Bruner v. Zawacki
Bruner v. Zawacki
Opinion of the Court
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
This matter is pending for consideration of Plaintiffs Raleigh Bruner’s and Wildcat Moving, LLC’s motion for summary judgment. [Record No. 72] The Plaintiffs contends that they are entitled to summary judgment on their claim that the notice, protest, and hearing provisions of the Kentucky statutes applicable to moving companies, contained within KRS § 281.615 et seq., and the implementing regulations, violate the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. They request that the Court issue prospective injunctive relief, permanently enjoining the Defendants from enforcing the statutes in a way that violates the constitutional rights of new moving companies by allowing existing moving companies to veto new competition. For the reasons set forth below, the Plaintiffs’ motion will be granted.
I.
Wildcat Moving, LLC (“Wildcat”), is a Kentucky limited liability company owned by Raleigh Bruner. [Record No. 1, p. 2 ¶ 2] Bruner offered his moving services informally via the Internet until forming Wildcat in 2012, “to operate as a full-service moving company throughout the state of Kentucky.” [Id.] Since 2012, Wildcat has moved thousands of clients. [Record No. 73, p. 8] It now employs thirty-one people, including Bruner, and operates five moving trucks. [Id., p. 4 ¶ 10] However, Wildcat has been performing moving services without the requisite certificate under Kentucky law.
In Kentucky, individuals and companies involved in moving — that is, the intrastate transporting of personal effects and property used or to be used in a dwelling — are required by statute to obtain a Household Goods Certificate, also known as a Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity (hereafter, a “Certificate”) from the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet Division of Motor Carriers (hereafter, the “Cabinet”). See KRS § 281.615 et seq.
Under the statute, a Certificate:
shall be issued to any qualified applicant therefore], authorizing the whole or any part of the operation covered by the application, if it is found that the applicant is fit, willing, and able properly to perform the service proposed and to conform to the provisions of this chapter and the requirements and the administrative regulations of the department promulgated thereunder, and further that the existing transportation service is inadequate, and that the proposed service, to the extent to be authorized by the certificate, is or will be required by the present or future public convenience and necessity, and that the proposed operation, to the extent authorized by the certificate, will be consistent with the public interest and the transportation policy declared in this chapter....
KRS § 281.630(1) (emphasis added).
This statute and the corresponding regulations establish a multi-step process to
An applicant is required to publish notice of his application in a newspaper of general circulation in the proposed territory or e-mail existing certificate holders. KRS §§ 281.625(b), 281.6251. Following the notification, “[a]ny person having interest in the subject matter may ... file a protest to the granting, in whole or in part, of the application.” KRS § 281.625(2). If a protest is filed, the department must hold a hearing. Otherwise, the hearing is discretionary. KRS § 281.625(2); see also 601 KAR § 1:030(4)(1). The length of time until a hearing takes place varies. A hearing may be held sixty to ninety days after the filing of the protest, but it may take up to a year. [Record No. 73-2, p. 30 Ins. 12-15] Additionally, applicants are generally required to be represented by counsel at the hearing. See Ky. State Bar Ass’n v. Henry Vogt Machine Co., Inc., 416 S.W.2d 727 (Ky. 1967) (representation of a corporation before administrative bodies constitutes the practice of law).
Since 2007
Even where a protested applicant is determined to be “fit, willing, and able,” he or she will be denied an application if the applicant has not shown that existing moving services are inadequate.
The Plaintiffs filed this action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against members of the Cabinet in their official capacities (collectively “the Cabinet”), alleging that the notice, protest, and hearing procedure set out in KRS § 281.615 et seq., and the corresponding regulations, are unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. The Complaint seeks both declaratory and in-junctive relief.
The Plaintiffs do not challenge the regulations to the extent an applicant for a Certificate is required to be “fit, willing, and able” to provide moving services. Instead, they claim that that the protest and hearing process currently followed infringe on their constitutional right to pursue the occupation of providing moving services in Kentucky in violation of due process. See U.S. Const. Amend XIV § 1. They also argue that the protest and hearing procedures violate the equal protection clause because they arbitrarily favor existing moving companies over new companies. See id. Further, the Plaintiffs assert that the statutes violate the privileges and immunities clause, and that the statutes are unconstitutionally vague.
II.
Summary judgment is required when “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a); see Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986); Chao v. Hall Holding Co., 285 F.3d 415, 424 (6th Cir. 2002). A dispute over a material fact is not “genuine” unless a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party. That is, the determination must be “whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require submission to a jury or whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 251-52, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986); see Harrison v. Ash, 539 F.3d 510, 516 (6th Cir. 2008). In deciding whether to grant summary judgment, the Court views all the facts and inferences drawn from the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986).
III.
As noted, the Plaintiffs have moved for summary judgment on their claims that the notice, protest, and hearing procedures are unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. The Defendants oppose summary judgment, arguing that material issues of fact remain to be decided. [Record No. 75, p. 7]
A. Standing
In its response to the Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment, the Cabinet again argues that the Plaintiffs lacks standing to sue because they never completed the application process and thus were never subject to protests. [Record No. 75, p. 10] It also contends that the case is not ripe for review because Wildcat may be denied a Certificate even if the statutes in question are invalidated. These arguments are largely duplicative of the arguments previously made and rejected. [See Record No. 38; see also Chicago v. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. Co., 357 U.S. 77, 89, 78 S.Ct. 1063, 2 L.Ed.2d 1174 (1958) (holding that a plaintiff “was not obligated to apply for a certificate of convenience and necessity and submit to the administrative procedures incident thereto before bringing [an] action.”).] Although standing may be raised at any time, the Cabinet has raised no new arguments except to cite to a non-binding case from Nevada that decided a similar issue differently. [Record No. 75, p. 11 (citing Underwood v. Mackay, No. 3:12-cv-MMD-VPC, 2013 WL 3270564 (D.Nev. June 26, 2013)).]
Even if Underwood were persuasive, this case is distinguishable because Bruner is “faced with the prospect of either punishment if he worked without a license or enduring much expense and effort to obtain the license.” Underwood, 2013 WL 3270564, at *7 (quoting Merrifield v. Lockyer, 547 F.3d 978, 982 (9th Cir. 2008)). The Defendants filed a complaint against Bruner in state court while the current case was pending, seeking to enforce the challenged statutes against him and to block him from operating as a moving company. [See Record No. 48-1, p. 2.] If anything, the Plaintiffs’ injury is more concrete and particularized now than when the Defendants first asserted that the Plaintiffs lack standing. See Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992) (holding that to have standing, a plaintiff must establish an injury in fact, a casual connection between the injury, and that the injury will be redressed by a favorable decision).
Despite the Defendants’ assertions to the contrary, the Court is not determining the Plaintiffs’ fitness or ability to operate as a moving company. The determination of whether an aspiring moving company is “fit, willing, and able” rests solely and appropriately with the Cabinet.
B. Due Process and Equal Protection
The Plaintiffs argue that the notice, protest and hearing procedure violates the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. Regarding due process, Bruner contends that his liberty interest in pursuing his chosen occupation and constitutionally protected “right to compete” are offended by the statutory scheme that acts as a “Competitor’s Veto.” See Wilkerson v. Johnson, 699 F.2d 325, 328 (6th Cir. 1985); Greene v. McElroy, 360 U.S. 474, 492, 79 S.Ct. 1400, 3 L.Ed.2d 1377 (1959). And they argue that the statutes run afoul of equal protection rights by favoring existing moving companies over new applicants. See Merrifield v. Lockyer, 547 F.3d 978, 991-92 (9th Cir. 2008). They contend that the notice, protest, and hearing procedures are unconstitutional facially, and as applied to the moving industry.
Under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, the state may not deprive a citizen of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. See U.S. Const. Amend. XIV § 1. “The touchstone of due process is protection of the individual against arbitrary action of the government.” Cnty. of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 845, 118 S.Ct. 1708, 140 L.Ed.2d 1043 (1998). The Fourteenth Amendment “prohibits the government from imposing impermissible substantive restrictions on individual liberty,” including the liberty interest to pursue a chosen occupation. Craigmiles v. Giles, 110 F.Supp.2d 658, 661 (2000), citing Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702, 720-21, 117 S.Ct. 2258, 138 L.Ed.2d 772 (1997); Conn v. Gabbert, 526 U.S. 286, 291-92, 119 S.Ct. 1292, 143 L.Ed.2d 399 (1999). Such a liberty interest is subject to reasonable regulation by the state, and the “burden is
Under the rational basis test for an equal protection challenge to a legislative classification, the wisdom of the legislature’s decision is not at issue, and the statutory classification can be based on speculation, so long as it is reasonable. FCC v. Beach Commn’ns, Inc., 508 U.S. 307, 313-14, 113 S.Ct. 2096, 124 L.Ed.2d 211 (1993).
i. Rational Basis Review
Because the statute does not regulate a fundamental right or distinguish between people on the basis of suspect characteristics, it need only survive rational basis review. Craigmiles v. Giles, 312 F.3d 220, 223-24 (6th Cir. 2002). And the parties agree that rational basis is the correct standard. That is, the regulation must bear some rational relation to a legitimate state interest. An economic regulation such as this is subject to a strong presumption of validity and it will be upheld “if there is any reasonably conceivable state of facts that could provide a rational basis” for the statute. Maxwell’s Pic-Pac, Inc. v. Dehner, 739 F.3d 936, 940 (6th Cir. 2014) (citing Beach Commc’ns, 508 U.S. at 313-14, 113 S.Ct. 2096).
The Plaintiffs’ burden is substantial. A person or business seeking to invalidate a statute under rational basis review must “negative every conceivable basis that might support it.” Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co., 410 U.S. 356, 364, 93 S.Ct. 1001, 35 L.Ed.2d 351 (1973). “Only a handful of provisions have been invalidated for failing rational basis review.” Craigmiles, 312 F.3d at 225; Romer v. Evans, 517 U.S. 620, 116 S.Ct. 1620, 134 L.Ed.2d 855 (1996); City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, 473 U.S. 432, 105 S.Ct. 3249, 87 L.Ed.2d 313 (1985); Peoples Rights Org., Inc. v. City of Columbus, 152 F.3d 522 (6th Cir. 1998). But the Sixth Circuit has held that “protecting a discrete interest group from economic competition is not a legitimate governmental purpose.” Craigmiles, 312 F.3d at 224. Thus, the question before the Court is whether the notice, protest, and hearing procedure “bears a rational relationship to any legitimate purpose other than protecting the economic interests of’ existing moving companies. Id. at 225 (emphasis added).
The Defendants suggest three interests that are advanced by the relevant statutes. First, they argue that the protest and hearing procedure protects personal property. [Record No. 75, p. 17] Next, they claim that the regulations reduce administrative and social costs to society. [7d] Finally, they contend that the statutes “decrease information asymmetry problems present in private markets resulting from disparity in information held by parties” and prevent “excess entry” into the moving industry. [Id.]
Protecting personal property and reducing administrative costs are certainly legitimate government interests. However, whether the protest and hearing procedure is rationally related to these legitimate interests is a different issue. Craigmiles, 110 F.Supp.2d at 662 (“[T]he mere assertion of a legitimate government interest has never been enough to validate a law.”). Existing moving companies that protest new applicants are not required to offer (and none has ever offered) information about an applicant’s safety record or information regarding the applicant’s ability to safely operate as a mover. KRS § 281.625(2); 601 KAR § 1:030(4)(1); [see also Record No. 73, p. 12.] Further, there is no indication that personal property is protected at all by allowing existing moving companies to keep potential competition from entering the market. Protecting personal property is achieved by the first requirement that the applicant show that he is “fit, willing, and able” to operate as a moving company. KRS § 281.625. But the second requirement — -which effectively requires competitors to approve a new company— undermines the stated goal. The Cabinet, in essence, is providing an umbrella of protection for preferred private businesses while blocking others from competing, even if they satisfy all other regulatory requirements.
Nor does the notice, protest and hearing provisions lower administrative costs. Rather, when a protest is filed, the Cabinet must hold a hearing. KRS § 281.625(2). Based on the transcripts of those hearings, the owners of existing moving companies generally testify that existing moving services are adequate, not in quality but in quantity. [See Record Nos. 73-17; 73-22.] The hearings are presided over by a hearing officer who issues a recommendation, which is then adopted by the Cabinet. [See, e.g., Record No. 73-22, p. 5.] Because the notice and protest procedures trigger the hearing requirement under the statute, the protest and hearing procedures actually increase administrative costs, especially where the result is pre-determined. In essence, both public and private resources are consumed in a futile administrative exercise.
The defendants also posit, through their expert,
As the protest and hearing procedures are applied, however, an existing moving company can essentially “veto” competitors from entering the moving business for any reason at all, completely unrelated to safety or societal costs. The Cabinet undertakes no review regarding excess entry into the moving business. In fact, Cabinet officials testified that they had never heard of the phrase “excess entry.”
The Cabinet also asserts that the protest and hearing procedures serve information asymmetry concerns because the “notice” provision of the statute invites the public to participate in the hearing. [Record No. 73-4, p. 3] Information asymmetry occurs when “one party [to] a transaction has more pertinent information than another party which can result in private market transaction that are not as socially beneficial as could be obtained, or actually ‘harm’ one party.” [Record No. 75-9, p. 2]
However, the statute being challenged is phrased in the disjunctive. That is, an applicant is required to publish notice in the newspaper or e-mail existing certificate holders, not both. KRS § 281.625(1). That existing moving companies are the intended targets of the notice requirement is evidenced by the fact that all protests in the past five years have been filed by existing moving companies. [Record No. 73-7] No member of the general public has ever filed a protest or participated in a hearing. The protests filed by existing moving companies explicitly state that they are protesting because the applicant would be “directly competitive” to the companies and would “result in a diminution of protestant’s revenues.” [Record No. 73, p. 2] As the statute is applied, the only “information” supplied to new applicants is that no new competition is wanted,
iii. Economic Protectionism
Because there is no link between the protest and hearing procedures and any alleged government interest in health and safety, the Plaintiffs have successfully negated the Defendants’ purported purposes behind the procedure. See Lehnhausen, 410 U.S. at 364, 93 S.Ct. 1001. The Court, undertaking its obligation to posit other conceivable reasons for validating the statute, finds none. FCC v. Beach Commc’ns, Inc., 508 U.S. 307, 313, 113 S.Ct. 2096, 124 L.Ed.2d 211 (1993). Instead, its “more obvious illegitimate purpose to which [it] ... is very well tailored” is to act as “a
The Sixth Circuit has held that economic protectionism is not a legitimate government interest.
C. Privileges and Immunities
The Plaintiffs also argue that the statutes are unconstitutional under the privileges and immunities clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. But this clause, “largely dormant since the Slaughter-House Cases, 83 U.S. (16 Wall) 36, 21 L.Ed. 394 (1872), restricted its coverage to ‘very limited rights of national citizenship’ and held that clause did not protect an individual’s right to pursue an economic livelihood against his own state.” Craigmiles, 312 F.3d at 229. As in Craigmiles, the Court need not “break new ground” to determine the constitutionality of the protest and hearing procedures in question. Id. “Revival of the Privileges and Immunities Clause may be an interesting and useful topic for scholarly debate but this memorandum is not the place for that discussion.” Powers v. Harris, No. CIV-01-445-F, 2002 WL 32026155, at *24 (W.D.Ok. Dec. 12, 2002).
D. Unconstitutionally Vague
Finally, the Plaintiffs argue that KRS § 281.630(1) is unconstitutionally vague. Specifically, they assert that the words “inadequate” and “present or future public convenience and necessity,” as well as the requirement that the applicant prove “that there is a need for the service” under 601 KAR § 1:031(1), are unconstitutionally vague. [Record No. 73, pp. 31-32] ‘When a statute is not concerned with criminal conduct or first amendment considerations, the court must be fairly lenient in evaluating a claim of vagueness.” Doe v. Staples, 706 F.2d 985, 988 (6th Cir. 1983); see also Maxwell’s Pic Pac, 2014 U.S.App. LEXIS 761, at *14-15. “[U]neertainty in this statute is not enough for it to be unconstitutionally vague; rather, it must be substantially incomprehensible.” Exxon Corp. v. Busbee, 644 F.2d 1030, 1033 (5th Cir. 1981). The Kentucky Supreme Court and the applicable regulations have defined the terms “inadequate” and “present or future public convenience and necessity.” Eck Miller Transfer Co. v. Armes, 269 S.W.2d 287, 289 (Ky. 1954);
IV.
It bears repeating that a party bears a daunting task when challenging a statute under rational basis review. However, rational basis scrutiny is deferential, not completely “toothless.” Matthews, 427 U.S. at 510, 96 S.Ct. 2755. Where, as here, there exists a “measure to privilege certain businessmen over others at the expense of consumers [that] is not animated by a legitimate governmental purpose [it] cannot survive even rational basis review.” Craigmiles, 312 F.3d at 229. Again, however, the Court reiterates that its holding is limited to the application of the statutes and regulations in issue to the moving service industry. This decision does not mean that past Certificates are invalidated; rather, that prospective moving companies in the future will not be subject to a “veto” from their competition before they may lawfully act as a moving company.
For the foregoing reasons, it is hereby
ORDERED as follows:
1. Plaintiffs Raleigh Bruner’s and Wildcat Moving, LLC’s Motion for Summary Judgment [Record No. 72] is GRANTED with respect to their claims that KRS § 281.615 et seq., and implementing regulations, violate the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Plaintiffs’ remaining claims are DISMISSED.
2. The Defendants and their agents, officers, and successors, are ENJOINED from enforcing KRS § 281.615 et seq., and any implementing regulations, as a “Competitor’s Veto” as described above in the context of the moving service industry.
3. All claims having been resolved, this matter is DISMISSED and STRICKEN from the Court’s docket.
4. A separate Judgment shall issue this date.
. Proposed legislation is pending which would amend the Certificate requirement in the context of Household Goods. See 2014 Bill Text KY B.R. 92.
. Wildcat limited its discovery requests to the date of January 1, 2007, until the filing of this lawsuit. [Record No. 73, p. 10 n. 4] It did so in to limit discovery to “manageable boundaries”; however, the Plaintiffs affirm that there are no facts to suggest that the protesting and hearing procedure operated in a different way previously, [d.] And the Cabinet does not argue that the procedure has been different at any other time. [Record No. 73, p. 11]
. Some of the applications are still pending. [Record No. 73, p. 11]
. In that instance, the protesting party testified that the applicant "would be a great mover,” but did not believe that Louisville needed another moving company. [Record No. 73-18, p. 6]
. The Cabinet contends that Margaret's Moving, LLC, is an "exceptional” case that cannot be used to show standard practice of the application of the statutes. [Record No. 75] However, the Court has considered the extensive record of this case and finds each example consistent with the overall assertions of the Plaintiffs.
. During discovery, the Cabinet filed a separate action in the Circuit Court of Franklin County, Kentucky, seeking a temporary injunction against Wildcat for operating as a moving company without first obtaining a Certificate. The Court granted the Plaintiffs’ motion for a preliminary injunction, enjoining the Cabinet from enforcing the Certificate requirement against them until it reached the merits of their constitutional claims. [Record No. 51]
. As noted in the Defendants' response, Bruner will be required to file an application allowing the Cabinet to assess his fitness to operate Wildcat as a moving company. [Record No. 75, p. 13]
. The Court recognizes that the due process and equal protection clauses "protect distinctly different interests." Powers v. Harris, 379 F.3d 1208, 1215 (10th Cir. 2004). Despite those differences, the Plaintiffs’ due process and equal protection arguments will be analyzed together because they present the same issue, i.e., whether the notice, protest, and hearing procedures bear a rational relation to a legitimate interest. See, e.g., Craigmiles, 312 F.3d at 223-24 (evaluating due process and equal protection claims together under a rational basis standard).
. The Court limits its review of the notice, protest, and hearing procedures to the Cabinet’s application of the statutes to the moving industry. For the reasons discussed herein, the statutes are not facially unconstitutional, but offend rational basis only when applied to the moving industry. Whether the Court invalidates the statutes facially or as applied is not dispositive of the relief, because “the distinction between facial and as-applied challenges is not so well defined that it has some automatic effect or that it must always control the pleadings and disposition in every case involving a constitutional challenge.” Citizens United v. Federal Election Comm’n, 558 U.S. 310, 331, 130 S.Ct. 876, 175 L.Ed.2d 753 (2010).
. In American Express, the Sixth Circuit overturned this Court's holding that a Kentucky statute violated due process because it bore no rational basis to a legitimate government interest. American Express, 641 F.3d at 691. That holding was based solely on “substantive due process,” without the equal protection claims that are at issue here. Id. at 690-91. In addition, the statute in American Express was a revenue raising statute that did not touch on the economic protectionism that is of particular concern in Craigmiles and in this case. See id.
. In Maxwell's Pic-Pac, the Sixth Circuit overturned a district court's holding that a Kentucky statute that prohibits groceries from obtaining a wine and liquor license violated the equal protection clause of the United States Constitution. Maxwell’s Pic-Pac, 2014 U.S.App. LEXIS, at *2-3. However, unlike the case at hand, that holding was based solely on an equal protection challenge. Id. at *7. And, unlike this case, economic protectionism was not at issue. In fact, neither the lower court nor the Sixth Circuit relied upon Craigmiles. See id.; see also Maxwell’s Pic-Pac, Inc. v. Dehner, 887 F.Supp.2d 733 (E.D.Ky. 2012).
. The Plaintiffs challenge the Defendants' expert, asserting that he had not read any of the discovery documents, has not done researched or published on matters relating to the relevant subject matter. [Record No. 73, p. 21 n. 9] But this assertion misses the point. The Defendants are not required to produce empirical data or evidence under the extremely low level of scrutiny that is applicable here. "A State, moreover, has no obligation to produce evidence to sustain the rationality of a statutory classification.” Heller v. Doe, 509 U.S. 312, 320, 113 S.Ct. 2637, 125 L.Ed.2d 257 (1993). Rather, “a legislative choice ... may be based on rational speculation unsupported by evidence or empirical data.” Beach Commc’ns, 508 U.S. at 315, 113 S.Ct. 2096.
. General Counsel Jesse Rowe was identified by the Defendants as the "person most knowledgeable” pursuant to Rule 30(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and testified on behalf of the Cabinet. [Record No. 73, p. 22 n. 11]
. Craigmiles has not been uniformly followed. See Powers v. Harris, 379 F.3d 1208, 1218-19 (10th Cir. 2004). Powers criticized the Sixth Circuit's holding that economic protectionism is not a legitimate interest. Yet, this Court is obligated to follow the well-reasoned holding of the Sixth Circuit in Craig-miles.
Reference
- Full Case Name
- Raleigh BRUNER v. Tom ZAWACKI, Commissioner of Motor Vehicle Regulation for the Kentucky Department of Vehicle Regulation
- Cited By
- 7 cases
- Status
- Published