Alliant Hospitals, Inc. v. Benham
Alliant Hospitals, Inc. v. Benham
Concurring in Part
concurring in part and dissenting in part:
This tragic case was carefully and for the most part correctly decided by the trial court. I agree with the sound legal analysis of the majority opinion and concur on all issues except the disposition of the award of damages for future medical expenses. I am compelled to agree with the hospital’s argument that that item of damages should be severed from the judgment. However, I would not disturb any other portion of the judgment.
Surely finality in judgments is a doctrine devoutly to be pursued in our handling of such issues, and thus we defer whenever possible to the sound discretion of the trial court with respect to post-judgment motions. In scanning several possible relevant provisions of CR 60.02, the majority opinion rejects reliance upon subsection (b) (newly discovered evidence) by noting that that provision normally pertains to evidence in existence but undiscovered at the time of trial rather than to evidence arising after trial.
This gravely impaired infant died very soon after trial — before the disposition of post-trial motions. The reality of imminent death was undoubtedly present and pending during the trial; however, the tragedy did not become manifest until the trial ended. No reasonable amount of diligence could have led to a discovery of a matter that lay exclusively within divine knowledge rather than human perception. Thus, I cannot agree with the majority opinion that subsection (b) is inapplicable.
Additionally, this case appears to fall squarely into exception (e) of CR 60.02, which permits a court to grant relief from a final judgment upon the ground that “it is no longer equitable that the judgment should have prospective application....” While this award of damages for Zachary’s future medical expenses was a final and liquidated sum, it would be patently unrealistic to deny that the timing of his death rendered impossible the use of any portion of the award for its intended purpose. Thus, it would be inequitable as contemplated by subsection (e) (and as a matter of common sense) to enforce an award of damages for future care when that possibility ended immediately after trial.
The unique circumstances of this case dictate the wisdom of resort to CR 60.02(b) and (e) in order to avoid the injustice that would inevitably result if this portion of the award were allowed to stand. I do not believe that we will open Pandora’s box (as counsel for appellees so effectively warned during oral argument before this panel). On the contrary, I believe that a realistic approach to the intended use of a damages award will safeguard the public purpose of matching adeqúate compensation for actual injury.
Opinion of the Court
OPINION
Soon after his birth on July 23, 1999, it became apparent that Zachary Benham had suffered brain damage. On Zachary’s behalf, his parents, Angel
The hospital predicated its defense on the theory that the fetus had likely suffered injury prior to labor before Angel came to the hospital, that the alleged signs of fetal distress during labor had not been as alarming as the Benhams maintained and did not indicate an injury at that time, and that the nurses had responded appropriately. As part of its support for this theory, the hospital sought to show that even the Benhams’ counsel and medical experts had initially discounted the possibility of an intrapartum injury. This discounting was evidenced, the hospital argued, by the fact that the Benhams had first sued the doctor but not the hospital and that their experts’ first disclosures had focused on the trauma allegedly caused by the vacuum extractor. The hospital showed the Benhams’ initial complaint and the experts’ interrogatory responses to the jury and questioned the experts extensively about the apparent change in their theory of how Zachary’s injuries came about.
The principal expert against the hospital, Dr. Harlan Giles, responded that his theory had not changed. He had believed as soon as he had reviewed the various hospital records, he testified, that the baby had indeed been injured by the bleeding caused by the vacuum extractor, but also that he had been injured during labor when the supply of blood, and hence the supply of oxygen, to his brain had been interrupted.
In an attempt to impeach Dr. Giles’s testimony, the hospital referred to a March 6, 2000, letter from the Benhams’ counsel to a second doctor, Dr. Herman-sen. The pertinent portion of the letter states,
*476 Harlan [Dr. Giles] has advised me that there are periods of hyperstimulation, but that they are intermittent, and he also advises that there are intermittent late decelerations, and he does not believe the child’s brain damage was caused by an hypoxic ischemic event during labor, but rather he believes the cerebral palsy is due to the bleed that began at delivery with the application of the vacuum extractor.
Without identifying the letter, the hospital quoted from it and asked Dr. Giles if he had not formerly expressed these opinions about the cause of Zachary’s injury.
Dr. Giles denied having ever expressed those opinions. He testified that the quoted portion of the letter was not an accurate statement of his opinion at any time, that he had, in fact, believed then, in March 2000, and still believed at trial, that Zachary’s brain damage had resulted in part from oxygen deprivation during labor. The hospital moved to introduce counsel’s letter into evidence, but the trial court denied the motion on the ground that, as part of a pre-litigation expert consultation, the letter was privileged.
The hospital acknowledges that eviden-tiary rulings are left largely to the trial court’s sound discretion,
With this last argument, at least, we agree. Courts have long sought the proper balance between CR 26.02’s incorporation of the work-product rule, pursuant to which a lawyer’s trial preparation is shielded from appropriation by his adversary, and its policy of facilitating meaningful cross-examination of expert witnesses.
The slate is not blank, however. As the trial court correctly observed, in Newsome v. Lowe,
Even were we to conclude that the letter should have been admitted, moreover, the hospital would not be entitled to relief because there is little likelihood that the admission would have affected the outcome of the trial.
The hospital next contends that the trial court erred by permitting the jury to find that Zachary was entitled to general damages for pain and suffering. It preserved its right to appellate review of this issue both by seeking a directed verdict on the question of pain-and-suffering damages and by objecting to the instruction whereby the jury was authorized to find them. As the hospital notes, our Supreme Court has indicated that damages for pain and suffering should not be awarded to one who was totally unconscious of his injuries.
In Vitale v. Henchey,
Because we are convinced that the evidence permitted a finding that Zachary experienced pain as a result of his injury and thus affirm the award of pain-and-suffering damages on this ground, we need not address Kevin’s contention that general damages may be awarded even in the absence of conscious pain to compensate the victim for so called hedonic losses.
The conflict is embodied in our rules, of course, in CR 60.02. Pursuant to that rule, a trial court has authority to relieve a party from a final judgment
Subsection (e) is inapplicable, we believe, because a simple judgment for money damages, even one not yet enforced, does not have “prospective application.” The federal courts, whose rule in this regard is like ours, have reserved that phrase for judgments, such as those granting an injunction, that “involve the supervision of changing conduct or conditions and are thus provisional and tentative.”
Subsection (f) of CR 60.02, the catchall provision, can apply only if none of that rule’s specific provisions applies.
There is some precedent for such an exception. In Vanalstyne v. Whalen,
In Kentucky, however, support for such an exception is merely hypothetical at best. In Woods v. Kentucky Traction and Terminal Company,
Similarly, in Cawood v. Cawood,
These cases lend the hospital only the faintest support, and even that support was called into question in Stephens v. Kentucky Utilities Company,
In Fowler-Propst v. Dattilo
In those cases, ... everyone knew that the fact finder was not determining a historical truth but was making an estimate, a prediction of future events, to establish damages. For example, in personal injury litigation, experts attempt to assess the injured party’s condition in order to predict future disability, medical care, pain and suffering, etc. Both parties know that their expert testimony may be proved wrong by subsequent events. Yet neither expects a favorable damage award to be set aside when future events show that the prediction was inaccurate. Such adjustments could go on indefinitely, leading to multiple reopening of a single case. Parties take their chances based on the information existing at the time of trial.25
The court continued by quoting from our former Court of Appeals’ opinion in Woods v. Kentucky Traction and Terminal Company, supra:
The courts, upon considerations of public policy, as a rale are not favorable to the granting of new trials on newly discovered evidence claiming to show a changed condition subsequent to trial ... “particularly where verdicts rest in any degree upon expert evidence as to future resultant conditions reasonably to be apprehended.” Especially are they inclined to regard with disfavor evidence as to subsequent events disproving the character or extent of bodily injury for which recovery was had, as where subsequent to a trial for damages for personal injuries something occurs showing that the bodily condition of plaintiff was not such in fact as was supposed to be by the jury.26
Denying the hospital’s CR 60.02 motion in this case, the trial court noted that its truth-finding function had been fulfilled. The jury had based its assessment of Zachary’s likely need for future medical treatment on an array of highly qualified expert testimony. It had been as well informed on that difficult question as the considerable efforts and expenditures of the parties had been able to make it. The jury’s assessment could not be perfect, obviously, but the process had been fair and was calculated to reach as accurate a result as possible. The court could do no more. It is in society’s interest then, the trial court believed, that final judgments emerging from that process bring the litigation to an end. We agree. As discussed above, our courts have long recognized that the social and institutional interest in reliable, final judgments is an overriding one. The trial court did not err or abuse its discretion by recognizing that overriding interest here and denying the hospital’s motion to disturb a final judgment on the basis of evidence arising after the judgment.
In sum, the trial court erred neither by excluding from evidence a consultative let
TACKETT, Judge, concurs.
COMBS, Judge, concurs in part, dissents in part, and files separate opinion.
. Angel Benham died in February 2001 prior to trial.
. Moore v. Commonwealth, Ky., 771 S.W.2d 34 (1988).
. Karn v. Ingersoll Rand, 168 F.R.D. 633 (D.C. N.Dist.Ind., 1996).
. Id. Gall v. Jamison, 44 P.3d 233 (Colo. 2002).
. Ky.App., 699 S.W.2d 748 (1985).
. CR 61.01.
. Vitale v. Henchey, Ky., 24 S.W.3d 651 (2000).
. Keene v. Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Inc., 56 Mass.App.Ct. 10, 775 N.E.2d 725 (2002); McDougald v. Garber, 73 N.Y.2d 246, 538 N.Y.S.2d 937, 536 N.E.2d 372 (1989).
. supra.
. Id. at 659 (citations omitted).
. See Eyoma v. Falco, 247 N.J.Super. 435, 589 A.2d 653 (1991) (General damages may be awarded to compensate for the permanent loss of faculties regardless of the victim’s consciousness of the loss.); but cf. Keene v. Brigham and Women’s Hospital, supra (Hedonic damages are an element of pain and suffering
.The hospital asserts that the judgment is not final or should not be accorded the respect due a final judgment because, when Zachary died and the hospital moved to sever the award of medical expenses, post-trial motions pursuant to CR 59 were still pending. Under our rules, however, a judgment is final upon entry by the clerk. CR 58. A timely motion pursuant to CR 59 suspends the judgment’s operation for various purposes, but, unless and until granted, it does not change the judgment’s character. Kentucky Farm Bureau Insurance Company v. Gearhart, Ky. App., 853 S.W.2d 907 (1993). The relief the hospital seeks, therefore, as acknowledged by its invocation of CR 60, is relief from a final judgment with all the attendant policy concerns.
. Twelve John Does v. District of Columbia, 841 F.2d 1133, 1139 (D.C.Cir. 1988) (quoting from United States v. Swift and Company, 286 U.S. 106, 52 S.Ct. 460, 76 L.Ed. 999 (1932)); DeWeerth v. Baldinger, 38 F.3d 1266 (2nd Cir. 1994).
. See Cawood v. Cawood, Ky., 329 S.W.2d 569 (1959) (Although this case suggests that an unsatisfied money judgment might be deemed to have prospective application, it holds only that a satisfied money judgment does not have such application.).
. Commonwealth v. Spaulding, Ky., 991 S.W.2d 651 (1999).
. 15 Mass.App.Ct. 340, 445 N.E.2d 1073 (1983).
. Id. at 1079-80 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). See also Fowler-Propst v. Dattilo, 111 N.M. 573, 807 P.2d 757 (App., 1991) (collecting cases).
. 252 Ky. 78, 65 S.W.2d 961 (1933).
. supra.
. Id. at 571.
. Ky., 569 S.W.2d 155 (1978).
. 111 N.M. 573, 807 P.2d 757 (App., 1991).
. Id. at 759.
. Id. at 757.
. Id. at 760.
. Id. at 760.
Reference
- Full Case Name
- ALLIANT HOSPITALS, INC. D/B/A Norton Hospital, Appellant, v. Kevin BENHAM, Individually and as Parent and Next Friend of the Infant, Zachary T. Benham, and Kevin Benham as Administrator of the Estate of Zachary T. Benham, Deceased, and Estate of Zachary T. Benham, Appellees
- Cited By
- 16 cases
- Status
- Published