS, ) of Lake County. ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) v. ) No. 16-CF-1655 ) OLVAN QUEZADA, ) Honorable ) James K. Booras, Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding. ______________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE JORGENSEN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices McLaren and Schostok concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 Following a jury trial, defendant, Olvan Quezada, was convicted of attempted murder of a

police officer (720 ILCS 5/8-4(a), 9-1(a)(1) (West 2014)), aggravated discharge of a firearm (id.

§ 24-1.2(a)(3)), unlawful possession of a firearm by a street gang member (id. § 24-1.8(a)(1)), and

possession of a defaced firearm (id. § 24-5(b)). Defendant’s posttrial motion was denied. On

December 16, 2019, the court sentenced defendant to 27 years’ imprisonment and, on March 4,

2020, denied defendant’s motion to reconsider the sentence. Defendant appeals. For the following

reasons, we reverse defendant’s convictions and remand for a new trial on all counts except

unlawful possession of a firearm by a street gang member.

¶2 I. BACKGROUND

¶3 For context, we summarize that, in the early morning hours of June 17, 2016, police arrived

at the Briarwood apartment complex in Waukegan to address a domestic dispute. After that dispute

was resolved, while police officer John Szostak was writing a report, a gunshot was fired (the first

shooting). Additional officers arrived on the scene to investigate the gunshot, and then more shots

were fired in the officers’ direction (the second shooting). Police later arrested defendant and

Dominic Longmire, after a gun was found underneath a couch cushion at Longmire’s apartment,

where defendant had been sleeping. Defendant was ultimately charged with crimes stemming from

the second shooting.

¶4 A. Trial

¶5 1. Shootings and Arrests

¶6 On June 17, 2016, at around 1:48 a.m., Szostak responded to a domestic call at 3055 Arthur

Court in the Briarwood apartment complex. Jonathan Cardona (Hispanic), William Servin

(Hispanic), and Longmire (African-American) were present, as well as Elise Salas (Cardona’s

fiancé) and some of Cardona’s family members. Defendant was also present before police were

called but had left by the time Szostak arrived. After the domestic dispute was resolved, Cardona

agreed to leave the apartment with Servin and Longmire. Szostak returned to his car to write his

report and then, around 2:25 a.m., he heard two gunshots. He saw Cardona, Servin, and Longmire

running, and he ordered them to stop. Servin and Cardona ultimately complied, although Longmire

ran away. When Cardona walked over and put up his hands, a spent shell casing fell from him.

Servin and Cardona were handcuffed and put in separate squad cars. A bit later, Szostak heard

several more gunshots. He saw a subject running westbound. Later, he arrived at Longmire’s

apartment and identified him as the third subject who had been with Cardona and Servin, but who

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had run away from him. Szostak testified that he never saw defendant at the domestic call; no

mention was made to him about a gun being there.

¶7 Salas testified that Cardona was her fiancé and she lived with him on June 17, 2016. On

that date, there was a gathering in Cardona’s apartment with Cardona, Servin, Longmire, and

defendant present. She did not know defendant; he was already there when she arrived home from

work. Salas and Cardona’s mother thought defendant “was a little bit off” and was looking at

people strangely. Someone passed around a gun, but Salas could not recall who took out the gun

or who put it away. “Everybody” held the gun at some point. After a fight broke out between

Cardona and his sister, the police were called, although defendant left before they were called. The

police spoke with the family, and Cardona left with Longmire and Servin. Afterwards, Salas heard

a gunshot and ran outside; she saw Cardona and Servin running and then being stopped by police

and put in a squad car. She then heard a second round of gunshots. At the police station and at

trial, Salas identified lineup photographs of Cardona, Servin, Longmire, and defendant, as well as

a picture of a gun that looked like the one passed around the apartment. She had written on the

picture that a man who looked like “Wolverine,” i.e., defendant, took the gun out of his back

pocket. Although, at trial, she could not recall seeing defendant leave the apartment, she wrote in

her police statement, “[a]s soon as Wolverine Man had heard my in-laws on the phone with 9-1-

1, he had ran [sic] out the door taking the gun with him.”

¶8 Detective Brian Maschek testified that he arrived at the Briarwood apartment complex

around 2:35 a.m. Other officers were already on the scene, and Cardona and Servin had already

been placed in the back of separate squad cars. Maschek was tasked with processing evidence,

specifically, a fired bullet casing that had fallen from Cardona’s T-shirt and was found on the

pavement. Maschek testified that, while he and the two other officers huddled around the bullet

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casing, “that’s when I began to hear I guess I heard somebody yell, ‘F*** the police,’ ” followed

by five gunshots. He did not hear someone yell, “I’m going to shoot.” Maschek heard a whistling

sound and felt a projectile going over his head, and he and the other officers took cover. According

to Maschek, the shots sounded as though they came from the west, near the complex’s pool.

Maschek ultimately recovered and processed four cartridges and fired bullet casings, three in the

grass near the pool area and one in the parking lot. The bullets that hit parked vehicle windshields

did not appear to have been fired from a weapon being shot straight up into the air; rather, they

appeared to have been fired in a horizontal trajectory.

¶9 Officer Angela Divirgilio testified that she heard yelling prior to the shots and that the shots

seemed to come from the northwest, near the basketball court and the pool (although on cross-

examination she agreed that she did not see exactly from where they came). After the shots, she

saw someone in that area running in a white top, “maybe a tank top.”

¶ 10 Officer Jason Lau also heard shouting prior to the shots, but he did not hear what was said,

and, while he was “pretty convinced” that the shots came from the west, the buildings and the

parking lot created “kind of a funnel” and the shots could have been coming from anywhere.

Further, “the radio traffic kind of muddied things up because everybody was saying different things

about where they thought the shots were coming from.”

¶ 11 Detective Christopher Llenza and Sergeant John Spiewak were at the scene around 2:45

a.m., after the second shooting, and they stood near a dumpster and a fence on the northeast corner

of the complex’s property line, looking down the south and west perimeters in case any suspects

ran from the presumed location of the shots to the north or east. They were trying to be quiet as

they looked around, and then they heard a man talking. A man pulled up on the fence with both

hands and peeked his head over it. Spiewak shined his flashlight on the man and identified himself

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as a police officer, and the man said “s***” and ran east toward Green Bay Road. Both officers

identified defendant as the person who looked over the fence and ran from them. They tried to

chase defendant as he ran north toward another apartment complex; the path and the grounds were

wet and swampy. Llenza and Spiewak later went to Longmire’s apartment, where they identified

defendant as the person who had been on the fence and ran away. Defendant was wearing the same

clothes as before, including a dark shirt, and the bottom of his jeans was wet and covered with

grass.

¶ 12 After processing evidence at the shooting scene, Maschek was also asked to collect items

at 322 North Green Bay Road, in an apartment belonging to Longmire and his mother. There, a .9-

mm Keltec semiautomatic handgun was recovered underneath a couch cushion. The weapon’s

serial number was defaced. In addition, Maschek was directed to two pairs of tennis shoes—white

and red Nike Air Jordans, wet with debris and mud on them, and purple and black Nikes, also wet.

Further, in the bathroom, one wet sock and gray sweatpants were on the floor in front of a sink

vanity and, on the vanity, there was an open bottle of liquid soap or body wash and dirt around the

sink.

¶ 13 Officer Michael Sliozis testified that he collected video evidence from the crime scene.

Specifically, he collected and reviewed a video retrieved from a security camera that was mounted

on a maintenance shed near the pool. The camera pointed north and recorded, around the relevant

time, a person raising his left arm. Sliozis testified that he had been a police officer for 16 years

and it appeared that the person on camera held a gun. Sliozis also testified that the video showed

dust falling, which could signify multiple gunshots disrupting and causing dust to “shake off” near

the camera area. The video did not have any audio, so it did not record the sound of gunshots. The

video was admitted without objection and published to the jury. Sliozis also helped process, book,

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and collect evidence from defendant. The evidence he collected included white Nike shoes, blue

jeans, and a shirt. Sliozis testified that he collected from defendant a white shirt, although the State

later referred to it as a black Nike T-shirt and confirmed with Sliozis that he collected from

defendant the same black Nike T-shirt that is seen in the security video. Defendant did not have a

firearm owners identification (FOID) card on him.

¶ 14 Longmire’s mother, Tara Longmire, testified that she lives with Longmire and his brother.

On June 17, 2016, around 3 a.m., Longmire came home with a young Hispanic male. She did not

know the man, had never seen him before, did not know his name, and could not identify him at

trial. When she entered the room, the man was already sitting on a two-cushion love seat. Although

she said that the man could not stay and offered to drive him home to Zion, the two men were not

ready to leave. Tara ultimately went to bed. When the police arrived, they searched the house and

found a gun. Tara testified that she does not own a gun and had never seen the gun before; she

was “shocked” to see the gun. She identified photo exhibits of the two-cushion love seat, as well

as the gun on the love seat underneath the couch cushion.

¶ 15 2. Longmire’s Testimony and Interrogation

¶ 16 Longmire testified that he had a recent robbery conviction. On June 17, 2016, he went to

Cardona’s apartment and Servin and defendant were there. He testified that, on that night, he had

known defendant for only a few months and knew him only as “O,” not “Hombre.” Defendant left

Cardona’s apartment prior to the police arriving. After the domestic dispute was resolved,

Longmire left Cardona’s apartment alone and started to walk home. About halfway there, he heard

a gunshot. He tried calling Cardona and defendant, but did not reach them, so he went back to the

apartment complex and saw Cardona and Servin being handcuffed. Longmire then walked to the

pool area (near a maintenance shed, sidewalk, basketball court, and field) and met up with

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defendant to take defendant home to Zion. When they were walking on a path near a flagpole,

defendant was in front of Longmire; defendant pointed a gun in the air and shot it. Longmire did

not get a close look at the gun, but he realized it was a gun when it went off. Longmire stated that

he was not sure if it was “an accidental discharge” and that defendant “did not say he was going

to shoot that guy.” Longmire was worried and said, “[O]h, we got to go home. We got to get you

home, *** come with me ***.” Longmire did not want defendant to get in trouble. He and

defendant ran to Longmire’s apartment, and defendant brought the gun inside. Longmire has never

brought a gun into his mother’s home, nor did she keep guns there. Longmire’s mother was going

to take defendant home, but they fell asleep. Police arrived and arrested them; after a gunshot

residue test was performed, Longmire was interviewed. He did not recall referring to defendant as

“Hombre” during the interview. Nor did he recall which officers interviewed him and which

showed him photo lineups. “It was so long ago.” Longmire verified the identifications he made

from the photo lineups, including one on which he circled a picture of defendant, initialed it, and

wrote, “shot his pistol. I know him from mutual friends, D-L.” Longmire said that he was scared

and that officers coerced him.

¶ 17 On cross-examination, Longmire testified that he heard one shot and that defendant did not

say anything before firing the weapon. Longmire testified that he saw defendant pull the trigger

with the gun pointing in the air, although not straight up. Longmire did not recall exactly where

they were standing when defendant fired the gun, but he did not recall being able to see the police

from where they were standing. Longmire agreed with defense counsel that, during his

interrogation, he tried to tell the truth but the detective interrupted him numerous times and pressed

him to tell a certain story. He agreed with counsel’s statement, “[a]nd then you started to tell the

truth, and they would interrupt you and tell you that’s not the truth. That’s not what we need to

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hear?” Further, Longmire agreed that, when there were questions he could not answer, the

detectives “filled in the blanks” for him with what they wanted him to say. He noted that, during

the interrogation, he twice told detectives that he wished to speak to an attorney, but they did not

get one. One detective told him, “if we think you are lying, I take this all away and can have you

charged with attempted murder, have everybody charged with attempted murder.” Further, a

detective said, “[i]f I were you sitting in that chair, I would tell you whatever I want to hear to get

out of that chair.” They told Longmire that, if he did not tell them everything that happened, his

mother could lose her apartment. Longmire testified that the detectives “basically threatened” him.

Although he originally told them that he did not see a gun, the shooting, or “Hombre” shoot

anything, they showed him photo lineups and told him to write on the picture of the gun that

“Hombre” shot the gun. He wrote that statement after the detectives badgered him to say what they

wanted him to write. “They didn’t want to hear that you hadn’t seen the gun that night, and you

didn’t see anybody shoot; did they?” He answered, “no.” Counsel continued, “[i]n fact, when you

first entered the interview, you told them I didn’t see any gun. I didn’t see any shooting, correct.”

Longmire answered, “yes.” He reiterated that he told the detectives that defendant did not say,

“F*** the police,” before shooting, and “I thought like that was very wrong. I’m going to tell the

truth about that, you know. Anybody could maybe say I’m a liar, you know, but I’m going to tell

the truth about that.” In sum, defense counsel questioned Longmire about numerous things he said

during the interrogation and the police tactics used therein.

¶ 18 On redirect, Longmire agreed that his interrogation was video recorded. In addition, he

confirmed that he did not know who was responsible for the first shooting, because he was nowhere

near the shooter, but that, for the second shooting, he was by defendant. Longmire also agreed that

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he changed his story and some of the details “a little bit here and there” during the interrogation.

Finally, he repeated that he never heard defendant say, “F*** the police.”

¶ 19 Longmire’s interrogation consisted of two interviews conducted in two rooms at the police

station. The recordings of those two interviews were published to the jury, with no objection, after

the conclusion of Longmire’s testimony and after one of the interviewing detectives, sergeant Elias

Agalianos, testified that he had watched the videos and they were accurate. The videos were

redacted only to remove “dead time,” when Longmire was in the room but not actively being

interviewed. The unredacted portions of the videos consisted of approximately 90 minutes of

interviews by Agalianos and detective George Valko and approximately 12 minutes depicting

other officers showing Longmire photo lineups.

¶ 20 In the videos, which this court has reviewed, Longmire was not wearing a shirt, socks, or

shoes, although he had a blanket wrapped around his torso for most of the interview. In sum, in

the videos, Longmire was the first person to mention defendant and did so by referring to him as

“Hombre,” a reference he repeated throughout the duration of the interview. Initially, Longmire

“glossed over” the night’s events, denied having seen a gun or a shooting, and claimed that he

went home after leaving Cardona’s apartment. The detectives rejected Longmire’s story, accused

him of being dishonest, and urged him to be truthful because they had already spoken to other

officers and persons in custody and knew the “whole story.” At times, Agalianos loudly raised his

voice. The detectives explained that someone told them that Longmire was at the shooting and saw

who was responsible. The detectives discussed Longmire’s status as a “Shorty” and advised him

that covering for gang members would only get him in trouble and would elevate his involvement

in the crimes from low to very high. The detectives stated that, unless he cooperated and was

truthful, he could be charged with attempted murder and lose his jobs and his mom could lose her

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house. They told Longmire that defendant was doing the “right thing” and that they did not think

that Longmire was the shooter but that, if he kept lying, he could be charged with everything.

Ultimately, Longmire told the detectives that defendant fired the shots, and they responded, “you

are not the first person who told us this.” After repeated questioning, Longmire stated that, before

firing, defendant said that he was going to shoot at the police. Longmire repeatedly denied that

defendant said, “F*** the police.”

¶ 21 After the jury had reviewed the videos, Agalianos resumed his testimony concerning

Longmire’s interrogation. He explained that, before starting the interrogation, he had spoken with

other officers about Cardona, Servin, and Longmire and, at some point, they obtained information

regarding a fourth individual, “a male Hispanic, approximately five-seven, five-eight with a blown

out hairstyle is the way it was described. He was wearing a black shirt, had tattoos, I believe blue

jeans.” Longmire and defendant arrived at the station, and, around 7:30 a.m., Agalianos and Valko

commenced Longmire’s interrogation. Agalianos explained his approach to interviewing a suspect

when he believes the suspect is being untruthful, including raising his voice and impressing upon

the suspect the seriousness of the situation. He likened it to yelling at one’s child when the child

is untruthful and the parent wishes to impress upon the child the severity of the situation. On cross-

examination, when asked whether Longmire changed his story “about 10 different times,”

Agalianos explained that, “[t]hrough the process, yes, he started to give up more information

pertaining to the incident, yes.” He agreed that Valko told defendant that, “if I were you, I would

tell you whatever I want to hear to get out of that chair,” although Agalianos said that the statement

could mean several things, depending on how it is interpreted. Counsel asked, “and shortly after

that, you raised your voice and told [Longmire], ‘if we think you’re lying, I can have you charged

with everything, including attempted murder,’ ” and he replied, “Correct. I wanted him to realize

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how serious it was and what the consequences potentially could be, yes.” He agreed that he told

Longmire that he could be charged with attempted murder and that his mother could potentially

lose her house. He also agreed that, on occasion, when Longmire started to say something that

Agalianos did not want to hear or did not believe was the truth, he would interrupt Longmire to

say “no” and that he wanted something different.

¶ 22 3. Gang Evidence

¶ 23 Detective Rigoberto Amaro has been a police officer for more than 18 years and is a

detective in the Waukegan Police Department’s gang intelligence unit. He works on gang and

narcotics investigations, as well as shootings and violent crimes. Around 4 a.m. on June 17, 2016,

he arrived at the police station and was briefed on the facts of this investigation. At the time, Servin

and Cardona were both in custody, and Amaro interviewed Servin. He then spoke with Agalianos

to compare what they were learning. A bit later, defendant and Longmire were brought into the

station. Amaro performed gunshot residue testing on defendant and observed that the bottom of

his pants and shoes were wet, grassy, and muddy. Further, Amaro noticed that defendant had a

tattoo on his arm and a “blowout style haircut,” as well as a fresh cut on his right palm.

¶ 24 Amaro testified that he is proficient in understanding the gangs in and around Waukegan,

as he has been dealing “with that” for more than 11 years. Amaro has been qualified as an expert

witness with respect to gangs a “few times” and, when the State moved to tender Amaro as an

expert in gangs, the court replied, “[Defense counsel] is shrugging his shoulders. Therefore, I’ll

declare the witness as an expert in his field.” Amaro testified that he is familiar with Servin and

that this case was his first contact with Cardona. He interviewed Servin, observed defendant, and

reviewed the reports and videos of other interviews. Based on those things, Amaro opined that

defendant is affiliated with the Spanish Gangster Disciples street gang.

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¶ 25 On cross-examination, defense counsel asked Amaro whether he had any conversations

with defendant about gang membership. Amaro replied, “Your client didn’t wish to talk to me.”

Defense counsel then asked whether Amaro was basing his opinion solely on what other people

told him about defendant, and Amaro explained that he saw a “cover-up” tattoo, i.e., one that

covers up a previous tattoo, on defendant’s right arm. “I noticed that he was covering up another

street gang on his arm, and when I asked him if he was a member of the Serrano Street Gang, he

didn’t answer me.” The examination continued:

“Q: So other than hearsay from other people and a coverup of what you think was

a prior gang, do you have any other independent knowledge that he was active in a different

gang at that time?

A: Well, he was with other members of the street gang, and during the course of

this investigation, William Servin was introducing [defendant] to other people as Shorty

Folks which is a street term used to describe a young member or a person that’s affiliated

with the Folks Nation street gang.

Q: Okay. But I said other than other people saying something to you, do you have

any independent knowledge other than somebody else saying that?

A: No.” (Emphasis added.)

¶ 26 On redirect examination, the State asked Amaro whether street gang members introduce

people as being in their gang if they are not, in fact, in the gang. Amaro responded in the negative

and added that, if someone is in the same gang, then he or she might be introduced as “Folks or

Kings or whatever this person is a member of.” Amaro agreed that Servin had introduced defendant

as “Shorty Folks.” Defense counsel objected to the foundation, asking when and where the

statements about defendant were allegedly made. The court sustained the objection but noted that

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an expert can base his or her opinion on any information that he or she has been given. The State

continued its examination by confirming with Amaro that gang members take gang participation

seriously and would not lightly introduce people as being in the gang. The State further confirmed

that Amaro was of the opinion that defendant was in the Spanish Gangster Disciples street gang:

“Q: All right. Now, you said the word Folks, Shorty Folks. What’s Folks?

A: Folks is the Folks nation. There’s two nations in the Midwest area. You’ve got

the People nation and the Folk nation. Underneath each nation, you have multiple street

gangs. So you have like the Maniac Latin Disciples, Spanish Gangster Disciples, Satan

Disciples, Spanish Cobras, City Knights. All of these gangs are under the Folk nation, and

there’s many more street gangs.

Under the People nation, you have the Insane Unknowns, Latin Kings, Vicelords,

Four Corner Hustlers, P. Stones. These are all street gangs that are under the People nation,

and they all ride under the five. The Folk nation ride under number six.

So if you were to have like an Insane Unknown and a King together and you had a

bunch of rival gang members, these two would protect each other because they fall under

the same nation as opposed to the Folks nation.

Q: All right. So the Spanish Gangster Disciples are under the Folks nation?

A: Correct, and it’s not uncommon for them to address each other as Folks. Hey,

what’s up Folks? What’s up, Folks? Sometimes they don’t even know each other, they’re

just introduced. That’s my Folks right there and introduce each other that way or that’s

Folks, he’s letting somebody know that, you know, he’s one of us.

Q: And what is a shorty?

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A: A shorty is a young gang member who has a—you know, like started off in a

gang and really hasn’t been around that much. They’ll call him a shorty.

Q: Kind of like a gang apprentice?

A: Yes.” (Emphasis added.)

¶ 27 4. Other Evidence, Jury Instructions, Verdict

¶ 28 The gunshot residue expert testified that he tested swabs taken from defendant and

Longmire. Both tested negative for gunshot residue. He explained, however, that residue may be

washed off and that the lack of residue does not, therefore, conclusively mean that a person did

not fire a weapon. The firearm expert testified that the fired casings and bullets recovered from

both the first and second shootings were fired from the same weapon and that the weapon was the

firearm recovered in this case. A forensic scientist with DNA expertise was unable to obtain

sufficient DNA from the firearm or the magazine to compare it to defendant, Longmire, Cardona,

and Servin. Similarly, no fingerprints on the firearm or the magazine were suitable for comparison.

¶ 29 After the State rested, defendant moved for a directed verdict. The court denied the motion.

Defendant then rested, presenting no evidence. Defendant renewed his motion for a directed

verdict, noting that the indictment alleged two counts referring to “Sarah” Divirgilio but only

“Angela” Divirgilio testified. Also, he argued that the gang evidence was “very weak.” The court

granted defendant’s motion for a directed verdict as to the two counts that referred to Sarah

Divirgilio.

¶ 30 In closing arguments, the State noted, in part, that “Maschek clearly says he heard ‘F***

the police’ ” before the shots were fired. It also noted that, given the security video showing

defendant with a weapon and Longmire meeting up with defendant; the cartridge casings in that

location, which were fired from the weapon found where defendant was sleeping; and the wet

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shoes, clothes, and dirt found at Longmire’s apartment, it had presented sufficient evidence to

convict, even without Longmire’s testimony and interrogation video.

¶ 31 In his closing argument, defense counsel attacked Longmire’s credibility. Defense counsel

reviewed with the jury the interrogation tactics police used on Longmire, frequently referring to

the videos that the jury had viewed. Counsel noted that the detectives “wrenched” information

from Longmire, “spoon-fed” him until he said what they wanted, threatened him, and did not

accept his story when they did not like it. Counsel commented, “[w]atch that video carefully

because it’s kind of horrifying to see what two experienced detectives who’ve been doing it 18

years, I want to say 20 years, they know how to manipulate a witness.” Counsel referenced

Longmire’s comments at the end of the video, the changes in his story after they changed interview

rooms and after the detectives left him alone in the room to consider what he wanted to tell them,

the way the detectives ignored Longmire’s requests for an attorney, and how they pressed on with

the questioning over time and with increasing threats until they got what they wanted. Further,

counsel argued to the jury that the video showed the detectives

“[t]rying to push towards this intent to shoot the police officers that Agalianos kept saying

didn’t he say f*** the police? Did you hear somebody say f*** the police? He said about

50 times no, I didn’t hear that. And he said about 30 times I didn’t hear anything else except

I’m going to shoot. Well, who’s going to yell, hey, I’m going to shoot right before they do?

I mean that whole interview with [Longmire] is a lie, all right?”

¶ 32 After closing arguments, the jury did not receive an instruction concerning accomplice-

witness testimony. It was instructed, however, that it was to determine the credibility of witnesses,

considering various factors, including any interest or bias the witness may have:

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“Only you are the judges of the believability of the witnesses and of the weight to

be given to the testimony of each of them. In considering the testimony of any witness, you

may take into account his ability and opportunity to observe, his age, his memory, his

manner while testifying, any interest, bias, or prejudice he may have, and the

reasonableness of his testimony considered in the light of all the evidence in the case.”

Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 1.02 (4th ed. 2000) (hereinafter IPI

Criminal 4th No. 1.02).

Further, the jury was instructed on witness believability, which pertains to a witness’s prior

inconsistent statements:

“The believability of a witness may be challenged by evidence that on some former

occasion he made a statement that was not consistent with his testimony in this case.

Evidence of this kind ordinarily may be considered by you only for the limited purpose of

deciding the weight to be given the testimony you heard from the witness in this courtroom.

However, you may consider a witness’s earlier inconsistent statement as evidence

without this limitation when the statement narrates, describes, or explains an event or

condition the witness had personal knowledge of; and the statement was accurately

recorded by a tape recorder, videotape, recording, or a similar electronic means of sound

recording.

It is for you to determine what weight should be given to that statement. In

determining the weight to be given to an earlier statement, you should consider all of the

circumstances under which it was made.” IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.11.

¶ 33 On October 18, 2019, the jury found defendant guilty on all counts.

¶ 34 B. Posttrial Motions and Sentencing

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¶ 35 On October 28, 2019, defendant filed pro se a petition for postconviction relief. It does not

appear that the petition was resolved. However, on December 16, 2019, defense counsel made an

oral motion for a new trial, arguing that the evidence was insufficient to sustain defendant’s guilt.

The court denied the motion.

¶ 36 On December 16, 2019, the court sentenced defendant to 27 years’ imprisonment

(concurrent terms of 27 years for attempted murder, 19 years for aggravated discharge of a firearm,

10 years for unlawful possession of a weapon by a gang member, and 5 years for possession of a

defaced firearm). On February 20, 2020, defendant moved to reconsider the sentence, which the

court denied on March 4, 2020. Defendant appeals. 1

¶ 37 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 38 A. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel: Accomplice-Witness Instruction

¶ 39 Defendant argues first that he received ineffective assistance of trial counsel, where counsel

failed to request that the jury be given Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 3.17

(approved Oct. 17, 2014) (hereinafter IPI Criminal No. 3.17), the accomplice-witness jury

instruction. Defendant notes that Longmire testified that he was near defendant at the time of the

shooting, fled with defendant, tried to help defendant escape, hid defendant in his home, and was

threatened with charges by police. As such, defendant contends, Longmire could have been

indicted either as a principal or under an accountability theory, rendering defendant entitled to

1 On May 7, 2020, defendant moved this court to establish jurisdiction or, in the alternative,

for leave to file a late notice of appeal, based upon the timing of defense counsel’s filing of the

motion to reconsider the sentence in relation to the imposition of the sentence. On May 13, 2020,

we granted defendant leave to file a late notice of appeal.

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have IPI Criminal No. 3.17 provided to the jury. Defendant asserts that “the accomplice[-]witness

instruction should be given any time the totality of the evidence and the reasonable inferences

therefrom establish probable cause to believe that the witness participated in the crime as either a

principal or under a theory of accountability” and that the instruction is critical because it warns

the jury that the witness may have a strong motivation to provide false testimony for the State.

Given Longmire’s testimony about his presence during and after the crime, defendant suggests

that Longmire was not charged with attempted murder or possession of a firearm only because he

told police what they wanted to hear. In addition, defendant contends that the instruction would

have given the jury guidance on how to critically evaluate the testimony and statements referenced

throughout the trial by Salas, Cardona, and Servin. Defendant argues that counsel’s failure to

request the instruction was unreasonable, for there is no sound strategic reason for his failure to

request that the jury be instructed to view Longmire’s testimony with suspicion. In addition, he

concludes that counsel’s failure prejudiced him, because Longmire’s testimony was vital to the

State’s case, yet the jury was not warned about his strong incentive to testify against defendant.

We disagree.

¶ 40 Defendant requests that we review this issue for plain error, because it was not raised

posttrial. See, e.g., People v. Enoch,

(1988) (failure to include an issue in a

posttrial motion results in forfeiture of that issue on appeal). We may address a forfeited issue

when an error is plain and (1) “the evidence is so closely balanced that the error alone threatened

to tip the scales of justice against the defendant, regardless of the seriousness of the error” (prong

one) or (2) the error is “so serious that it affected the fairness of the defendant’s trial and challenged

the integrity of the judicial process, regardless of the closeness of the evidence” (prong two).

People v. Piatkowski,

(2007); People v. Herron,

, 178-79

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(2005). 2 The first step in a plain-error analysis is to determine whether a “plain error” occurred.

See Piatkowski,

. In this context, the word “plain” is synonymous with “clear”

and is equivalent to “obvious.”

at 565 n.2.

¶ 41 Claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are analyzed by using the two-prong test

established in Strickland v. Washington,

(1984). To prevail, a defendant must

show that counsel’s performance was deficient and that the deficient performance was prejudicial.

Prejudice is demonstrated where a defendant shows that a reasonable probability exists that,

but for counsel’s deficient performance, the result of the trial would have been different. See

People v. Enis,

(2000). “A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to

undermine confidence in the outcome.” Strickland,

. The failure to establish either

Strickland prong precludes a finding of ineffective assistance of counsel. See People v. Henderson,

. Here, we conclude that defendant cannot establish either deficient

performance or prejudice to succeed on his ineffective-assistance claim (or, therefore, plain error).

¶ 42 The accomplice-witness instruction provides:

“When a witness says he was involved in the commission of a crime with the

defendant, the testimony of that witness is subject to suspicion and should be considered

by you with caution. It should be carefully examined in light of the other evidence in the

case.” IPI Criminal No. 3.17.

2 It is not clear that plain-error analysis is necessary, as we generally review de novo claims

of ineffective assistance that were not raised before the trial court. See, e.g., People v. Hunt,

. In any event, for the reasons outlined below, we conclude that

defendant’s ineffective-assistance claim fails, which is also fatal to any plain-error analysis.

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¶ 43 The test for determining whether a witness is an accomplice, such that a defendant is

entitled to have IPI Criminal No. 3.17 given to the jury, is “ ‘whether there is probable cause to

believe that [the witness] was guilty either as a principal, or on the theory of accountability.’ ”

People v. Cobb,

(1983) (quoting People v. Robinson,

(1974));

see also People v. Hunt,

(“The instruction should be given if the

totality of the evidence and the reasonable inferences derived from the evidence establish probable

cause to believe that the witness participated in the crime, as either a principal or an accomplice.”).

That is, the evidence must show that there is probable cause to believe that the witness was not

merely present “ ‘and failed to disapprove of the crime, but that he participated in the planning or

commission.’ ” People v. Kirchner,

(2000) (quoting People v. Henderson,

(1990)). Under certain circumstances, trial counsel may render ineffective

assistance by failing to tender IPI Criminal No. 3.17. See, e.g., People v. Wheeler,

(2010); People v. Campbell,

(1995).

¶ 44 Here, as there was no probable cause to believe that Longmire was an accomplice, trial

counsel’s failure to request the accomplice-witness jury instruction was not unreasonable. As the

State notes, IPI Criminal No. 3.17 states that it may be applicable “[w]hen a witness says he was

involved in the commission of a crime with the defendant,” and, here, the evidence overall

reflected that Longmire was merely present with defendant when the shots were fired. It is true

that Longmire also testified that he ran home with defendant and planned to help defendant return

to Zion. However, the evidence did not suggest that Longmire participated in planning or

committing the shooting itself. He did not, in fact, drive defendant to Zion, and, later, when police

arrived, Longmire largely cooperated with them. While the detectives told Longmire that he could

be charged “with everything” if he did not cooperate, this was a police tactic meant as a warning

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and as a means of gathering information; it was not, for example, an offer of immunity or leniency

from the State in exchange for testimony. No charges were brought against Longmire. Further,

there was additional evidence that tied defendant to the shooting and/or reflected that Longmire

was not the shooter. For example, the security video showed an individual with a weapon before

the first shooting, and that person was not Longmire. A spent shell casing was found in that area,

and it was fired from the same weapon that fired the gunshots in the second shooting. It was, thus,

reasonable to infer that the same person used the same gun in both shootings, and that gun was

found under the couch cushion on which, according to both Tara and Longmire, defendant had

been sitting. Thus, there was no probable cause to believe that Longmire was a principal or an

accomplice in the shooting, and counsel’s failure to request the instruction was not unreasonable.

¶ 45 In any event, even if trial counsel’s failure to request IPI Criminal No. 3.17 was objectively

unreasonable, its absence did not prejudice defendant and, so, he cannot establish ineffective

assistance of counsel. “Failure to request a particular jury instruction may be grounds for finding

ineffective assistance of counsel, only if the instruction was so ‘critical’ to the defense that its

omission ‘den[ied] the right of the accused to a fair trial.’ ” People v. Rodriguez,

(2008) (quoting People v. Pegram,

(1988)). Again, the accomplice-

witness instruction directs the jury that it should carefully consider the witness’s testimony with

suspicion, caution, and in light of all evidence. See Hunt,

(“The

[purpose of the accomplice-witness instruction] is to warn the jury that the witness might have a

strong motivation to provide false testimony for the State in exchange for immunity or some other

lenient treatment.”). Here, the jury was acutely aware that Longmire’s testimony should be closely

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scrutinized. 3 Indeed, even in the absence of the accomplice-witness instruction, counsel impressed

upon the jury that it should view Longmire’s testimony with heightened suspicion and warned of

numerous circumstances that might motivate Longmire to provide false testimony. Counsel

thoroughly attacked the credibility of Longmire’s testimony during cross-examination and in

closing argument. Counsel emphasized that Longmire’s story changed numerous times and was

the product of coercive police interrogation tactics, and he argued to the jury that Longmire was

the only person who claimed to know who the real shooter was, stating:

“For all we know, [Longmire] could have had a gun. [Longmire] could have had the gun,

right? But we don’t know. By the way, who said well, let’s come back to my house?

[Longmire]. Who was the one that told you, oh, he was sleeping on that couch? [Longmire].

[Longmire’s mom]. *** but you didn’t hear anybody else say that this guy was found

sleeping on that couch. It’s only from Dominic Longmire’s mom who said that.”

Longmire’s credibility was so thoroughly attacked that, in closing argument, the State minimized

Longmire’s importance, informing the jury that, even without him, it had sufficient evidence to

convict.

3 We note that we reject defendant’s argument that the jury also needed the instruction to

properly consider Salas’s testimony and statements by Cardona and Servin. Salas clearly did not

qualify as an accomplice. Even if she held the gun when it was being passed around, without

possessing a FOID card, those actions had nothing to do with the second shooting. And the

instruction pertains to testimony; neither Cardona nor Servin testified, nor were any written

statements from them introduced at trial.

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¶ 46 In Hunt, our court addressed a similar issue by following People v. McCallister,

(2000), where our supreme court held that, even though trial counsel did not request the

accomplice-witness instruction, the defendant failed to establish a reasonable probability that the

trial would have resulted differently had the instruction been given. See Hunt,

. The McCallister court based its conclusion on (1) the inherent weaknesses of the

defendant’s own testimony, (2) the strength of the evidence offered against the defendant apart

from the accomplice witness’s testimony, and (3) the instructions the jury received.

(citing

McCallister,

). Here, the first factor is irrelevant, as defendant did not testify. The

second factor we discussed above, concluding that there was sufficiently strong evidence offered

against defendant apart from Longmire’s testimony. As to the third factor, the jury here received

the pattern instructions for both general witness credibility (IPI Criminal 4th No. 1.02) and witness

believability in light of a prior inconsistent statement (IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.11). While these

instructions alone do not cure the failure to request the accomplice-witness instruction (Hunt,

), “the fact that the jury was told to consider, in general, the bias, interest

or prejudice of the witnesses may be considered as one factor, among others, which establishes

that [the] defendant was not prejudiced by his trial counsel’s failure to tender the accomplice

witness instruction.” (Emphasis in original.) McAllister,

. Given that the jury

received those instructions, coupled with all the evidence and trial counsel’s thorough attack on

Longmire’s credibility, there is no reasonable probability that the jury would have reached a

different verdict had it also received IPI Criminal No. 3.17.

¶ 47 Defendant’s cited cases do not persuade us otherwise. In People v. Fane,

, our supreme court discussed when the instruction should be given but did so in holding that

the trial court did not err in giving the instruction. Further, in both Wheeler and Campbell, for

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example, the courts found that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to request accomplice-

witness instructions; but, in both cases, the accomplices, who were given immunity or leniency,

provided essentially the sole evidence identifying the defendants as the perpetrators of the

offenses. See Wheeler,

(where the witness drove the defendant to the

scene, was present at the scene, drove the defendant away from the scene, was aware that police

were attempting to contact him and actively avoided them, and received immunity in exchange for

his testimony); Campbell,

(the defendant was identified as the

perpetrator only by two accomplices, who both testified in exchange for deals with the State); see

also People v. Zambrano,

(defense counsel’s failure to submit the

accomplice-witness instruction prejudiced the defendant, because the accomplice was testifying

under a grant of use immunity and his testimony was the only evidence establishing the defendant’s

participation in the crime). We agree with defendant that formal deals are not the only relevant

form of leniency. However, and as noted by the court in Hunt, in those cases and unlike here, the

juries did not receive IPI Criminal 4th No. 3.11, and those trials did not include repeated assertions

(by both parties) that the juries should question the alleged accomplices’ credibility.

¶ 48 Here, as previously noted and as argued by the State in closing, although Longmire testified

that he was the sole witness to the shooting, evidence tied defendant to the shooting even without

Longmire’s testimony. Defendant alleges that the evidence was not overwhelming, because it was

a chaotic scene, police were unsure where the gunshots game from, a shell casing was found on

Cardona, there was purportedly a male in a white shirt who was never identified, only four shell

casings were found when there were allegedly five gunshots, no DNA or other physical evidence

tied defendant to the crime, and Longmire was allegedly the only eyewitness. Yet, the jury was

able to review the security video and determine for itself whether the individual seen on the video

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was defendant and whether he was holding a gun. Regardless of the casing found on Cardona, he

could not have been responsible for the second shooting, as he and Servin were handcuffed and in

separate squad cars at that time. The casings found on the scene near the maintenance shed, where

it appeared that defendant stood and raised a gun, and by the pool area were fired from the gun

found where defendant was allegedly sleeping. Officers testified that they saw defendant look over

the fence and flee from them, and the area through which he ran was swampy and wet. Wet, muddy

shoes were found in Longmire’s apartment, with dirt and soap on the bathroom console, and

defendant’s jeans were wet and grassy.

¶ 49 In sum, defendant also cannot establish a reasonable probability that, if the jury had

received the accomplice-witness instruction, the result of the trial would have been different.

Defendant’s ineffective-assistance claim fails.

¶ 50 B. Longmire’s Interrogation Videos

¶ 51 Next, defendant argues that it was error to admit the unredacted, nearly two-hour long

videos of Longmire’s interrogation as substantive evidence or for impeachment. Defendant asserts

that Longmire’s interrogation videos were not inconsistent with his trial testimony about the

second shooting and, further, that they contained a “motherload” of inadmissibility, such as

improper layers of hearsay, police narrative and opinions on defendant’s guilt, and inflammatory

gang references. He asserts that, because it was not inconsistent with his trial testimony,

Longmire’s recorded statement was an improper use of a consistent statement to bolster the

credibility of a key State witness. Defendant notes that the State relied upon the videos

“extensively” in closing argument and that the jurors were instructed that they could consider the

videos substantively. Further, he notes, the recorded statement was not inconsistent, as Longmire

was not a “turncoat” witness for the State. Even if it were inconsistent, defendant continues, the

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State laid no foundation to introduce the inconsistent statement and, even if it had, introduction of

only the inconsistent portions of the videos would be proper. Thus, he argues, the State used the

interrogation videos merely to bolster Longmire’s testimony and to introduce a “treasure-trove” of

inadmissible, prejudicial information.

¶ 52 Defendant also asserts that most of the interrogation videos should have been redacted

because they contained improper hearsay and the detectives’ narrative about their conversations

with other people, comments about what those people said, and opinions on defendant’s guilt and

who was being truthful. For example, he notes that, when Longmire told the detectives that

defendant shot the gun, they responded “you are not the first person who told us this,” which the

jury could have understood meant that other witnesses corroborated Longmire’s story. This,

among other comments, he contends, implied that the detectives knew that defendant was guilty,

which invaded the province of the jury. Also, Longmire made comments that were not from

personal knowledge or lacked foundation and the detectives made references to their interviews

with defendant, such as “[Hombre] is doing the right thing,” which implied that they interviewed

defendant and, since he was charged and Longmire was not, he must have incriminated himself.

Defendant reiterates that this was not his interrogation, but, rather, a witness’s interrogation, and

that witness had already testified at trial that defendant was the shooter. Indeed, he notes, the State

did not play the videos during Longmire’s testimony; rather, it introduced the videos after he

testified, akin to the process that might be used with a video of the interrogation of a defendant.

He contends that the videos here “offered the police’s concise, coherent theory of the case and

what they believed happened the night of the shooting. It was not to merely show how it affected

Longmire.” Defendant argues that there is no reasonable trial strategy for not objecting to the

admission of the videos and not requesting that they be redacted. He contends that trial counsel’s

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use of the videos in closing to point out the police manipulation did not justify using the entirety

of the videos. Instead, defendant asserts, counsel could have used “snippets” or “gone about it the

old-fashion[ed] way, *** and asked the witness did the police say this to you or did the police

threaten you and so forth, using the video[s] to either impeach an answer or refresh recollection.”

¶ 53 Finally, defendant points out that the videos contained numerous prejudicial, inflammatory

references to gangs, including statements that Longmire admitted to being a “Shorty”; that

Cardona, Servin, Longmire, and defendant were all gang members; that gangs go on missions,

steal, and rob; and that Servin said Longmire was a “Shorty.” Defendant contends that the strong

prejudice against street gangs makes such evidence inadmissible unless there is sufficient proof

that gang activity is related to the charged crime. Here, he asserts, the gang evidence was not

relevant to the shooting.

¶ 54 In sum, defendant contends that (1) the admission of Longmire’s entire interrogation was

plain error under both prongs and (2) trial counsel’s failure to object to the interrogation videos or

request a redaction was ineffective assistance. He notes that counsel did not use any portion of the

videos to attack the State’s case. Rather, he allowed the devastating statements to go to the jury

unchecked.

¶ 55 The State asserts that the interrogation videos were properly admitted for both

impeachment purposes and as substantive evidence under section 115-10.1 of the Code of Criminal

Procedure of 1963 (Code) (725 ILCS 5/115-10.1 (West 2014)). It further contends, citing People

v. Theis,

, that recorded conversations are not hearsay. Finally, it

argues that the videos’ probative value was not greatly outweighed by their prejudicial effect

because they aided defendant’s efforts to demonstrate that Longmire was not a credible witness

and any gang references in the videos were not more prejudicial than probative because they were

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relevant to the properly joined possession-of-a-weapon-by-a-gang-member charge. We disagree

and conclude that the admission of the videos was clear error.

¶ 56 Again, the first step in a plain-error analysis is to determine whether a clear or obvious

error occurred. See Piatkowski,

. Setting aside foundation, the State’s position

is that Longmire’s testimony contained sufficient inconsistencies and vagueness such that he was

clearly trying to distance himself from the police interview and cast doubt on the statements that

he made to them. Yet, before the State introduced the videos, Longmire had already testified on

direct examination that defendant possessed the gun and was the shooter; on redirect, he confirmed

that he was near defendant during the second shooting. The State acknowledges that a party may

not ordinarily impeach its own witness’s credibility by introducing evidence of a prior inconsistent

statement unless the witness’s trial testimony affirmatively damages the impeaching party’s case.

See, e.g., Ill. S. Ct. R. 238(a) (eff. Apr. 11, 2001) (a party may impeach its own witness with a

prior inconsistent statement when the witness’s testimony affirmatively damages that party’s case);

People v. Guerrero,

. In our view, while Longmire’s testimony

contained some inconsistencies from what he said in his interrogation, none of the inconsistencies

or points upon which Longmire was vague or silent can be considered affirmatively damaging to

the State’s case. For example, the State notes that, at trial, Longmire (1) denied knowing that

defendant went by the name “Hombre” or using that term in the interrogation (claiming the

detectives used that term first), (2) was silent when asked if he told the detectives that he gave

certain answers to protect his people, (3) denied telling the detectives that he met defendant by the

woods, testifying that he met him by the pool, (4) did not recall whether he wrote the words “shot

his pistol. I know him from mutual friends, D-L” on the photo lineup when he circled defendant’s

picture (although agreed he did, suggesting that he was coerced and the detectives told him what

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to write), and (5) could not recall whether the officers who showed him the photo lineups were the

same detectives who interviewed him. None of these points affirmatively damaged the State’s

case, as they were all collateral. Indeed, “[t]o be used as impeachment, a prior inconsistent

statement must be truly inconsistent with the witness’s trial testimony, and it must deal with a

matter that is more than collateral.” (Emphases added.) People v. Murray,

, rev’d in part on other grounds,

, ¶ 53. To be considered affirmatively

damaging, as opposed to simply disappointing, the testimony must give “positive aid” to the other

side and must be more damaging than a complete failure to testify would have been. Id. Longmire

testified at trial that he was with defendant, defendant had a gun, and defendant fired the shots. It

therefore strains credulity to suggest that introduction of the entire interrogation was appropriate

because the State’s case was so affirmatively damaged by the aforementioned “inconsistencies”

that the State would have been better off had Longmire not testified at all. In fact, where Longmire

had already testified that defendant was the shooter, it is somewhat surprising that the State wished

to publish the interrogation, given that it largely verified the detectives’ statements and tactics that

defendant challenged, as well as Longmire’s inconsistencies therein. Indeed, as the State concedes,

the defense arguably stood to benefit from the videos, “especially since the videotape actually

aided the defense’s theory that Longmire was not a credible witness when the jury could see how

many times he changed his story during the police interview.” (Emphasis in original.) As

Longmire’s trial testimony was not so inconsistent that the State would have been better off

without it, the interrogation videos should not have been admitted as impeachment evidence. And,

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because they were not inconsistent, they should not have been admitted substantively under section

115-10.1. 4

¶ 57 Nevertheless, we must reject defendant’s plain-error argument. Again, once plain error is

established, we must determine whether (1) “the evidence is so closely balanced that the error

alone threatened to tip the scales of justice against the defendant, regardless of the seriousness of

the error” (prong one) or (2) the error is “so serious that it affected the fairness of the defendant’s

trial and challenged the integrity of the judicial process, regardless of the closeness of the

evidence” (prong two). Piatkowski,

. Here, concerning prong one, and for the

reasons we described above in our resolution of the accomplice-witness instruction, the evidence

was not so closely balanced that admitting the videos tipped the scales of justice against defendant.

The evidence without the videos still would have left Longmire’s testimony that he saw defendant

commit the shooting. Moreover, even without Longmire’s testimony, there was a video recording

apparently depicting defendant with a gun, in an area where shell casings were found that matched

other shell casings found at the scene, and there was a gun found in the apartment where defendant

4 We note that, although the State accurately summarizes this court’s holding in Theis, we

do not find it helpful here because defendant is not arguing that the videos themselves or all of the

detectives’ statements therein were hearsay, nor is the issue the effect that their statements had on

the listener, i.e., Longmire, not defendant. Rather, and unlike in Theis, defendant’s arguments

concern, in part, that the videos contained statements made by persons not in the video and not

subject to cross-examination at trial. Moreover, he contends that, again, unlike in Theis, the videos

here were not needed to explain the police investigation or, as we explained above, to impeach

Longmire after his testimony affirmatively damaged the State’s case.

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was sleeping. Officers identified defendant as fleeing from them through a swampy area, and wet

shoes and jeans were discovered in defendant’s presence.

¶ 58 As to prong two, defendant asserts that statements recorded in the videos, concerning other

persons—such as Servin and Cardona—making statements to police, violated his right to confront

witnesses, as those witnesses did not testify at trial. See, e.g., People v. Fillyaw,

(2011) (violations of due process and confrontation clause affect substantial rights and,

accordingly, may constitute second-prong plain error). We disagree. Defendant points specifically

to two occasions in the almost 90-minute-long interrogation videos where Cardona and Servin are

mentioned, namely at minutes 35:03 and 36:00. During those occasions, however, the detectives

discuss that Cardona and Servin told them that Longmire was with them when they went to a hotel

before the first shooting, that Longmire was with defendant, and that Longmire was a “Shorty”

trying to “come home,” meaning trying to become part of a gang and participate in gang activities,

such as robbing or stealing. In essence, their purported statements concerned Longmire. To the

extent that the statements in the videos referenced defendant being present with Longmire, they

were redundant to Longmire’s own trial testimony. As such, we cannot agree that certain

information in the interrogation videos so seriously impaired defendant’s right to cross-

examination that defendant’s trial was unfair and the integrity of the judicial process compromised.

¶ 59 As to defendant’s claim that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the

interrogation videos or request that they be redacted, we again must reject defendant’s arguments.

First, counsel clearly sought to discredit Longmire’s testimony, and his decision not to object to

the State’s introduction of the videos could arguably have been strategy to emphasize Longmire’s

inconsistencies and the police interrogation tactics. As those tactics and the evolution of

Longmire’s story involved an ongoing exchange that took place over the course of the entire

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interrogation, it would have been challenging for counsel to seek redaction of certain “snippets.”

Further, even if we accept that, because the videos were improperly admitted and counsel did not

object to them, his performance was objectively unreasonable, defendant cannot demonstrate

prejudice sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome. Again, the videos arguably could

have demonstrated to the jury that Longmire’s story should not be trusted. But if not, and as we

have stated above, there was adequate evidence absent the videos to convict defendant such that

there is no reasonable probability that, but for the videos, the jury’s verdict would have been

different.

¶ 60 In sum, the error in admitting Longmire’s videotaped interrogation is not, on its own,

reversible in the plain-error or ineffective-assistance contexts.

¶ 61 C. Gang Testimony and Severability

¶ 62 Next, defendant argues that the State used the charge of unlawful possession of a weapon

by a street gang member (count VII) to introduce voluminous prejudicial gang evidence, although

none of the remaining charges were gang related. Defendant contends that trial counsel was

ineffective for not moving to sever the possession count to protect the integrity of the trial and so

that the jurors, when deciding the more serious charges, would not have heard prejudicial gang

evidence. Although he concedes that, under section 111-4(a) of the Code (725 ILCS 5/111-4(a)

(West 2016)), the possession of a weapon by a gang member and shooting charges could initially

be joined and a decision regarding severance is usually regarded as a matter of trial strategy, he

contends that, under section 114-8 of the Code (id. § 114-8), the court may consider severance or

other appropriate relief if joinder will prejudice a defendant. As such, defendant argues, had

counsel moved to sever the possession of a weapon by a gang member charge, the jury would not

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have had before it any references to gangs, or the stereotypes and prejudices that accompany gang

membership, while it deliberated upon the most serious charges.

¶ 63 In addition, with respect to the gang evidence itself, defendant argues that it was

overwhelmingly more prejudicial than probative, as the most serious charges had no gang-related

motive attached to them and the jury was not given any guidance on how to consider the evidence

or instructed that it applied to only one count. Further, defendant contends that Amaro’s expert

testimony lacked adequate foundation; contained improper hearsay about what others told him

about defendant, without any determination of when or whether such information is reliable and

of the type reasonably considered by experts in the field; and made no distinction between his

testimony as an expert and his testimony concerning his role as an investigator who collected

evidence to charge someone with attempted murder of a fellow officer. In addition, defendant

argues that, as post-arrest silence is inadmissible, Amaro improperly referenced defendant’s

refusal to speak with him. In defendant’s view, when defense counsel said to Amaro, “you didn’t

have any conversations with my client about that,” Amaro should have simply answered, “no,”

instead of answering, “he didn’t wish to talk to me.” Further, Amaro noted that, when defendant

was asked whether he was in a gang, he did not answer. Defendant concedes that counsel made no

objections during or posttrial on these points. As such, defendant contends, (1) admission of the

expert testimony was plain error under both prongs and (2) trial counsel was ineffective (a) by not

moving to sever the possession charge, (b) by failing to object to Amaro’s testimony, and (c) to

the extent that counsel’s questions opened the door to Amaro’s statement that defendant refused

to speak with him.

¶ 64 We appreciate defendant’s concern about the gang evidence here. Frankly, as trial counsel

argued in his motion for a directed verdict, the evidence was weak. As counsel pointed out during

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Amaro’s examination, Amaro’s testimony lacked foundation establishing when and to whom

Servin introduced defendant as “Shorty Folks.” In fact, the court sustained defendant’s objection

on those grounds, but those questions remained unanswered. Amaro acknowledged that he had no

independent knowledge of defendant’s purported gang membership, other than what other people

told him. He apparently further based his opinion, in part, on the fact that defendant sported a

“cover-up” tattoo. However, there was no description of the tattoo itself and no indication of

whether it paid homage to the Spanish Gangster Disciples or whether it “covered-up” an old tattoo

that connected him to any specific gang, let alone the Spanish Gangster Disciples. Further, he did

not explain why, when covering up a gang tattoo would imply leaving a gang or former

membership, such an implication should be rejected here. Similarly, we note that Amaro testified

that Servin had introduced defendant as “Shorty Folks,” but then, after a long narrative describing

gang nations and listing numerous gangs purportedly in the area (which was arguably more

prejudicial than probative), Amaro defined a “Shorty” as someone who might have started off in

a gang and “really hasn’t been around that much.” A failure to “be around much,” coupled with a

cover-up tattoo, could suggest no gang membership, and there was nothing beyond this evidence

to tie defendant to the Spanish Gangster Disciples. Amaro explained that defendant wore a

“blowout” hairstyle, but he never explained how that hairstyle likely reflected gang membership.

Further, although Amaro explained that he works in the gang investigation unit and has testified

as an expert witness a “few times,” he never testified that the evidence upon which he relied in

forming his opinions is the type that is typically considered by experts to evaluate a suspect’s gang

membership. See, e.g., People v. Simmons,

(expert testimony

requires foundation establishing that the information upon which the expert relied is reliable and

is the type reasonably relied upon by experts in the same field). Amaro apparently based his

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opinion on his interview with Servin, Servin’s comment, made “during the course of this

investigation,” that he had introduced defendant as “Shorty Folks” at some unknown time

(although it is not clear to whom Servin introduced defendant or to whom he made that comment),

investigation reports (it is not clear whose specific investigation reports or what was in those

reports concerning defendant’s gang membership) and video interviews of other people involved

in the case, defendant’s cover-up tattoo, and defendant’s failure to answer when asked if he was

in a gang. But Amaro did not testify that the information he relied upon is the type typically relied

upon by experts assessing gang membership, nor did he apparently rely upon, for example,

objective information, such as databases maintained by the police gang investigation unit, prior

contacts, or other similar factors that could indicate gang membership. The State argues that,

simply by virtue of Amaro being accepted as an expert in gangs, the court could determine that the

information Amaro provided was reliable, “because it was reasonably relied upon in [sic] experts

in that particular field to form opinions or inferences on the subject of gangs (i.e., Detective Amaro

said that he had been qualified as an expert witness in gang affiliation in the past).” Assuming we

properly understand this argument, we reject it. The fact that Amaro testified as a gang expert “a

few times” in the past, where we do not know the substance of that testimony or the factors he

used to form his opinions in those cases, does not ipso facto mean that he relied on appropriate

factors here. Finally, as discussed in the next section, the State failed to establish that the Spanish

Gangster Disciples was a street gang, as that term is defined by statute. See 720 ILCS 5/24-

1.8(a)(1) (West 2016); 740 ILCS 147/10 (West 2016).

¶ 65 However, even if the introduction of the gang evidence was clear error, such that counsel’s

failure to move for severance or object was unreasonable, our review is constrained by the fact

that both plain-error and ineffective-assistance analyses require our consideration of the remaining

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evidence to determine whether, but for the error, the result of the trial would have been different.

Without question, gang-membership evidence may be strongly prejudicial. See, e.g., People v.

Strain,

(2000). Perhaps the gang-membership evidence influenced the jury’s

decision to convict defendant of attempted murder of a police officer rather than simply aggravated

discharge of a firearm. However, we cannot conclude that the evidence overall was so closely

balanced that the errors pertaining to gang evidence tipped the scales against defendant (prong-

one plain error). Nor can we conclude that the result of the trial would have been different but for

counsel’s failures to (1) move for severance or (2) object to Amaro’s testimony. Even if there was

no gang evidence at trial, the evidence against defendant remained sufficient to sustain the jury’s

verdict. As previously noted, the evidence against defendant included a security video appearing

to show him with a weapon, the location of spent shell casings, officers identifying him as peering

over a fence and then fleeing from them, his wet shoes and jeans tying him to the swampy area

where he fled, the presence of the gun that fired the shots underneath the couch where he was

sleeping, and Longmire’s testimony.

¶ 66 We note that defendant’s arguments fare no better under a prong-two analysis. Again, he

submits that the gang references included comments by persons not subject to cross-examination

and that the use of his post-arrest silence affected his substantial rights under prong two. However,

the statements made in the videos by officers relating what Servin and Cardona said about gangs

were not so egregious that the integrity of the trial was compromised, and even if Amaro mentioned

defendant’s post-arrest silence, the State did not comment on it (see, e.g., People v. Simmons,

(1998)). Thus, the integrity of the judicial process was not challenged.

¶ 67 In sum, any error concerning gang evidence is not, on its own, reversible in the plain-error

or ineffective-assistance contexts.

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¶ 68 D. Proof of Gang Membership

¶ 69 Defendant, relying on Murray,

, next argues that the State’s evidence

was insufficient to prove gang membership beyond a reasonable doubt because there was no

evidence that the Spanish Gangster Disciples was a street gang engaged in a course or pattern of

criminal activity. The State agrees, acknowledging that the conviction on count VII should be

vacated because, where there was no evidence that the Spanish Gangster Disciples engaged in a

course or pattern of criminal activity, it failed to establish a necessary element of the charge of

unlawful possession of a firearm by a street gang member (see 720 ILCS 5/24-1.8(a)(1) (West

2016); 740 ILCS 147/10 (West 2016)).

¶ 70 However, the State urges that we invoke our authority under Illinois Supreme Court Rule

615(b)(3) (eff. Jan. 1, 1967) to instead enter a conviction of the lesser included offense of

aggravated unlawful use of a weapon without a FOID card (720 ILCS 5/24-1.6(a)(2), (a)(3)(C)

(West 2016)) and remand for resentencing on that charge, as was done by this court in People v.

Figueroa,

. The State notes that the evidence established the

requirements of the lesser included charge—specifically, that defendant carried or possessed on

his person upon a public street, alley, or land, within the city a firearm without having a valid

FOID card. See 720 ILCS 5/24-1.6(a)(2), (a)(3)(C) (West 2016).

¶ 71 The parties are correct that the State presented no evidence that the Spanish Gangster

Disciples constituted a street gang that engaged in a course or pattern of criminal activity. Further,

there is no dispute that defendant did not possess a FOID card, and the evidence sufficiently

established that defendant carried or possessed a weapon in public. However, we decline to enter

judgment on the lesser included offense because, as discussed below, we are vacating all

convictions based on cumulative error.

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¶ 72 E. Cumulative Error

¶ 73 Defendant’s final argument is that reversal is required due to the cumulative number of

errors and the ineffective assistance he received at trial. The State responds that there was no error

and, thus, no cumulative error. We agree with defendant.

¶ 74 Both the federal and Illinois constitutions protect a defendant’s right to a fair, orderly, and

impartial trial. See U.S. Const., amend. XIV; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, §§ 2, 8; People v. Bull,

(1998). While a defendant is not entitled to a perfect trial, courts have recognized

that individual trial errors that do not alone warrant reversal may cumulatively deprive a defendant

of a fair trial. See People v. Redmon,

; People v. Simmons,

(2003). “When such cumulative error occurs, due process and fundamental

fairness require that the defendant’s conviction be reversed and the case be remanded for a new

trial, even when the defendant’s guilt is overwhelming, to preserve the integrity of the judicial

process.” Redmon,

.

¶ 75 Here, we agree with defendant that the erroneous admission of both Longmire’s

interrogation videos and the gang evidence, while not individually reversible, particularly within

the ineffective-assistance or plain-error contexts, cumulatively deprived him of a fair trial. While

we will not reiterate all points from our preceding analyses, we note that Longmire’s trial testimony

was not so affirmatively damaging to the State’s case that the State was justified in admitting his

interrogation videos (notably, in their entirety) as an inconsistent statement, whether substantively

or to impeach its own witness. In essence, by showing the jury the entire interrogation, the State

was able to improperly bolster the consistent portions of Longmire’s testimony, while publishing

to the jury statements made by nontestifying witnesses and the opinions of the investigating

detectives as to their theories of guilt.

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¶ 76 In addition, Amaro never testified that the factors he considered when assessing

defendant’s alleged gang membership are of the type relied upon by experts in the field, nor did

the State establish when or to whom Servin purportedly introduced defendant as “Shorty Folks”

or why defendant was likely a member of the Spanish Gangster Disciples street gang, as opposed

to one of the other “Folks nation” street gangs purportedly in the area. In addition, Amaro never

testified that the Spanish Gangster Disciples was engaged in a pattern of criminal activity, and

therefore the evidence failed to establish that it was a street gang, as statutorily defined. As the

State now concedes, its failure to present sufficient evidence regarding gang membership requires

us to reverse the conviction of possession of a weapon by a gang member, which was the only

count for which gang membership was relevant. There was no evidence that the other charges were

committed with a gang-related motive and, while the State contends that gang membership

provided context to certain terminology, such as “Wolverine” or “Shorty,” we disagree. Here, gang

references were not necessary to explain that various persons had nicknames, and a context

argument does not justify voluminous evidence that was clearly more prejudicial than probative.

When we consider together the errors concerning Longmire’s interrogation videos, the gang

evidence introduced therein and through Amaro’s testimony, and that, without the possession of a

weapon by a gang member charge—the conviction on which we now reverse due to a failure of

proof—no gang evidence would have been introduced on the most serious charges, we cannot

conclude that defendant received a fair trial. In sum, under the facts of this case, we are convinced

that due process and fundamental fairness require that defendant’s convictions be reversed and the

cause remanded for a new trial.

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¶ 77 We note that, when a reviewing court remands for a new trial, it must consider whether a

new trial would violate the double jeopardy clause. See People v. McKown,

(2010).

“If the evidence presented at the first trial, including the improperly admitted evidence,

would have been sufficient for any rational trier of fact to find the essential elements of the

crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt, retrial is the proper remedy. [Citation.] If no

rational trier of fact could so find, defendant may not be subjected to a second trial.”

Here, the evidence was sufficient to sustain defendant’s convictions of attempted murder of a

police officer, aggravated discharge of a firearm, and possession of a defaced firearm, such that

there is no double-jeopardy implication to remanding those counts. However, “[t]he Double

Jeopardy Clause forbids a second trial for the purpose of affording the prosecution another

opportunity to supply evidence which it failed to muster in the first proceeding. This is central to

the objective of the prohibition against successive trials.” Burks v. United States,

(1978). Because defendant was tried for unlawful possession of a firearm by a street gang member,

but the State failed to satisfy its burden of proof, double jeopardy bars further prosecution on that

charge and we reverse that conviction outright.

¶ 78 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 79 For the reasons stated, the judgment of the circuit court of Lake County is reversed and the

cause is remanded.

¶ 80 Reversed and remanded.

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Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Lake County, No. 16-CF-1655; the Hon. James K. Booras, Judge, presiding.

Attorneys Steven Greenberg and Curt Lovelace, of Greenberg Trial Lawyers, for and Andrew S. Gable, both of Chicago, for appellant. Appellant:

Attorneys Eric F. Rinehart, State’s Attorney, of Waukegan (Patrick Delfino, for Edward R. Psenicka, and Lynn M. Harrington, of State’s Attorneys Appellee: Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.

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