RULING

The Court has carefully considered the Petition1, the record, the law applicable to this action, and the Report and Recommendation2 of United States Magistrate Judge Stephen C. Riedlinger dated August 25, 2015. Plaintiffs have filed an Objection 3 which the Court has also considered.

The Court hereby approves the Report and Recommendation of the Magistrate Judge and adopts it as the Court’s opinion herein.

*346Accordingly, the Motion to Remand4 filed by the Plaintiffs is denied.

MAGISTRATE JUDGE’S REPORT

Before the court is a Motion to Remand filed by plaintiffs, the Firefighters’ Retirement System, Municipal Employers’ Retirement System of Louisiana and New Orleans Firefighters’ Pension and Relief Fund (hereafter, “plaintiffs”). Record document number 17. The motion is opposed.1

Plaintiffs filed a Petition for Damages in state court against defendants Grant Thornton, LLP, (“Grant Thornton”) and Consulting Services Group, LLC (“CSG”).2 In their Petition the plaintiffs alleged claims against Grant Thornton under the following theories of liability based on Louisiana state laws: (1) the Louisiana Securities Act; (2) detrimental reliance; (3) negligence and negligent misrepresentation; (4) third party beneficiary; and, (5) the Louisiana Unfair Trade Practices Act. Against CSG, the plaintiffs alleged claims for breach of contract and a violation of the Louisiana Unfair Trade Practices Act. Plaintiffs did not allege claims under federal law against any of the defendants.

Defendant CSG removed the petition to this court based on the following grounds: (1) jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1334(b), which provides that “the district courts shall have original but not exclusive jurisdiction of all civil proceedings arising under title 11, or arising in or related to cases under title 11”;- and (2) diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a).3 Defendant Grant Thornton consented to the removal4

With regard to jurisdiction under § 1334(b), the defendant alleged in its Notice of Removal that this case is related to three separate bankruptcy cases, all of which are pending in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York: In re Fletcher International, Ltd., Case No. 12-12796 (“FIL Bankruptcy”); In re FIA Leveraged Fund (In Liquidation), Case No. 14-10093 (“Leveraged Bankruptcy”); In re Fletcher Income Arbitrage Fund Ltd. (In Liquidation), Case No. 14-10094 (“Arbitrage Bankruptcy”). The FIL Bankruptcy is proceeding under Chapter 11, while the Leveraged Bankruptcy and Arbitrage Bankruptcy are proceeding under Chapter 15.5

*347Defendant also alleged that removable is based on diversity jurisdiction. According to the defendant, the plaintiff retirement funds are Louisiana citizens, none of the defendants’ members or partners are Louisiana citizens, and the jurisdictional amount is satisfied.6

Plaintiffs moved to remand based on a lack of subject matter jurisdiction, and alternatively, based on mandatory and permissive abstention under 28 U.S.C. § 1334(c)(1) and (2) for actions related to bankruptcy cases.

Based on the applicable law, the analysis previously done in two related cases,7 and the analysis that follows, the plaintiffs’ Motion to Remand should be denied.

Background

This ease arises out of the same facts and circumstances presented in Firefighters’ Retirement System, et al. v. Citco Group Limited, et al. CV 13-373-SDD-SCR. The background facts set forth in the Magistrate Judge’s Report issued in CV 13-373-SDD-SCR will not be repeated and are incorporated by reference in this report.8 The following summary includes only information pertinent to the plaintiffs’ allegations against Grant Thornton and CSG.

Plaintiffs alleged that Grant Thornton was retained as an independent auditor of Leveraged and prepared initial and restated audits for the years ending in December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2008. Plaintiffs alleged that Grant Thornton negligently failed to inform plaintiffs of material facts related to fraud and conflicts of interest on the part of Leveraged that resulted in the plaintiffs losing their $100 million investment in the Series N Shares issued by Leveraged. Plaintiffs claimed that Grant Thornton prepared Initial Statements and Restated Financial Statements and omitted material facts that would have caused the plaintiffs not to invest in Leveraged and Arbitrage. Plaintiffs asserted that the restated audits contained misleading information that prevented the plaintiffs from exercising their redemption rights. Thus, as a result of Grant Thornton’s breach of obligations and duties owed to the plaintiffs and its violations of Louisiana law, the plaintiffs suffered the loss of their $100 million investment and other economic damages.

Plaintiffs asserted that CSG is also liable for these damages. Plaintiffs alleged that CSG was hired as an investment ad-visor to counsel them with regard to their investment in Leveraged. However, plaintiffs claimed that during the period of its contract with the plaintiffs CSG had an undisclosed agreement with Citco Group Limited and Alphonse “Buddy” Fletcher, Jr. whereby CSG received compensation from them for each period that the plaintiffs did not redeem their shares. Plaintiffs alleged that CSG’s actions constituted breach of contract and a violation of Louisiana’s law prohibiting unfair trade practices.

*348Applicable Law

General Principles

The removing party bears the burden of establishing federal jurisdiction over a state court suit. Carpenter v. Wichita Falls Independent School Dist., 44 F.3d 362, 365 (5th Cir. 1995). As with removal under the general provision of § 1441(a), the existence of subject matter jurisdiction is determined as of the time of removal. In re Bissonnet Investments LLC, 320 F.3d 520, 525 (5th Cir. 2003); In re Legal Xtranet, Inc., 453 B.R. 699, 703-04 (W.D.Tex. 2011). Thus, if “related to” jurisdiction exists at the time of removal, subsequent events do not divest the district court of subject matter jurisdiction. In re Enron Corp. Securities, 535 F.3d 325, 336 (5th Cir. 2008). Generally, the “well-pleaded complaint” rule applies only to statutory “arising under” cases. American National Red Cross v. S.G., 505 U.S. 247, 258, 112 S.Ct. 2465, 120 L.Ed.2d 201 (1992). Therefore, the “well-pleaded complaint” rule is used to determine whether there is “arising under” jurisdiction in bankruptcy, but it is not applicable in “related to” bankruptcy removal cases. In re Enron Corp. Securities, Derivative & ERISA Litigation, 511 F.Supp.2d 742, 764 (S.D.Tex. 2005); In re Brooks Mays Music Co., 363 B.R. 801, 814-15 (N.D.Tex. 2007).

Contractual Waiver of Right to Remove

For a contractual clause to prevent a party from exercising its right to removal, the clause must be a clear and unequivocal waiver of that right. City of New Orleans v. Municipal Admin. Services, 376 F.3d 501, 504 (5th Cir. 2004). The waiver, however, is not required to contain explicit words such as “waiver of right of removal.” Waters, supra; Dixon v. TSE Intern. Inc., 330 F.3d 396 (5th Cir. 2003)(per curiam). A party may waive its removal rights by explicitly stating that it is doing so, by allowing the other party the right to choose venue9 or by establishing an exclusive venue within the contract. A party’s consent to jurisdiction in one forum does not necessarily waive its right to have an action heard in another. Thus, for a forum selection clause to be exclusive it must go beyond establishing that a certain forum will have jurisdiction and must clearly demonstrate the intent to make that jurisdiction exclusive. City of New Orleans, supra.

The principles of contract interpretation under Louisiana law are well-established. Interpretation of a contract is the determination of the intent of the parties. Except for technical terms, the words of a contract must be given their generally prevailing meaning. Each provision must be read in light of the others so that each is given the meaning suggested by the contract as a whole. If the words of a contract are clear and explicit and lead to no absurd consequences, no further interpretation may be made in search of the parties’ intent and the agreement must be enforced as written. Louisiana Civil Code Articles 2045, 2046, 2047, 2050. Taita Chemical Co. Ltd. v. Westlake Styrene Corp., 246 F.3d 377, 386 (5th Cir. 2001). A contract is ambiguous if, after applying the rules of contract interpretation, the contract is uncertain as to the parties’ intent and susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation under the circumstances. Riverwood Intern. Corp. v. Em*349ployers Ins. of Wausau, 420 F.3d 378, 382 (5th Cir. 2005).

Under Louisiana law, waiver is defined as the intentional relinquishment of a known right, power or privilege. Taita Chemical, 246 F.3d at 388, citing, Steptore v. Masco Constr. Co., 93-2064 (La.8/18/94), 643 So.2d 1213, 1216.. Waiver requires that there first be an existing right and that a party have knowledge of that right’s existence. A party may then waive that right through either an actual intention to relinquish it, or conduct so inconsistent with the intent to enforce the right as to induce a reasonable belief that it has been relinquished. Id.; Legier and Materne v. Great Plains Software, Inc., 2005 WL 1431666 (E.D.La. May 31, 2005).

Subject Matter Jurisdiction Under 28 U.S.C. § 1332

Since the enactment of the diversity statute, it has been interpreted to require complete diversity of citizenship. Carden v. Arkoma Associates, 494 U.S. 185, 110 S.Ct. 1015, 1017, 108 L.Ed.2d 157 (1990). In Carden, the Supreme Court held that a federal court must look to the citizenship of each member of a partnership — both its limited and general partners—to determine whether there is complete diversity. Id., at 1021.

Under the diversity statute, § 1332(a), state citizenship is synonymous with domicile. For this reason, a United States citizen who is domiciled abroad is not a citizen of any state of the United States, and cannot sue or be sued in federal court on the basis of diversity jurisdiction. Coury v. Prot, 85 F.3d 244, 248 (5th Cir. 1996).

A United States citizen who is domiciled in a state is a citizen of that state. Therefore, generally state citizenship -for diversity purposes is considered synonymous with domicile. Coury v. Prot, 85 F.3d 244, 248 (5th Cir. 1996); Freeman v. Northwest Acceptance Corp., 754 F.2d 553, 555 (5th Cir. 1985). While state law may be consulted for guidance, the question of a person’s domicile is a matter of federal common law. Coury, supra.

The definition of domicile is more than a century old: “residence at a particular place accompanied with positive or presumptive proof of an intention to remain there for an unlimited time.” Mitchell v. United States, 88 U.S. 350, 352, 21 Wall. 350, 22 L.Ed. 584 (1874). A person’s domicile persists until a new one is acquired or it is clearly abandoned; therefore, a change in domicile generally requires the concurrence of physical presence at the new location and an intention to remain there indefinitely. Coury, 85 F.3d at 250.10

Residence in fact, and the intention of making the place of residence one’s home, are essential elements of domicile. Words may be evidence of a man’s intention to establish his domicile at a particular place of residence, but they cannot supply the fact of his domicile there. In such circumstances, the actual fact of residence and a real intention of remaining there, as disclosed by his entire course of conduct, are the controlling factors in ascertaining his domicile.

Freeman, 754 F.2d at 555-56, citing, Stine v. Moore, 213 F.2d 446, 448 (5th Cir. 1954).

Because domicile is evaluated in terms of objective facts, a litigant’s *350statement of intent is relevant to the determination of domicile, but it is entitled to little weight when it conflicts with the objective facts. Coury, 85 F.3d at 251. The court should look to all evidence which sheds light on the litigant’s intention to establish domicile, including a variety of factors such as the places where the party exercises civil and political rights, pays taxes, owns real and personal property, holds driver’s and other licenses, has bank accounts, places of business or employment, belongs to churches and other organizations, and maintains a home for his family. No single factor is determinative. Id.; Computer People, Inc. v. Computer Dimensions International, Inc., 638 F.Supp. 1293, 1295 (M.D.La. 1986).

Diversity must exist at the time the action is commenced. In cases removed from state court, diversity of citizenship must exist both at the time of filing in state court and at the time of removal to federal court. Coury, 85 F.3d at 248-49. In determining a party’s domicile, the court is not limited to the pleadings. It may look to any evidence in the record, and may receive affidavits, depositions or live testimony concerning the facts underlying the citizenship of the party. The ultimate burden on the issue of jurisdiction lies with the party invoking federal jurisdiction. Id., at 249-50.

A state is not a citizen of any state for purposes of diversity jurisdiction. Moor v. County of Alameda, 411 U.S. 693, 717, 93 S.Ct. 1785, 1796-97, 36 L.Ed.2d 596 (1973). This rule also applies if a suit is brought against an agency that is the alter ego or arm of the state — federal jurisdiction is lacking. PYCA Industries, Inc. v. Harrison County Waste Water Management, 81 F.3d 1412, 1416 (5th Cir. 1996), citing, Tradigrain, Inc. v. Mississippi State Port Authority, 701 F.2d 1131 (5th Cir. 1983). However, if the agency is an independent one, separate and distinct from the state, the district court can properly assert jurisdiction over the case. Id.

If the agency’s status is unclear the court looks to all available sources for guidance. The fact that the enabling legislation describes it as a political subdivision does not make its status clear. A state statute characterizing the agency as an arm of the state is only one factor to consider in the balancing test. PYCA Industries, Inc., 81 F.3d at 1416, citing, McDonald v. Board of Mississippi Levee Comm’rs, 832 F.2d 901, 906 (5th Cir. 1987).11 As was explained in Tradi-grain, there are many factors to consider in determining whether an agency is the alter ego of the state, including: (1) whether state statutes and case law characterize the agency as an arm of the state; (2) the source of entity funding; (3) the degree of local autonomy; (4) whether the entity is concerned primarily with local, as opposed to statewide, problems; (5) the authority to sue and be sued in its own name; and, (6) the right to hold and use property. Typically, some factors will suggest that the agency is a citizen, while others will suggest that it is the alter ego of the state. Id.

Subject Matter Jurisdiction Under 28 U.S.C. § 1334

Under 28 U.S.C. § 1334(a) the district court has original and exclusive jurisdiction over all cases under Title 11. Under § 1334(b) the district courts have *351original but not exclusive jurisdiction over all civil proceedings arising under Title 11 or arising in or related to cases under Title 11. Thus, § 1334 provides jurisdiction in four types of matters: (1) cases under Title 11; (2) civil proceedings arising under Title 11; (3) civil proceedings arising in cases under Title 11; and (4) civil proceedings related to cases under Title 11. In re Matter of Wood, 825 F.2d 90, 92 (5th Cir. 1987). The phrase “under Title 11” refers to the bankruptcy proceeding itself. The phrase “arising under Title 11, or arising in or related to cases under Title 11” identifies, collectively, a broad range of matters subject to bankruptcy jurisdiction. The phrase “arising under Title 11” defines proceedings that involve a cause of action created or determined by a statutory provision of Title 11. The terms “arising in ... cases under Title 11” refers to administrative matters that arise only in bankruptcy cases. Id.

“Related to” is a term of art. In re Canion, 196 F.3d 579, 585 (5th Cir. 1999). To determine whether a matter falls within general “related to” jurisdiction, it is necessary only to determine whether a matter is at least related to the bankruptcy. In re Bass, 171 F.3d 1016, 1022-23 (5th Cir. 1999).12 Matters “related to cases under Title 11,” refers to a much broader category of proceedings. For purposes of bankruptcy jurisdiction, the phrase has a causal component. For bankruptcy jurisdiction to exist based on a case being related to a case under Title 11, the proceeding must be capable of causing an effect on a bankruptcy estate. Id. Thus, “a proceeding is related to a bankruptcy if the outcome of that proceeding could conceivably have any effect on the estate being administered in bankruptcy.” State another way, an action is related to a bankruptcy if the outcome could alter the debtor’s rights, liabilities, options or freedom of action (either positively or negatively) and which in any way impacts the handling and administration of the debtor’s estate. Id.; In re Walker, 51 F.3d 562, 569 (5th Cir. 1995); In re TMT Procurement Corp., 764 F.3d 512, 526 (5th Cir. 2014). For jurisdiction to exist, the anticipated outcome of the action must both alter the rights, obligations, and choices of action of the debtor, and have an effect on the administration of the estate. Id. The law is well established that when testing “related to” jurisdiction, an effect is not required to be certain. Certainty, or even likelihood, of such an effect is not a requirement. Rather, jurisdiction will exist based on a finding of any conceivable effect. In re Canion, 196 F.3d at 587.

The exercise of jurisdiction over cases related to bankruptcy cases is primarily intended to encompass tort, contract, and other legal claims by and against the debtor, claims that, were it not for bankruptcy, would be ordinary standalone lawsuits between the debtor and others but which § 1334(b) allows to be forced into bankruptcy court so that all claims by and against the debtor can be determined in the same forum. In re Zale Corporation, 62 F.3d 746, 751 (5th Cir. 1995). Another purpose is to force into the bankruptcy court those suits to which the debtor need not be a party but which may affect the amount of property in the debtor’s estate. Id. at 752.

Nevertheless, “related to” jurisdiction is not limitless. “[A]s a dispute becomes progressively more remote from *352the concerns of the body of federal law claimed to confer jurisdiction over it, the federal interest in furnishing the rule of decision for the dispute becomes progressively weaker.” Id.; Zerand-Bernal Group, Inc. v. Cox, 28 F.3d 159, 162 (7th Cir. 1994). Those cases in which the exercise of “related to” jurisdiction over third-party actions is upheld do so because the subject of the third-party dispute was property of the estate or because the dispute over the asset would have an effect on the estate. In re Zale, 62 F.3d at 753.13 Shared facts between the third-party action and a debtor-creditor conflict do not, in and of themselves, suffice to make the third-party action related to the bankruptcy. Judicial economy alone also does not justify the exercise of “related to” jurisdiction over an otherwise unrelated suit. It is the relationship of the dispute to the estate, and not the party to the estate, that establishes jurisdiction. In re Zale, 62 F.3d at 753-755.

Mandatory and Permissive Abstention

If the court has jurisdiction under § 1334(b) the next issue that must be addressed is abstention — permissive abstention under 28 U.S.C. § 1334(c)(1) and mandatory abstention under § 1334(c)(2).

Mandatory abstention is based on § 1334(c)(2), which provides as follows:

Upon timely motion of a party in a proceeding based upon a State law claim or State law cause of action, related to a case under title 11 but not arising under title 11 or arising in a case under title 11, with respect to which an action could not have been commenced in a court of the United States absent jurisdiction under this section, the district court shall abstain from hearing such proceeding if an action is commenced, and can be timely adjudicated, in a State forum of appropriate jurisdiction.

The Fifth Circuit has interpreted this provision to mandate federal court abstention where: (1) the claim has no independent basis for federal jurisdiction, other than § 1334(b); (2) the claim is a non-core proceeding; (3) an action has been commenced in state court; and (4) the action could be adjudicated timely in state court. Schuster v. Mims (In re Rupp & Bowman), 109 F.3d 237, 239 (5th Cir. 1997); In re TXNB Internal Case, 483 F.3d 292, 300 (5th Cir. 2007); In re Southmark Corp., 163 F.3d 925, 929 n. 2 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 527 U.S. 1004, 119 S.Ct. 2339, 144 L.Ed.2d 236 (1999). Permissive abstention is based on §-1334(c)(1), which provides as follows:

Nothing in this section prevents a district court in the interest of justice, or in the interest of comity with State courts or respect for State law, from abstaining from hearing a particular proceeding arising under title 11 or arising in or related to a case under title 11.

Thus, the court in its discretion may abstain from deciding either core or *353noncore proceedings under § 1334(c)(1), if the interests of justice, comity or respect for state law so require. Matter of Gober, 100 F.3d 1195, 1206 (5th Cir. 1996). This permissive abstention provision is implemented in conjunction with the bankruptcy jurisdiction removal statute, which provides that “[t]he court to which such claim or cause of action is removed may remand such claim or cause of action on any equitable ground.” 28 U.S.C. § 1452(b).

The Fifth Circuit listed eight considerations for equitable remand in Browning v. Navarro, 743 F.2d 1069, 1076 fn. 21 (5th Cir. 1984). They are: (1) forum non conveniens; (2) if the civil action has been bifurcated by removal, the entire action should be tried in the same court; (3) whether a state court is better able to respond to questions involving state law; (4) the expertise of a particular court; (5) duplicative and uneconomic effort of judicial resources in two forums; (6) prejudice to the involuntarily removed parties; (7) comity considerations; and, (8) a lessened possibility of an inconsistent result. Id.; In re Johnson, 506 B.R. 233, 241 (M.D.La. 2014).

When the issue is equitable remand and the appropriateness of permissive abstention under § 1334(c)(1), some district and bankruptcy courts cite these eight factors, others cite a list of 14 factors which include the requirements for mandatory abstention, and some cite both sets of factors. The 14 factors are: (1) the effect or lack thereof on the efficient administration of the estate if the court decides to remand or abstain; (2) extent to which state law issues predominate over bankruptcy issues; (3) difficult or unsettled nature of applicable law; (4) presence of related proceeding commenced in state court or other non-bankruptcy proceeding; (5) jurisdictional basis, if any, other than § 1334; (6) degree of relatedness or remoteness of proceeding to main bankruptcy case; (7) the substance rather than the form of an asserted core proceeding; (8) the feasibility of severing state law claims from' core bankruptcy matters to, allow judgments to be entered in state court with enforcement left to the bankruptcy court; (9) the burden of the court’s docket; (10) the likelihood that the commencement of the proceeding in the [district] court involves forum shopping by one of the parties; (11) the existence of a right to a jury trial; (12) the presence in the proceeding of non-debtor parties; (13) comity; and, (14) the possibility of prejudice to other parties in the action. Regal Row Fina, Inc. v. Washington Mutual Bank, 2004 WL 2826817, *8-9 (N.D.Tex., Dec. 9, 2004); In re Ballard, 2012 WL 4162382 (Bkrtcy.S.D.Tex., Sept. 19, 2012); Sonnier v. HESCO Bastion USA, LLC, 2013 WL 5350853 (M.D.La., Sept. 23, 2013); In re J. Moss Investments, Inc., 2012 WL 2150346 (Bkrtey.S.D.Tex. 2012); In re Trimjoist Corp., 2013 WL 3934368 (Bkrtcy. N.D.Miss., July 30, 2013).

The Fifth Circuit held in Firefighters’ Retirement System v. Citco Group Ltd., that a district court may not permissively abstain from exercising jurisdiction in proceedings related to Chapter 15 bankruptcy cases. Furthermore, §§ 1334(c)(1) and 1452(b) must be read in pari materia and the result is that this prohibition against abstention also applies to bar equitable remand.

Costs and Expenses under 28 U.S.C. § 1447

Plaintiffs also requested an award of cost and actual expenses including attorney’s fees under 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c).

There is no automatic entitlement to an award of attorney fees under § 1447(c). The clear language of the stat*354ute, which provides that the “order remanding the case may require payment of just costs and any actual expenses including- attorney fees, incurred as a result of the removal,” makes such an award discretionary. The Supreme Court set forth the standard for awarding fees under § 1447(c) in Martin v. Franklin Capital Corporation, 546 U.S. 132, 126 S.Ct. 704, 163 L.Ed.2d 547 (2005):

[T]he standard for awarding fees should turn on the reasonableness of the removal. Absent unusual circumstances, courts may award attorney’s fees under § 1447(c) only where the removing party lacked an objectively reasonable basis for seeking removal. Conversely, when an objectively reasonable basis exists, fees should be denied. See, Hornbuckle v. State Farm Lloyds, 385 F.3d 538, 541 (5th Cir. 2004); Valdes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 199 F.3d 290, 293 (5th Cir. 2000). In applying this rule, district courts retain discretion to consider whether unusual circumstances warrant a departure from the rule in a given case. For instance, a plaintiffs delay in seeking remand or failure to disclose facts necessary to determine jurisdiction may affect the decision to award attorney’s fees. When a court exercises its discretion in this manner, however, its reasons for departing from the general rule should be “faithful to the purposes” of awarding fees under § 1447(c).

Id., at 711.

The court must consider the propriety of the removing party’s actions at the time of removal, based on an objective view of the legal and factual elements in each particular case, irrespective of the fact that it was ultimately determined fhat removal was improper. Id.; Miranti v. Lee, 3 F.3d 925, 928 (5th Cir. 1993); Avitts v. Amoco Production Co., 111 F.3d 30, 32 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 977, 118-S.Ct. 435, 139 L.Ed.2d 335 (1997).

Parties’ Arguments and Analysis

Alleged Defect in Removal — Lack of Unanimous Consent

The initial issue that must be addressed is the plaintiffs’ argument that remand is required because the rule of unanimity applies to removals based on bankruptcy jurisdiction, and unanimous consent is lacking in this case. Plaintiffs’ argument is premised on its claim that CSG could not validly consent to removal because it waived the right to remove in its contract with the Firefighters’ Retirement System. In other words, the plaintiffs’ argument is that when a party waives the right to remove and then consents to a removal, the consent is invalid. Acknowledging that the Fifth Circuit has not addressed the issue of unanimity in bankruptcy removals, in support of their position the plaintiffs relied on ,an Eastern District of Louisiana unpublished decision, In re Fee Agreement Between Huey & Fong Trust and Kenneth Huey.14

Defendants maintained that unanimous consent is not required.to remove a case under § 1452(a) because, unlike § 1446(a) which provides that only “[a] defendant or defendants” may remove, § 1452(a) states that “[a] party may remove any claim or cause of action” if the district court has jurisdiction under § 1334. Defendants argued that the decisions from other circuits and district courts which adopt the view that unanimity is not required to remove under § 1452(a) are persuasive.15 Defendants argued in the alternative that the *355consent to removal of this case is unanimous because CSG did not contractually waive its right to remove, and therefore its consent to removal is valid.

Plaintiffs relied on the same argument they made in their Motion to Remand filed in CV 13-373-SDD-SCR.16 Plaintiffs argument was rejected in that case, and the plaintiffs did not rely on any new information or arguments to support their argument in this case. For the reasons explained in the Magistrate Judge’s Report issued in CV 13-373-SDD-SCR, the plaintiffs argument should be rejected again.17

Diversity Jurisdiction under § 1332(a)

The issues that must be addressed with regard to whether the court has diversity jurisdiction are the citizenship of Grant Thornton’s partners, and whether FRS and MERS are arms of the state. The record demonstrates that the court has subject matter jurisdiction in this case based on diversity.

Citizenship of Grant Thornton Partners

In the Notice of Removal, CSG alleged that defendant Grant Thornton is a Illinois limited liability partnership, and none of its partners are Louisiana citizens.18 In its Notice'of Consent to Removal by Grant Thornton the defendant asserted that it-has no “stateless” partners, i.e. partners domiciled in a foreign country.19 Defendant explained that it has four partners who are temporarily working outside of the United States, on what is referred to as as “secondment,” and each partner will return to the United States when his secondment ends.

Plaintiff characterized this assertion by defendant Grant Thornton as self-serving and argued that it has not verified this 'assertion with an affidavit or otherwise.

With its opposition memorandum, defendant Grant Thornton provided declarations under oath pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1746 from the four partners. Each partner confirmed his United States citizenship and residence in a state other than Louisiana, described the terms of his secondment, and stated his intention to not remain in the country where he is working after his secondment ends.20 Without the intention to remain there indefinitely an essential element of domicile is lacking.21

Plaintiffs did not provide an affidavit, declaration, or other reliable information to contest defendant Grant Thornton’s partners’ declarations. Therefore, the present record establishes that defendant Grant Thornton does not have any partners domiciled abroad that would preclude the existence of diversity jurisdiction in this case.

Louisiana Funds Status as Arms of the State

Plaintiffs did not argue that NOFPF, the New Orleans pension fund, is an arm of the state. However, the plaintiffs maintained that the Tradigrain analy*356sis should result in finding that MERS and FRS are arms of the state, and therefore are not citizens of any state for purposes of diversity jurisdiction.22 Defendants Grant Thornton and CSG argued that the analysis leads to the opposition conclusion: that MERS and FRS are not arms of the state.23

The same issue was addressed in Firefighters’ Retirement System v. Eisneramper, LLP, CV 14-182-SDD-SCR. The Magistrate Judge’s Report issued in that case concluded that the Tradigrain analysis supports finding that MERS and FRS are not arms of the state.24 Plaintiffs offered no new facts or arguments to support a different finding in this case. For the reasons stated in the Magistrate Judge’s Report issued in CV 14-182-SDD-SCR, defendants Grant Thornton and CSG have shown that MERS and FRS are separate and independent entities, distinct from the state, and neither should be considered an arm. of the state for the purpose of determining jurisdiction.

, Subject Matter Jurisdiction under § 1334(b)

Plaintiffs argued that this case is not sufficiently related to any bankruptcy proceeding such that the court can exercise jurisdiction under § 1334(b).25 Defendants argued that the circumstances of this case easily satisfy the broad standard of “any conceivable effect” on the estate being administered in bankruptcy.26

Essentially these same arguments were considered in both of other two Firefighters’ cases. In both cases the Magistrate Judge’s Report concluded that the defendants’ arguments were convincing.27 If the outcome of this case is that the plaintiffs succeed in fully or partially recovering their multi-million dollar investment loss, this recovery would reduce the amount they claim from Fletcher International, Ltd./Debtor and thereby potentially benefit other creditors. This conceivable effect is sufficient to establish related-to jurisdiction under § 1334(b).

In summary, the defendants demonstrated that the outcome of this proceeding could conceivably have an effect the liabilities of Fletcher International, Ltd./Debtor and the administration of the bankruptcy estate. Therefore, the defendants met their burden of establishing that subject matter jurisdiction existed at the time of removal based on § 1334(b).

Abstention

The court must now turn to address whether mandatory or permissive abstention is appropriate in the circumstances of this case.

Mandatory Abstention

A party seeking mandatory abstention under § 1334(c)(2) bears the burden of establishing the following: (1) the claim has no independent basis for federal jurisdiction other than § 1334(b); (2) the claim is a non-core proceeding, i.e., it is related to a case under title 11, but does not arise *357under or in a case under title 11; (3) an action has been commenced in state court; and, (4) the action could be adjudicated timely in state court. In re TXNB Internal Case, supra; In re Doctors Hosp. 1997, L.P., 351 B.R. 813, 846-847 (S.D.Tex. 2006).

This issue was previously raised and addressed in both of the other Firefighters’ cases. Plaintiffs relied on the same arguments previously made.28 In both case, the Magistrate Judge’s Report concluded that the plaintiffs failed to show that mandatory abstention applied, albeit for different reasons.29 However, the basis for rejecting the plaintiffs’ arguments in CV 14-182-SDD-SCR fits this case well because in this case, as in that case, there is an independent basis for federal jurisdiction other than § 1334(b) — diversity jurisdiction.30 Because this action could have been commenced in federal court on the basis of diversity jurisdiction, mandatory abstention is not available.

Permissive Abstention

The final issue is whether the court should exercise its discretion to abstain and remand under § 1334(c)(1) and § 1452(b).

Again, this issue was addressed in both of the other Firefighters’ cases. In its substituted opinion issued in Firefighters’ Retirement System v. Citco Group Ltd. on August 6, 2015, the appellate court held that “the district court cannot permissively abstain from exercising jurisdiction in a proceeding related to Chapter 15 cases.”31 Under 28 U.S.C. § 1334(c)(1) the district court is prohibited from permissively abstaining and equitably remanding such an action to state court.

Applying the holding in the Fifth Circuit’s decision in Firefighters’ Retirement System v. Citco Group Ltd., the Magistrate Judge’s Report issued in CV 14-182-SDD-SCR concluded that this court has no discretion to permissively abstain and remand that case to the state court.32 Based on the reasons explained in the section of this report addressing the existence of related-to Chapter 11 bankruptcy jurisdiction, the Fifth Circuit’s decision in Firefighters’ Retirement System v. Citco Group Ltd., and the provisions of the Confirmation Order and Plan in the Chapter 11 case, it is apparent that this case is related to the Chapter 15 bankruptcy proceedings of the Leveraged Fund and the Arbitrage Fund. Therefore, the decision in Firefighters’ Retirement System v. Citco Group Ltd. is binding and controls' the resolution of the permissive abstention issue. The court has no discretion to abstain and equitably remand this case to the state court.

Costs and Expenses under 28 U.S.C. § 1447

Plaintiffs moved for an award of attorney’s fees and costs under 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). Plaintiffs have not established that the court lacks subject matter jurisdiction based on the diversity statute, or § 1334(b). Therefore, there is no basis under § 1447(c) to award the plaintiffs any *358fees or expenses incurred as a result of the removal.

RECOMMENDATION

It is the recommendation of the magistrate judge that the Motion to Remand filed by the plaintiffs be denied.

Baton Rouge, Louisiana, August 25, 2015.

ATTACHMENT 1

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

MIDDLE DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA

FIREFIGHTERS’ RETIREMENT SYSTEM, ET AL

VERSUS

CITCO GROUP LIMITED, ET AL

CIVIL ACTION NUMBER 13-373-SDD-SCR

NOTICE

Please take notice that the attached Magistrate Judge’s Report has been filed with the Clerk of the U.S. District Court.

In accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1), you have 14 days after being served with the attached report to file written objections to the proposed findings of fact, conclusions of law, and recommendations set forth therein. Failure to file written objections to the proposed findings, conclusions and recommendations within 14 days after being served will bar you, except upon grounds of plain error, from attacking on appeal the unobjected-to proposed factual findings and legal conclusions accepted by the District Court.

ABSOLUTELY NO EXTENSION OF TIME SHALL BE GRANTED TO FILE

WRITTEN OBJECTIONS TO THE MAGISTRATE JUDGE’S REPORT.

Baton Rouge, Louisiana, June 17, 2014.

/s/STEPHEN C. RIEDLINGER STEPHEN C. RIEDLINGER, UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

MIDDLE DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA

FIREFIGHTERS’ RETIREMENT SYSTEM, ET AL

VERSUS

CITCO GROUP LIMITED, ET AL

CIVIL ACTION NUMBER 13-373-SDD-SCR

MAGISTRATE JUDGE’S REPORT

Before the court is a Motion to Remand filed by plaintiffs, the Firefighters’ Retirement System, Municipal Employers’ Retirement System of Louisiana and New Orleans Firefighters’ Pension and Relief Fund (hereafter, “plaintiffs”). . Record document number 60. The motion is opposed.1

Plaintiffs filed a Petition for Damages in state court, then a First Amendment to Petition for Damages, and then a Second Amendment to Petition for Damages (collectively, “Petition”), against a total of 23 defendants: (1) Citco Group Limited, (2) Citco Fund Services (Cayman Islands) Limited, (3) Citco Fund Services (Suisse) S.A., (4) Citco Banking Corporation, N.V., (5) Citco N.V., (6) Citco Fund Services (Europe) BV, (7) Citco (Canada), Inc., (8) Citco Technology Management, Inc., (9) Citco USA, (10) Citco Bank Nederland, N.V. Dublin Branch, (11) Citco Global Custody N.V., (12) Citco Fund Services (Ber*359muda) Limited, (“Citco defendants”), (13) Fletcher Asset Management, Inc., (14) Alphonse “Buddy” Fletcher, Jr., (15) Denis Kiely, (16) Duhallow Financial Services, LLC, (17) Lisa Alexander, (18) Peter M. Zayfert, (“Fletcher defendants”), (19) Consulting Services Group, LLC, (20) Joe Meals, (Investment Advisor defendants), (21) Grant Thornton International, Ltd., (22) Non-Series N Shareholders, and (23) Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, LLP (“Skadden”).

Four defendants removed the Petition to this court: Citco Technology Management, Inc., Peter Zayfert, Grant Thornton International Ltd., and Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, LLP, (“removing defendants”). Fourteen defendants filed consents to the removal: Consulting Services Group, LLC, Joe Meals, Alphonse “Buddy” Fletcher, Jr., Denis Kiely, Duhallow Financial Services, LLC, Fletcher Asset Management, Inc., Citco Fund Services (Bermuda) Limited, Citco (Canada), Inc., Citco Global Custody N.V., Citco Group Limited, Citco Banking Corporation N.V., Citco Bank Nederland, N.V. Dublin Branch, Citco Fund Services (Cayman Islands) Limited, and Citco Fund Services (Europe) BV.2

In their Petition the plaintiffs alleged claims against the defendants under the following Louisiana state laws: (1) the Louisiana Securities Act; (2) third party beneficiary; (3) unjust enrichment under Louisiana Civil Code Article 2298; (4) breach of contract; (5) tort claims under Louisiana Civil Code Article 2315; (6) negligent misrepresentation; and, (7) the Louisiana Unfair Trade Practices Act. Plaintiffs did not allege claims under federal law against any of the defendants.

The removing defendants alleged the following grounds for removal: (1) jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1334(b), which provides that “the district courts shall have original but not exclusive jurisdiction of all civil proceedings arising under title 11, or arising in or related to cases under title 11”; and (2) diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a).3

Plaintiffs moved to remand based on a lack of subject matter jurisdiction, and alternatively, based on mandatory and permissive abstention under 28 U.S.C. § 1334(c)(1) and (2) for actions related to bankruptcy cases.

This Magistrate Judge’s Report addresses only whether the court has subject matter jurisdiction under § 1334(b), and if there is jurisdiction, whether the court must abstain from exercising it based on § 1334(c)(2), or remand on equitable grounds under § 1452(b) and the permissive abstention provision, § 1334(c)(1).

For the reasons which follow, the court has related-to bankruptcy jurisdiction under § 1334(b). However, the plaintiffs’ Motion to Remand should be granted based on the statutes providing for permissive abstention and equitable remand.

Background

It is apparent from the multitude of pleadings filed in connection with the motion that this case' has a complex factual and procedural background. , The background information set forth below is de*360rived from the Petition and the parties’ memoranda and exhibits, and focuses on the facts most relevant to the jurisdiction and abstention issues addressed herein.4

Plaintiffs’ state law statutory, breach of contract and tort claims are arise from the plaintiffs’ loss of a $100 million investment. Plaintiffs are three retirement systems that provide pension benefits to New Orleans firefighters and certain other firefighters and municipal employees in the state of Louisiana. In April 2008 the plaintiffs purchased 100,000 Series N Shares offered and issued by FIA Leveraged Fund (hereafter “Leveraged”) for $100 million.5 Leveraged was incorporated in the Cayman Islands and was a feeder fund in a group of other companies, namely, Fletcher Income Arbitrage Fund, Ltd. (hereafter “Arbitrage”), which is another entity incorporated in the Cayman Islands, Fletcher International Inc. (hereafter “International”), and Fletcher International Ltd., (hereafter “International/Debtor” or “Debtor”, and collectively, “Fletcher defendants”). International/Debtor is the debtor in the New York bankruptcy proceeding on which the defendants base their argument that the court has subject matter jurisdiction under § 1334(b).6

After Leveraged received the $100 million from the plaintiffs, it invested the money in Arbitrage, and the assets of Arbitrage in turn were invested in International, which then invested the assets in International/Debtor.7

Plaintiffs alleged that various Citco defendants were the administrators of Leveraged and Arbitrage and that these funds were managed and controlled by Fletcher Asset Management, Inc. and the other Fletcher defendants. According to the plaintiffs’ allegations, the Fletcher defendants, and defendants Consulting Services Group, LLC and Meals, represented that the Leveraged Series N Shares they purchased were preferred shares with a guaranteed annual return of 12 percent. Beginning in March 2011 the plaintiffs sought to redeem their Series N shares from Leveraged. Leveraged responded to the redemption requests by attempting to issue the plaintiffs various payment-in-kind redemptions and promissory notes, which the plaintiffs rejected. After several months of being unable to redeem their Series N Shares the plaintiffs realized that their investment in Leveraged was not liquid. Plaintiffs alleged that no cash payments were ever paid to redeem the shares, and they have suffered a loss of the entire $100 million purchase price of the Series N Shares.8 Plaintiffs claimed that this loss and other damages were caused by the defendants’ collective breach *361of contract, negligence, deception, fraud, misrepresentations and omissions.

For example, the plaintiffs alleged that the defendants failed to inform them that: (1) at the time of the purchase, Leveraged and Arbitrage were already invested in illiquid investments, no new assets would be bought with the plaintiffs’ purchase funds, and the primary purpose of the Leveraged offering was to provide funds for redemption of past investors in Arbitrage; (2) a substantial amount of the proceeds of the sale of the Series N Shares were used to redeem Arbitrage and Leveraged shares of funds owned and operated by the Fletcher and Citco defendants and to pay them fees; (3) the value of the companies in which Leveraged invested through Arbitrage was grossly inflated since none of them had significant earnings or reasonable prospects for earnings, which rendered the plaintiffs’ guaranteed rate of return and redemption yights virtually meaningless; (4) the money invested by the plaintiffs was misapplied to satisfy the redemption requests by other investors based on share prices calculated by the Citco defendants that relied inflated values in Leveraged and Arbitrage; (5) the value of Leveraged’s assets was not independently evaluated and verified, and the incorrect valuations reported by Fletcher and Leveraged were used to sell the investments to the plaintiffs and provide a basis for inflated redemptions by Arbitrage using the proceeds of the plaintiffs’ investment; (6) the significant benefit that the Fletcher defendants, Citco defendants, Consulting Services Group, LLC and Meals realized by recommending and selling the shares to the plaintiffs resulted from insider dealings and conflicts of interest; and (7) the net cash flow to Leveraged was minimal or non-existent from investments and net profits that were fictitiously created by revaluation of assets and asset swaps that never occurred.9 However, the plaintiffs did not name Leveraged, Arbitrage, International or International/Debtor as defendants in this case.

Paragraph 38 of the Petition includes “alter ego” allegations relied on by the defendants to support their argument that the court has related-to bankruptcy jurisdiction:

The Fletcher Defendants, Citco Defendants, and Investment Advisor Defendants are directly liable for the acts and omissions of any subsidiary that performed any of these functions or failed to perform any of these functions and each subsidiary is the alter ego of Fletcher Defendants, Citco Defendants, and Investment Advisor Defendants in the conduct of each’s respective business including the schemes described herein. Specifically, each of the Fletcher Defendants, Citco Defendants, and Investment Advisor Defendants owns, controls, and dominated each subsidiary to such an extent that each such subsidiary, in reality, functions as a mere division or branch of the respective parent. Indeed, the Fletcher Defendants, Citco Defendants, and Investment Advisor Defendants, along with their respective subsidiaries, each operate as one single unified worldwide business unit or single business enterprise, all operating under the Fletcher Defendants, Citco Defendants, and Investment Advisor Defendants’ respective brand, international trademark or tradename and logo, which is prominently displayed on all documents and advertising of each of these Defendants. The parent entity of each of the Fletcher Defendants, Citco Defen*362dants, and Investment Advisor Defendants controls the manner in which its subsidiaries are perceived by the public and therefore intentionally creates the impression in the minds of third parties that each acts as one unified, global entity that is a single unit.

The second focus of this background summary is the liquidation proceedings initiated by the plaintiffs and the subsequent bankruptcy proceedings pending in the Southern District of New York. After the efforts to redeem their Series N Shares continued to be unsuccessful, in January 2012 the plaintiffs filed a winding-up petition against Leveraged in the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands. On April 18, 2012 the Cayman Island Court ordered Leveraged to be wound up and appointed liquidators for the Leveraged. Then, at the plaintiffs direction, the liquidators filed a winding-up petition in the Cayman Islands against Arbitrage on June 8, 2012. Roy Baily and Robin Lee McMahon (hereafter, “Liquidators”), who are specialists in offshore hedge fund liquidations, were appointed by the Cayman Islands Court over the Leveraged and Arbitrage winding-up proceedings.10 Plaintiffs funded the liquidations of Leveraged and Arbitrage.

In his amended and corrected affidavit filed On July 26, 2012 in the bankruptcy case of International/Debtor, McMahon explained the master-feeder fund structure of which Leveraged and Arbitrage were a part. McMahon stated that Leveraged was the feeder fund at the base of the structure and its purpose was to invest all of its assets in Arbitrage.11 Arbitrage was an intermediate fund set up to invest everything with affiliate entities, and it invested almost all of its funds in International, which in turn owned all of the shares in International/Debtor.12 McMahon described Fletcher Asset Management, Inc. (defendant in this case) as the “Master of the Structure,” in its role as the investment manager for all of the entities in the structure — International/Debt- or, International, Arbitrage, Leveraged, and Fletcher Fixed Income Alpha Fund Ltd. McMahon stated that the chairman and CEO of Fletcher Asset Management is Alphonse Fletcher Jr. (defendant in this case), and its other directors are Kell Benson, Denis Kiely (defendant in this case), Stewart Turner and Angela Dorn. After more than three months of forensic investigation, McMahon concluded that the management and control of the entities in the structure was centralized and vested in Fletcher Asset Management, and the directors of the entities were all either directors of the Fletcher Asset Management or associated with it, and some were appointed over many or all of the entities. This centralized control by Fletcher Asset Management over, and the interlocking directorships among, the entities comprising the structure resulted in the structure being managed as a single entity without the checks and balances normally expected to protect the rights of each company and its stakeholders. According to McMahon, the plaintiffs are the largest stakeholders, and most significant, truly aggrieved parties with respect to International/Debtor.13

*363After being served a written demand for repayment of a promissory note that it issued to Leveraged, International/Debtor filed its Chapter 11 petition in the Southern District of New York on June 29, 2012. Before Leveraged was served with notice of the New York proceedings, it had filed a winding up petition with respect to International/Debtor on May 28, 2012 in the Supreme Court of Bermuda. However, the Liquidators were informed on July 2, 2012 of the International/Debtor’s Chapter 11 petition.

Relevant to the present Motion to Remand are various proofs of claim filed in International/Debtor’s bankruptcy proceeding by the plaintiffs, the Liquidators, and multiple defendants in this case— Fletcher Asset Management, Inc., Alphonse Fletcher, Jr., Duhallow Financial Services and Denis Kiely.

Each of the plaintiff pension funds filed a proof of claim on January 18, 2013.14 The plaintiffs’ proofs of claim had the same attachment, which explained the factual and legal basis for their claims against International/Debtor. Plaintiffs explained their $100 million investment in the Leveraged Series N Shares, which was then invested in Arbitrage and International/Debtor. Plaintiffs alleged that the International/Debtor is the master fund in a group of affiliated private investment funds that include Leveraged and Arbitrage as part of the master-feeder fund structure of the Fletcher funds. Therefore, unable to redeem their shares from Leveraged, the plaintiffs claimed that International/Debtor, as the alter ego of Leveraged, was hable for breach of the contract between Leveraged and the plaintiffs, and also liable for conspiring, aiding and abetting Leveraged’s fraud on the plaintiffs.

McMahon, as one of the Liquidators, also filed a proof of claim against International/Debtor, noting that it was related to the proofs of claim filed by the plaintiffs, and incorporated by reference the plaintiffs’ attachment to their proofs of claim.15 In an addendum McMahon explained that the basis of the claim was the wrongful conduct of International/Debtor, its directors and other Fletcher entities, including their investment manager, Fletcher Asset Management, Inc., which caused- the loss of the investors’ redemption claims against Leveraged. McMahon stated that Leveraged primarily had direct claims against Arbitrage, which in turn had direct claims against International/Debtor. Therefore, Leveraged had an indirect claim against International/Debtor. However, because the formalities of the Fletcher funds structure might not b,e upheld, Leveraged made a direct claim against the International/Debtor as the alter ego of Arbitrage.

Fletcher Asset Management and Duhal-low Financial Sendees also filed proofs of claim against International/Debtor.16 Both listed as their first claim a claim for corporate indemnification, which stated in identical language as follows:

Claims against the Debtor for any and all rights and entitlement that the Claimant has or may have to indemnification, contribution, reimbursement or *364other payments, including damages, costs and expenses related thereto, from the Debtor that are based upon applicable law, the Debtor’s certificate or articles of incorporation, the Debtor’s bylaws, any contract, any agreement or otherwise, arising in respect of or by reason of the Claimant’s relationship to the Debtor or one or more other corporations, partnerships, limited liability companies, joint ventures, trusts, plans or other enterprises or entities owned or controlled by the Debtor. In particular, the Claimant is asserting a claim for indemnification in connection with any pending and future litigation.

Similarly, Denis J. Kiely and Alphonse Fletcher Jr. filed proofs of claim against International/Debtor.17 They both made “Corporate Indemnification” claims under International/Debtor’s director and officer insurance programs, and claims against International/Debtor for indemnification, contribution, and reimbursement arising out of the fact that they were an officer or director of the Debtor, or “serving at the request of, or for the benefit of, the Debtor as a director, officer, employee, agent or trustee of one or more other corporations, partnerships, limited liability companies, joint ventures, trusts, plans or other enterprises or entities.” They also concluded the paragraph by asserting a claim for indemnification in connection with any pending and future litigation.

Applicable Law

General Principles

The removing party bears the burden of establishing federal jurisdiction over a state court suit. Carpenter v. Wichita Falls Independent School Dist., 44 F.3d 362, 365 (5th Cir. 1995). As with removal under the general provision of § 1441(a), the existence of subject matter jurisdiction is determined as of the time of removal. In re Bissonnet Investments LLC, 320 F.3d 520, 525 (5th Cir. 2003); In re Legal Xtranet, Inc., 453 B.R. 699, 703-04 (W.D.Tex. 2011). Thus, if “related to” jurisdiction exists at the time of removal, subsequent events do not divest the district court of subject matter jurisdiction. In re Enron Corp. Securities, 535 F.3d 325, 336 (5th Cir. 2008). Generally, the “well-pleaded complaint” rule applies only to statutory “arising under” cases. American National Red Cross v. S.G., 505 U.S. 247, 258, 112 S.Ct. 2465, 120 L.Ed.2d 201 (1992). Therefore, the “well-pleaded complaint” rule is used to determine whether there is “arising under” jurisdiction in bankruptcy, but it is not applicable in “related to” bankruptcy removal eases. In re Enron Corp. Securities, Derivative & ERISA Litigation, 511 F.Supp.2d 742, 764 (S.D.Tex. 2005); In re Brooks Mays Music Co., 363 B.R. 801, 814-15 (N.D.Tex. 2007).

Contractual Waiver of Right to Remove

For a contractual clause to prevent a party from exercising its right to removal, the clause must be a clear and unequivocal waiver of that right. City of New Orleans v. Municipal Admin. Services, 376 F.3d 501, 504 (5th Cir. 2004). The waiver, however, is not required to contain explicit words such as “waiver of right of removal.” Waters, supra; Dixon v. TSE Intern. Inc., 330 F.3d 396 (5th Cir. 2003)(per curiam). A party may waive its removal rights by explicitly stating that it is doing so, by allowing the other party the right to choose venue18 or by establishing an exclu*365sive venue within the contract. A party’s consent to jurisdiction in one forum does not necessarily waive its right to have an action heard in another. Thus, for a forum selection clause to be exclusive it must go beyond establishing that a certain forum will have jurisdiction and must clearly demonstrate the intent to make that jurisdiction exclusive. City of New Orleans, supra.

The principles of contract interpretation under Louisiana law are well-established. Interpretation of a contract is the determination of the intent of the parties. Except for technical terms, the words of a contract must be given their generally prevailing meaning. Each provision must be read in light of the others so that each is given the meaning suggested by the contract as a whole. If the words of a contract are clear and explicit and lead to no absurd consequences, no further interpretation may be made in search of the parties’ intent and the agreement must be enforced as written. Louisiana Civil Code Articles 2045, 2046, 2047, 2050. Taita Chemical Co. Ltd. v. Westlake Styrene Corp., 246 F.3d 377, 386 (5th Cir. 2001). A contract is ambiguous if, after applying the rules of contract interpretation, the contract is uncertain as to the parties’ intent and susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation under the circumstances. Riverwood Intern. Corp. v. Employers Ins. of Wausau, 420 F.3d 378, 382 (5th Cir. 2005).

Under Louisiana law, waiver is defined as the intentional relinquishment of a known right, power or privilege. Taita Chemical, 246 F.3d at 388, citing, Steptore v. Masco Constr. Co., 93-2064 (La.8/18/94), 643 So.2d 1213, 1216. Waiver requires that there first be an existing right and that a party have knowledge of that right’s existence. A party may then waive that right through either an actual intention to relinquish it, or conduct so inconsistent with the intent to enforce the right as to induce a reasonable belief that it has been relinquished. Id.) Legier and Materne v. Great Plains Software, Inc., 2005 WL 1431666 (E.D.La. May 31, 2005).

Subject Matter Jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1334

Under 28 U.S.C. § 1334(a) the district court has original and exclusive jurisdiction over all cases under Title 11. Under § 1334(b) the district courts have original but not exclusive jurisdiction over all civil proceedings arising under Title 11 or arising in or related to cases under Title 11. Thus, § 1334 provides jurisdiction in four types of matters: (1) cases under Title 11; (2) civil proceedings arising under Title 11; (3) civil proceedings arising in cases under Title 11; and (4) civil proceedings related to cases under Title 11. In re Matter of Wood, 825 F.2d 90, 92 (5th Cir. 1987). The phrase “under Title 11” refers to the bankruptcy proceeding itself. The phrase “arising under Title 11, or arising in or related to eases under Title 11” identifies, collectively, a broad range of matters subject to bankruptcy jurisdiction. The phrase “arising under Title 11” defines proceedings that involve a cause of action created or determined by a statutory provision of Title 11. The terms “arising in ... cases under Title 11” refers to administrative matters that arise only in bankruptcy cases. Id.

“Related to” is a term of art. In re Canion, 196 F.3d 579, 585 (5th Cir. 1999). To determine whether a matter falls within general “related to” jurisdiction, it is necessary only to determine whether a matter is at least related to the bankruptcy. In re Bass, 171 F.3d 1016, 1022-23 (5th Cir. *3661999).19 Matters “related to cases under Title 11,” refers to a much broader category of proceedings. For purposes of bankruptcy jurisdiction, the phrase has a causal component. For bankruptcy jurisdiction to exist based on a case being related to a case under Title 11, the proceeding must be capable of causing an effect on a bankruptcy estate. Id. Thus, “a proceeding is related to,a bankruptcy if the outcome of’ that proceeding could conceivably have any effect on the estate being administered in bankruptcy.” State another way, an action is related to a bankruptcy if the outcome could alter the debtor’s rights, liabilities, options or freedom of action (either positively or negatively) and which in any way impacts the handling and administration of the debtor’s estate. Id.; In re Walker, 51 F.3d 562, 569 (5th Cir. 1995). For jurisdiction to attach, the anticipated outcome of the action must both alter the rights, obligations, and choices of action of the debtor, and have an effect on the administration of the estate. Id. The law is well 'established that when testing “related to” jurisdiction, an effect is not required to be certain. Certainty, or even likelihood of such an effect is not a requirement. Rather, jurisdiction will attach on a finding of any conceivable effect. In re Canion, 196 F.3d at 587.

The exercise of jurisdiction over cases related to bankruptcy cases is primarily intended to encompass tort, contract, and other legal claims by and against the debt- or, claims that, were it not for bankruptcy, would be ordinary stand-alone lawsuits between the debtor and others but that § 1334(b) allows to be forced into bankruptcy court so that all claims by and against the debtor can be determined in the same forum. In re Zale Corporation, 62 F.3d 746, 751 (5th Cir. 1995). Another purpose is to force into the bankruptcy court, those suits to which the debtor need not be a party but which may affect the amount of property in the bankrupt’s estate. Id. at 752.

Nevertheless, “related to” jurisdiction is not limitless. “[A]s a dispute becomes progressively more remote from the concerns of the body of federal law claimed to confer jurisdiction over it, the federal interest in furnishing the rule of decision for the dispute becomes progressively weaker.” Id.; Zerand-Bernal Group, Inc. v. Cox, 23 F.3d 159, 162 (7th Cir. 1994). Those cases in which the exercise of “related to” jurisdiction over third-party actions is upheld do so because the subject of the third-party dispute was property of the estate or because the dispute over the asset would have an effect on the estate. In re Zale, 62 F.3d at 753.20 Shared facts *367between the third-party action and a debt- or-creditor conflict do not, in and of themselves, suffice to make the third-party action related to the bankruptcy. Judicial economy alone also does not justify the exercise of “related to” jurisdiction over an otherwise unrelated suit. It is the relation of the dispute to the estate, and not the party to the estate that establishes jurisdiction. In re Zale, 62 F.3d at 753-755.

Mandatory and Permissive Abstention

If the court has jurisdiction under § 1334(b) the next issue that must be addressed is abstention — permissive abstention under 28 U.S.C. § 1334(c)(1) and mandatory abstention under § 1334(c)(2). Mandatory abstention is based on § 1334(c)(2), which provides as follows:

Upon timely motion of a party in a proceeding based upon a State law elaim or State law cause of action, related to a case under title 11 but not arising under title 11 or arising in a case under title 11, with respect to which an action could not have been commenced in a court of the United States absent jurisdiction under this section, the district court shall abstain from hearing such proceeding if an action is commenced, and can be timely adjudicated, in a State forum of appropriate jurisdiction.

The Fifth Circuit has interpreted this provision to mandate federal court abstention where: (1) the claim has no independent basis for federal jurisdiction, other than § 1334(b); (2) the claim is a non-core proceeding; (3) an action has been commenced in state court; and (4) the action could be adjudicated timely in state court. Schuster v. Mims (In re Rupp & Bowman), 109 F.3d 237, 239 (5th Cir. 1997); In re TXNB Internal Case, 483 F.3d 292, 300 (5th Cir. 2007); In re Southmark Corp., 163 F.3d 925, 929 n. 2 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 527 U.S. 1004, 119 S.Ct. 2339 (1999).

Permissive abstention is based on § 1334(c)(1), which provides as follows:

Nothing in this section prevents a district court in the interest of justice, or in the interest of comity with State courts or respect for State law, from abstaining from hearing a particular proceeding arising under title 11 or arising in or related to a case under title 11.

Thus, the court in its discretion may abstain from deciding either core or non-core proceedings under § 1334(c)(1), if the interests of justice, comity or respect for state law so require. Matter of Gober, 100 F.3d 1195, 1206 (5th Cir. 1996). This permissive abstention provision is implemented in conjunction with the bankruptcy jurisdiction removal statute, which provides that “[t]he court to which such claim or cause of action is removed may remand such claim or cause of action on any equitable ground.” 28 U.S.C. § 1452(b).

The Fifth Circuit listed eight considerations for equitable remand in Brown v. Navarro, 743 F.2d 1069, 1076 fn. 21 (5th Cir. 1984). They are: (1) forum non conve-niens; (2) if the civil action has been bifurcated by removal, the entire action should be tried in the same court; (3) whether a state court is better able to respond to questions involving state law; (4) the expertise of a particular court; (5) duplica-tive and uneconomic effort of judicial resources in two forums; (6) prejudice to the involuntarily removed parties; (7) comity considerations; and, (8) a lessened possibility of an inconsistent result. Id.; In re Johnson, 506 B.R. 233, 241 (M.D.La. 2014).

When the issue is equitable remand and the appropriateness of permissive abstention under § 1334(c)(1), some district and bankruptcy courts cite these eight factors, others cite a list of 14 factors which include the requirements for mandatory ab*368stention, and some cite both sets of factors. The 14 factors are: (1) the effect or lack thereof on the efficient administration of the estate if the court decides to remand or abstain; (2) extent to which state law issues predominate over bankruptcy issues; (3) difficult or unsettled nature of applicable law; (4) presence of related proceeding commenced in state court or other non-bankruptcy proceeding; (5) jurisdictional basis, if any, other than § 1334; (6) degree of relatedness or remoteness of proceeding to main bankruptcy case; (7) the substance rather than the form of an asserted core proceeding; (8) the feasibility of severing state law claims from core bankruptcy matters to allow judgments to be entered in state court with enforcement left to the bankruptcy court; (9) the burden of the court’s docket; (10) the likelihood that the commencement of the proceeding in the [district] court involves forum shopping by one of the parties; (11) the existence of a right to a jury trial; (12) the presence in the proceeding of non-debtor parties; (13) comity; and, (14) the possibility of prejudice to other parties in the action. Regal Row Fina, Inc. v. Washington Mutual Bank, 2004 WL 2826817, 8-9 (N.D.Tex., Dec. 9, 2004); In re Ballard, 2012 WL 4162382 (Bkrtcy. S.D. Tex., Sept. 19, 2012); Sonnier v. HESCO Bastion USA, LLC, 2013 WL 5350853 (M.D.La., Sept. 23, 2013); In re J. Moss Investments, Inc., 2012 WL 2150346 (Bkrtcy.S.D.Tex., 2012); In re Trimjoist Corp., 2013 WL 3934368 (Bkrtcy.N.D.Miss., July 30, 2013).

Costs and Expenses under 28 U.S.C. § 1447

Plaintiffs also requested an award of cost and actual expenses including attorney’s fees undér 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c).

There is no automatic entitlement to an award of attorney fees under § 1447(c). The clear language of the statute, which provides that the “order remanding the case may require payment of just costs and any actual expenses including attorney fees, incurred as a result of the removal,” makes such an award discretionary. The Supreme Court set forth the standard for awarding fees under § 1447(c) in Martin v. Franklin Capital Corporation, 546 U.S. 132, 126 S.Ct. 704, 163 L.Ed.2d 547 (2005):

[T]he standard for awarding fees should turn on the reasonableness of the removal. Absent unusual circumstances, courts may award attorney’s fees under § 1447(c) only where the removing party lacked an objectively reasonable basis for seeking removal. Conversely, when an objectively reasonable basis exists, fees should be denied. See, Hornbuckle v. State Farm Lloyds, 385 F.3d 538, 541 (5th Cir. 2004); Valdes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 199 F.3d 290, 293 (5th Cir. 2000). In applying this rule, district courts retain discretion to consider whether unusual circumstances warrant a departure from the rule in a given case. For instance, a plaintiffs delay in seeking remand or failure to disclose facts necessary to determine jurisdiction may affect the decision to award attorney’s fees. When a court exercises its discretion in this manner, however, its reasons for departing from the general rule should be “faithful to the purposes” of awarding fees under § 1447(c).

Id., at 711.

The court must consider the propriety of the removing party’s actions at the time of removal, based on an objective view of the legal and factual elements in each particular case, irrespective of the fact that it was ultimately determined that removal was improper. Id.; Miranti v. Lee, 3 F.3d 925, 928 (5th Cir. 1993); Avitts v. Amoco Production Co., 111 F.3d 30, 32 (5th Cir.), *369cert. denied, 522 U.S. 977, 118 S.Ct. 435, 139 L.Ed.2d 335 (1997).

Parties’ Arguments and Analysis

Alleged Defect in Removal — Lack of Unanimous Consent

The initial issue that must be addressed is the plaintiffs’ argument that remand is required because the rule of unanimity applies to removals based on bankruptcy jurisdiction, and unanimous consent is lacking in this case. Plaintiffs’ argument is premised on its claim that defendant Consulting Services Group LLC (“Consulting”) could not validly consent to removal because it waived the right to remove in its contract with the Firefighters’ Retirement System. In other words, the plaintiffs’ argument is that when a party waives the right to remove and then consents to a removal, the consent is invalid. Acknowledging that the Fifth Circuit has not addressed the issue of unanimity in bankruptcy removals, in support of their position the plaintiffs relied on an Eastern District of Louisiana unpublished decision, In re Fee Agreement Between Huey & Fong Trust and Kenneth Huey.21

Defendants maintained that unanimous consent is not required to remove a case under § 1452(a) because, unlike § 1446(a) which only provides that a defendant or defendants may remove, § 1452(a) states that “a party” may remove any claim or cause of action if the district court has jurisdiction under § 1334.22 Defendants argued that the decisions from other circuits and district courts which adopt the view that unanimity is not required to remove under § 1452(a) are persuasive.23 Defendants argued in the alternative that the consent to removal of this case is unanimous because Consulting did not contractually waive its right to remove, and therefore its consent to removal is valid.

In the context of this motion, it is unnecessary to determine which court decisions are more persuasive on the unanimity question for bankruptcy removals. Assuming unanimous consent is required, Consulting did not clearly and unequivocally waive its right to remove in the contract with the Firefighters’ Retirement System. Therefore, it could consent, and did consent, to the removal.

Plaintiffs relied on the following provision in Section XI of the contract:

Any action arising under this contract shall be brought in the Nineteenth (19th) Judicial District Court for the Parish of East Baton Rouge, State of Louisiana.24

Citing several Fifth Circuit decisions, including, Ensco Intern., Inc. v. Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s,25 the plaintiffs argued that this language demonstrates a *370clear and unequivocal waiver of removal rights.

Plaintiffs’ arguments are not persuasive. Because the cited contract provision does not contain an explicit waiver, the court must determine whether the contract provision gives the plaintiffs the right to choose venue or establishes an exclusive venue. The terms of Section XI of the contract cannot be reasonably interpreted to do either. The provision neither states nor implies that Consulting agreed to give the plaintiffs the exclusive right to choose the jurisdiction or venue for actions arising under the contract. While the provision does require actions arising under the contract to be brought in the Nineteenth Judicial District Court for the State of Louisiana, this only establishes the parties’ agreement and consent to actions being brought in that state court. To demonstrate that a forum selection clause is exclusive, the contract language must go beyond establishing that a particular forum will have jurisdiction; it. must clearly demonstrate the parties’ intent to make that jurisdiction exclusive. City of New Orleans, 376 F.3d at 504, citing, Keaty v. Freeport Indonesia, Inc., 503 F.2d 955 (5th Cir. 1974). The contract provision does not contain any language that goes beyond the agreement and consent to bring actions in Nineteenth Judicial District Court. The provision does not indicate an intent to place jurisdiction in that state court to the exclusion of all other courts.

The- contractual language at issue here is clearly different from that involved in the Ensco case cited by the plaintiffs. In Ensco the forum selection clause of the insurance policy stated that any disputes arising under or in connection with it “shall be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the Courts of Dallas County, Tex.as.” The court stated that given these terms, to permit removal would read the word “exclusive” out of the contract. Ensco, 579 F.3d at 443, 449. Where one jurisdiction is specified, but other jurisdictions are not excluded, the clause is insufficient to demonstrate a clear and unequivocal waiver of removal rights. City of New Orleans, 376 F.3d at 505. Even if specifying one jurisdiction, a provision that does not mention other courts or include exclusivity language is considered ambiguous, and this ambiguity shows that the party did not clearly and unequivocally waive the right to removal. Id.

The provision relied on by the plaintiffs does not include any terms that can be interpreted as an explicit or implicit agreement by the parties to place exclusive jurisdiction in the Nineteenth Judicial District Court of the State of Louisiana. Therefore, Consulting’s agreement to this provision was not a clear and unequivocal waiver of its removal rights. Because this defendant could and did consent to removal,26 the plaintiffs’ argument that removal was defective based on a lack of unanimous consent should be rejected.

Subject Matter Jurisdiction under § 1334(b)

Defendants argued that the circumstances of this case easily satisfy the broad standard of “any conceivable effect” on the estate being administered in bankruptcy. Defendants claimed the following circumstances demonstrate that this case has a conceivable effects on the bankruptcy proceedings: (1) given the master-feeder structure of the Fletcher funds, the plaintiffs’ and the Liquidators’ proofs of claim, -which include alter-ego allegations with regard to. International/Debtor, its directors, the Fletcher funds and other Fletcher entities, the plaintiffs are looking to International/Debtor for recovery of the *371same investment loss they are attempting to recover in the state court suit; (2) because the plaintiffs are trying to recover the same loss from International/Debtor and the defendants in the state court suit, whatever the plaintiffs recover in state court will reduce or eliminate a liability of International/ Debtor; and, (3) the plaintiffs sued four defendants in the state court suit — Fletcher Asset Management, Inc., Duhallow Financial Services, Denis Kiely and Alphonse Fletcher, Jr. — who had already filed proofs of claim seeking indemnification from International/Debtor if they are held liable in connection with any pending or future litigation.

Defendants’ arguments are convincing. Plaintiffs’ arguments are not supported by the record and the applicable law. Plain-, tiffs initially argued that the well-pleaded complaint rule governs the presence or absence of federal jurisdiction. Using this rule, plaintiffs argued that related-to jurisdiction is not present on the face of their Petition because it does not mention International/Debtor, allege any claims against International/ Debtor, or make any alter ego allegations against International/Debt- or. ' .

However, the well-pleaded complaint rule is not applicable in determining whether the court has related to bankruptcy jurisdiction. To determine whether the defendants have established jurisdiction under § 1334(b) the plaintiffs’ Petition is not the end of the inquiry; it is the beginning. The court must then look to the other information in the record that is relevant to the test for related-to bankruptcy jurisdiction — whether the outcome of the state court proceeding could conceivably have any effect on the estate being administered in bankruptcy. Therefore, the fact that the plaintiffs’ Petition does not mention International/Debtor, does not allege a claim against International/Debtor, and does not include alter ego allegations that specifically refer to International/Debtor, is not dispositive.27

The other information, which is' found in the proofs of claim and other documents filed in the bankruptcy case,28 establishes an unbroken chain of alter ego allegations connecting the plaintiffs’ initial investment in ' Leveraged to International/Debtor through the intermediate funds of Arbitrage and International, all-under the control and management of Fletcher Asset Management, its chairman and CEO Alphonse Fletcher, Jr. and its directors, one of which was Denis Kiely. It is equally apparent from the plaintiffs’ Petition29 as well as the plaintiffs’ and Liquidators’ proofs of claim, that the primary purpose of both this ease and the bankruptcy proceeding is to recover the plaintiffs’ $100 million investment loss they suffered by purchasing the Leveraged Series N Shares. Plaintiffs do not dispute that these are the connections between this *372case and the bankruptcy. Thus, the plaintiffs’ assertion that there is no relationship between International/Debtor’s bankruptcy and the claims they brought in this case is unsupported.

Nor is it, as the plaintiffs’ attempted to argue, merely a tangential relationship based on the fact that some of the same parties and underlying facts are involved in both the bankruptcy and the state court case. Given the alleged alter ego relationship between International/Debtor, the Fletcher funds and defendants, and the fact that the plaintiffs seek both in this case and from International/Debtor the return of their investment in the Series N Shares, it is evident that the outcome of this case could conceivably affect the estate being administered in bankruptcy. If the outcome is that the plaintiffs succeed in fully or partially recovering their $100 million investment loss, this recovery would reduce the amount they claim from International/Debtor and thereby potentially benefit other creditors. This conceivable effect is sufficient to establish related-to jurisdiction under § 1334(b).30

Plaintiffs also argued that the proofs of claim based on indemnification filed on January 18, 2013 in the bankruptcy by four defendants — Fletcher Asset Management, Duhallow Financial Services, Alphonse Fletcher, Jr., and Denis Kiely — do not support a finding of related-to bankruptcy jurisdiction. Plaintiffs asserted that there is: (1) no apparent connection between these proofs of claim and the scope of allegations in the Petition; and, (2) no basis to find that the outcome of their claims against these defendants will necessarily involve International/Debtor because no indemnification claim with merit had been made against International/Debtor at the time their Petition was filed.

These arguments are confusing and unsupported. A plain reading of the agreements supplied by the defendants show that International/Debtor’s indemnification obligations depend on whether the defendants’ actions were taken pursuant to the agreement and in the capacities set forth in the indemnification provisions. The four defendants filed their proofs of claim under these provisions asserting “a claim for indemnification in connection with any pending and future litigation.”31 Such “future litigation” arose when the plaintiffs filed their original Petition for Damages in May 2013 alleging that these defendants were liable for the loss of their investment and damages. Therefore, if the outcome of this case results in a finding these defendants are liable and the plaintiffs recover from them, International/ Debtor’s indemnity obligations asserted in the defendants’ proofs of claim could conceivably result in an increase in the obligations of International/Debtor, causing a negative impact and effect on the administration of the bankruptcy estate. This conclusion is supported by the decisions of the Fifth Circuit that have analyzed whether the court had jurisdiction *373under § 1334(b) based on indemnification rights asserted against the debtor.32

Plaintiffs asserted that the Second Circuit decision In re Refco, Inc.33 supports their position that the defendants’ alter ego and indemnification arguments do not establish related-to jurisdiction over this case. In re Refco is not controlling or persuasive. Plaintiffs asserted that the explicit holding of the court in the case “was that the bankruptcy court overseeing a master fund’s bankruptcy will not accept jurisdiction of claims made by shareholders in feeder funds because it impedes the reorganization process for master funds,” like International/Debtor.34 But this was not the court’s holding. The case had nothing to do with determining the existence of jurisdiction in general, or jurisdiction under § 1334(b). In re Refco involved the settlement of a preference action between the debtor and an investment company, Sphinx. Investors in Sphinx objected to the settlement. The bankruptcy and district courts concluded, and the Second Circuit affirmed, that the investors did not have standing to object because they were not a party in interest under § 1109(b) of the Bankruptcy Code. In its analysis of how broadly § 1109(b) could be- interpreted, the court made the statements cited and relied on by the plaintiffs in their supplemental memorandum.35 Because the facts and legal issues in In re Refco are entirely different than those presented in this case, neither the quoted language cited by the plaintiffs nor the holding and reasoning of the Second Circuit support the plaintiffs’ position.

In summary, the defendants demonstrated that the outcome of this proceeding could conceivably have an effect the liabilities of International/Debtor and the administration of the bankruptcy estate. Therefore, the defendants met their burden of establishing that subject matter jurisdiction existed at the time of removal based on 28 U.S.C. § 1334(b).

Plaintiffs’ final memorandum in support of remand relied on recent events in International/Debtor’s bankruptcy proceeding. Specifically, on March 28, 2014 the bankruptcy judge signed a Confirmation Order that confirmed the Trustee’s Second Amended Plan of Liquidation Pursuant to Chapter ll.36 Plaintiffs argued that several *374provisions of the order and plan establish additional reasons for the case to be remanded: (1) paragraphs 43 and 44 of the Confirmation Order and Section 10.6 of the Second Amended Plan- allow the plaintiffs to assert any and all claims and defenses they have against any person or entity, other than International/ Debtor, the Estate or Trustee, in any federal or state court; and, (2) the indemnification claims of the Fletcher defendants are now even more attenuated and remote because the order and plan subordinate these claims to all other creditors of the estate.

Relying on In re Enron, the defendants maintained that the court must determine if related-to jurisdiction exists at the time of removal. If jurisdiction is established on removal, the recent Confirmation Order and Plan cannot divest the court of bankruptcy jurisdiction. Defendants acknowledged that the Confirmation Order and Plan allow the plaintiffs to pursue claims against third parties in any jurisdiction, but argued that this general provision does not state that the plaintiffs’ claims can only be heard in state court, or affect in any way the existence of federal jurisdiction or their right to remove the ease. Defendants also argued that even if recent events in the bankruptcy proceeding are considered, they in - fact support a finding of jurisdiction under § 1334(b). These events show that the plaintiffs are seeking to recover their investment loss in this case, while at the same time participating in a coordinated recovery strategy in the bankruptcy court to recover the same loss. Furthermore, the foundation of International/Debtor’s Plan is an Investor Settlement in which International/Debtor, Leveraged, Arbitrage and their Liquidators agreed to pool their claims against third parties for breach of contract, fraud, breach of fiduciary duty, negligence and similar torts, and these are essentially the same claims the plaintiffs brought against the defendants in their Petition.

Based on In re Enron, it is unnecessary to analyze whether or not the bankruptcy Confirmation Order and Plan support a finding of related-to bankruptcy jurisdiction. Under Enron if related-to jurisdiction exists over pre-confirmation claims based on pre-confirmation activities at the time of removal, subsequent events such as plan confirmation do not divest the district court of bankruptcy jurisdiction. At the-time of removal this court had jurisdiction under § 1334(b), therefore, the Confirmation Order and Plan did not deprive the court of subject matter jurisdiction.

Mandatory Abstention

A party seeking mandatory abstention under § 1334(c)(2) bears the burden of establishing the following: (1) the claim has no independent basis for federal jurisdiction other than § 1334(b); (2) the claim is a non-core proceeding, i.e., it is related to a case under title 11, but does not arise under or in a case under title 11; (3) an action has been commenced in state court;37 and (4) the action could be adjudicated timely in state court. In re TXNB Internal Case, supra; In re Doctors Hosp. 1997, L.P., 351 B.R. 813, 846-847 (S.D.Tex. 2006).

Defendants argued the plaintiffs cannot meet their burden of establishing that the court must abstain under § 1334(b)(2). According to the defendants, diversity is another basis for federal jurisdiction; this is a core proceeding that was filed in state court after International/Debtor filed bankruptcy, and the plaintiffs have not shown that the case can be timely adjudicated in state court. Plaintiffs advanced *375the opposite arguments and maintained they have satisfied their burden of establishing the elements necessary for mandatory abstention.

Review of the parties’ arguments in light of the applicable law shows that the plaintiffs have not met their burden on mandatory abstention. Although the plaintiffs have established the first three elements, the plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate that the action can be timely adjudicated in state court.

Basis of Federal Jurisdiction Other Than § 1334(b)

Consistent with their Notice of Removal and arguments on the existence of diversity jurisdiction, the defendants asserted that absent bankruptcy jurisdiction under § 1334(b) the court would have subject matter jurisdiction based on diversity. Therefore, defendants argued, the plaintiffs cannot establish mandatory abstention under § 1334(c)(2). Similarly, the plaintiffs’ position rested on their contention that there is no diversity jurisdiction for two reasons: (1) the Louisiana Pension Funds are not citizens of a state because they are “arms of the state”; and, (2) defendant Skadden has partners that are United States citizens domiciled in another country, and therefore Skadden cannot be a citizen of a state under the diversity statute.

Based on the present record, complete diversity is lacking. Therefore, the first requirement for mandatory abstention is satisfied. Defendants acknowledged in their Notice of Removal that Skadden is not diverse because some of its partners are United States citizens domiciled abroad.38 However, the defendants alleged that Skadden’s citizenship should not be considered because Skadden was improperly joined based on a lack of personal jurisdiction.39 Skadden filed a Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction soon after removal.40 On September 9, 2013, the district judge issued an order stating that it was proper and within its discretion under Ruhrgas AG v. Marathon Oil Co.,41 to address subject matter jurisdiction before examining any motions to dismiss-for lack of personal jurisdiction.42 Therefore, no determination has been made on Skadden’s Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction. Because there is no diversity due to the presence of Skadden as a defendant, and no finding has been made the court lacks personal jurisdiction over Skadden, the court does not have diversity jurisdiction under § 1332(a).43 Consequently, there is no in*376dependent basis for federal jurisdiction in this case other than § 1334(b).

Core or Non-core Proceeding

Defendants argued that the plaintiffs have not shown another requirement for mandatory abstention — that this is a non-core proceeding. In support of their position that this is a core proceeding, the defendants essentially relied on the same arguments they made in support .of their claim that the court has bankruptcy jurisdiction under § 1334(b): (1) this proceeding may affect the property of International/Debtor being administered in the bankruptcy, because of the plaintiffs’ alter ego allegations in the Petition and proofs of claim, and its position that the Fletcher-related entities and defendants should be treated as a single entity; and (2) the resolution of the plaintiffs’ claims in this case will necessarily affect the allowance or disallowance of the plaintiffs’ claims against the International/Debtor, since the plaintiffs seek recovery of the same loss in this case and the bankruptcy proceeding. In addition, the defendants argued that this action is arguably a core matter because it falls within several categories that Congress has determined are core under 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(A),(B) and (0), which provides that core proceedings include but, are not limited to, matters concerning the administration of the estate, the allowance or disallowance of claims against the estate, and other proceedings affecting the liquidation of the assets of the estate or the adjustment of the debt-or-creditor relationship. 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(A), (B) and (0).

Plaintiffs argued that this case does not fall within the parameters for core proceedings set out by the Fifth Circuit in Matter of Wood.

Plaintiffs’ arguments are persuasive. In Matter of Wood, the court analyzed 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2), which the court noted was Congress’s response to Marathon v. Northern Pipelines.44 To remedy the unconstitutional aspects of the 1978 Bankruptcy Act, Congress in 1984 essentially reenacted the 1978 Act but divided the bankruptcy court jurisdictional grant into “core” proceedings, over which the bankruptcy courts exercise full judicial power and non-core proceedings over which they exercise limited power. Section 157(b)(2) did not define core proceedings, but provided a non-exclusive list of examples. In Matter of Wood, the court specifically addressed' § 157(b)(2)(A), (B) and (0). The court stated that these examples could not be given a broad reading, otherwise the entire range of proceedings under bankruptcy jurisdiction would fall within the scope of core proceedings. In its analysis the court ultimately defined core proceedings as proceedings that arise under Title 11, or arise in a case under Title 11. Proceedings arise under Title 11 if they are proceedings that involve a cause of action created or determined by a statutory provision of Title 11. Proceedings arising in a case under Title 11 is a reference to those administrative matters that arise only in bankruptcy cases, or stated another way, the proceedings are not based on any right expressly created by Title 11, but; they would have no existence outside of the bankruptcy.

*377The court summarized its definition of non-core proceedings as follows:

If the proceeding does not invoke a substantive right created by the federal bankruptcy law and is one that could exist outside of bankruptcy it is not a core proceeding; it may be related to the bankruptcy because of its potential effect, but under section 157(c)(1) it is an “other-wise related” or non-core proceeding.

Given the distinctions between core and non-core proceedings explained by the Fifth Circuit in Matter of Wood, the plaintiffs’ claims against the defendants in this case are not core proceedings. Plaintiffs’ Petition did not invoke any substantive rights provided by Title 11, and the nature of it is not such that it could arise only in the context of a bankruptcy case. Plaintiffs have filed proofs of claim in the bankruptcy against International/Debtor, but they alleged only state law causes of action against non-debtors in their Petition. The essential issue presented by their Petition is whether the non-debtor defendants are liable to the plaintiff under various state laws. Because the claims asserted by the plaintiffs in their Petition can clearly stand alone from the bankruptcy case, they are not core proceedings.45

Timely Adjudication in State Court

Plaintiffs relied on the following assertions to meet their burden of establishing that this case can be timely adjudicated in a state forum: (1) the state district court has special knowledge of the prescription issues and the standard of conduct for claims under the Louisiana securities law; and, (2) an expedited writ practice is allowed under Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure Article 2201 and Rule 4-3 of the Uniform Rules of Louisiana Courts of Appeal. Plaintiff argued that because of these two factors the state court would provide the quickest and most efficient way to adjudicate their claims. Plaintiffs also asserted that “it cannot be disputed that the transfer of this matter to bankruptcy court would prolong administration of the estate.”46

Plaintiffs’ arguments are unsupported and unpersuasive. Although this case has a complex factual background, the state law claims alleged in the plaintiffs’ petition are not novel. These types of state law claims are regularly addressed by the district courts in diversity cases, which are Nne-bound to follow the state law in their analysis and findings. Thus, there is no basis for the plaintiffs’ claim that the state court has some special knowledge about prescription and the standards of conduct under state law.

A party moving for mandatory abstention bears the burden of establishing that claims can be timely adjudicated in the alternate state forum, and must provide the court with more than a naked assertion that the action can be timely adjudicated in state court. Id.; In re NC12, Inc., 478 B.R. 820, 840 (S.D.Tex. 2012). The expedited writ practice cited by the plaintiffs is the provision for discretionary supervisory review which may be granted by the state appellate court. Plaintiffs failed to explain how this discretionary state court procedure could possibly affect the speed and efficiency of the state court in adjudicating the claims.47 Plaintiffs unsupported asser*378tions are speculation, and are insufficient to carry its burden to show this case can be timely adjudicated in state court.

In summary, the plaintiffs failed to establish all of the statutory requirements for mandatory abstention under § 1334(c)(2).

Permissive Abstention

The final issue is whether the court . should exercise its discretion to abstain and remand under § 1334(c)(1) and § 1452(b). The court has discretion to abstain from deciding either core or non-core matters under § 1334(b)(1) if the interests of justice, comity, or respect for state law require it. Matter of Gober, supra.

Plaintiffs argued that even if the court has related-to bankruptcy jurisdiction and abstention is not statutorily mandated, thé court should exercise its discretion to abstain and remand under § 1452(b). Plaintiffs arguments for discretionary abstention and remand focused on the interests of comity and respect for state law, the prejudice they claim will result if the case is not remanded, and the tenuous connection between this case and the bankruptcy proceeding. Plaintiffs argued that the most important factor is to allow state courts to handle state court issues. Abstention and remand in this case would serve the interest of comity by giving Louisiana courts the opportunity to enforce its fraud and security laws for the protection of constitutionally mandated public employee pension funds. Plaintiffs also argued that they will be prejudiced if the case is not remanded and ultimately transferred to the New York district or bankruptcy court for two reasons: (1) they have requested a jury trial and do not consent to a jury trial in the bankruptcy court, and the bankruptcy court would not have the authority to enter final orders and judgments because of the Supreme Court decision in Stern v. Marshall;48 and, (2) if the case must be tried in New York and not a Louisiana court, it will result in greatly increased litigation costs and lessen the personal impact of the defendants’ wrongs.

Finally, with regard to the relationship between this case and the bankruptcy, the plaintiffs argued that all the defendants here are non-debtors, and the claims against the non-Fletcher defendants (Skadden, Grant Thornton, and the Citco defendants) are not related to the bankruptcy and will dominate the trial. Plaintiffs also maintained that because the bankruptcy court entered a Confirmation Order on March 28, 2014, the connection between this proceeding and the bankruptcy case has become even more attenuated.

*379Defendants argued that issues of comity-are not implicated because this case was removed quickly, before the state court held any hearings or issued any rulings, and the case does not involve any novel, unsettled or complex issues of state law. Defendants noted that the plaintiffs’ right to a jury trial is not prejudiced because the case can proceed in bankruptcy court until it is ready for trial, at which time the district court can withdraw the reference and conduct the trial. Defendants also argued the plaintiffs’ claims of prejudice, because of increased litigation costs, are exaggerated given that the plaintiffs filed proofs of claim and are already litigating in the bankruptcy proceeding. On the issue of discretionary abstention and remand the defendants also relied on the same arguments they urged in support related-to bankruptcy jurisdiction. Defendants maintained that even in light of the Confirmation Order and the Plan, the claims in this case are so connected to International/Debtor’s bankruptcy that interests of efficiency and judicial economy weigh against remand and favor transfer to the bankruptcy court.

Considering the present record and all the relevant factors, the plaintiffs’ arguments are convincing. The interests of justice and comity will be served if the court abstains and remands this case to state court. As explained above, when the case was removed this court had related-to bankruptcy jurisdiction. However, at this time it is the only basis for this court’s subject matter jurisdiction over this non-core proceeding. Moreover, several months ago the bankruptcy court entered its Confirmation Order on the Plan. On confirmation of the Plan, the bankruptcy estate ceased to exist.49 While this does not divest the court of subject matter jurisdiction, this fact and the provisions of the Confirmation Order and Plan support equitable remand.

Part of the Plan involves an Investor Settlement entered into by the Investor Settlement Parties, which are the bankruptcy trustee, the Liquidators, and a Massachusetts public retirement fund. These parties have pooled their claims against the insiders and affiliates of International/Debtor and the other persons and entities who were allegedly involved in the fraud leading to the plaintiffs’ $100 million investment loss.50 In the Plan the settling parties agreed to cooperate with the bankruptcy trustee, the Plan administrator and the advisory board to prosecute, settle and resolve the pooled claims.51 However, the plaintiffs are not a part of the Investor Settlement. Except for International/ *380Debtor, the Estate and the Trustee, the Plan did not waive, release or enjoin any claims the plaintiffs have against any party. As cited in the plaintiffs’ supplemental memorandum, the Confirmation Order specifically provides that the plaintiffs remain free to assert any and all claims and defenses they have against any. person or entity, in any state, federal, foreign court, or other appropriate forum.52

The confirmation of the Plan and these provisions are significant because they establish that the claims in this case no longer affect the administration of International/Debtor’s estate. Confirmation of the Plan ended the estate, and among its many provisions: (1) subordinated/extinguished and settled the indemnification proofs of claims filed in the bankruptcy by four defendants in this case — Fletcher Asset Management, Alphonse Fletcher, Jr., Denis Kiely and Duhallow Financial Services; 53 and, (2) settled the plaintiffs’ proofs of claim54 and allowed the plaintiffs to pursue their claims against any non-debtors.55 Essentially, the Plan allows the plaintiffs to take the action they were taking when the defendants removed the case to this court — filing suit in state court based on state law claims against multiple non-debtor defendants they assert are liable for their $100 million investment loss.

Considering these developments, it would not make good sense to retain jurisdiction over a ease that no longer affects the estate, and asserts claims which the bankruptcy court has permitted the plaintiffs to pursue in any forum. Furthermore, if the case is not remanded and is ultimately transferred to the district or bankruptcy court in New York, the resolution of the plaintiffs’ claims in the case may be delayed or complicated by the plaintiffs’ right to a jury trial and the limited authority of the bankruptcy court in non-core proceedings. The confirmation of International/Debtor’s Plan, plus these additional reasons, supports finding that the interests of justice are better served by an equitable remand of this case to the state court.

The interests of comity also support permissive abstention and remand on equitable grounds. State law issues do not just predominate in this case — they are the only issues. Although both the federal and state courts can both interpret state laws, no one can dispute that the state has an interest in its courts interpreting its own laws. Other factors that courts consider in determining whether permissive abstention is appropriate are either neutral, or are not applicable to the facts of this case. For the reasons explained above this court should abstain from exercising its related-to bankruptcy jurisdiction in this case and remand it to state court as provided in 28 U.S.C. § 1452(b).56

*381Costs and Expenses under 28 U.S.C. § 1447

Plaintiffs also moved for an award of attorney’s fees and costs under 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c).57 An award under § 1447(c) requires a showing that at the time of removal the defendants lacked an objectively reasonable basis for seeking removal. As the analysis above demonstrates, at the time of removal the defendants had an objectively reasonable basis to remove the case based on related-to jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1334(b). Moreover, the recommendation that the case be remanded is based on the factors of permissive abstention and equitable grounds, not because the court lacks subject matter jurisdiction. Therefore, under the standard governing the award of costs and expenses under § 1447(c), a finding that the defendants lacked objectively reasonable grounds to believe that removal was proper is clearly not warranted. The plaintiffs’ request for an award of fees and costs incurred in connection with the Motion to Remand should be denied.

RECOMMENDATION

It is the recommendation of the magistrate judge that, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1334(c)(1) and 28 U.S.C. § 1452(b), the Motion to Remand filed by the plaintiffs be granted. It is further recommended that the plaintiffs’ request for costs and expenses under 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c) be denied.

Baton Rouge, Louisiana, June 17, 2014.

/s/STEPHEN C. RIEDLINGER STEPHEN C. RIEDLINGER, UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

ATTACHMENT 2

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

MIDDLE DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA

FIREFIGHTERS’ RETIREMENT SYSTEM, ET AL

VERSUS

EISNERAMPER, LLP, ET AL

CIVIL ACTION NUMBER 14-182-SDD-SCR

NOTICE

Please take notice that the attached Magistrate Judge’s Report has been filed with the Clerk of the U.S. District Court.

In accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1), you have 14 days after being served with the attached report to file written objections to the proposed findings of fact, conclusions of law, and recommendations set forth therein. Failure to file written objections to the proposed findings, conclusions and recommendations within 14 days after being served will bar you, except upon grounds of plain error, from attacking on appeal the unobjected-to proposed factual findings and legal conclusions accepted by the District Court.

ABSOLUTELY NO EXTENSION OF TIME SHALL BE GRANTED TO FILE WRITTEN OBJECTIONS TO THE MAGISTRATE JUDGE’S REPORT.

*382Baton Rouge, Louisiana, August 18, 2015.

/s/STEPHEN C. RIEDLINGER STEPHEN C. RIEDLINGER, UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

MIDDLE DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA

FIREFIGHTERS’ RETIREMENT SYSTEM, ET AL

VERSUS

EISNERAMPER, LLP, ET AL

CIVIL ACTION NUMBER 14-182-SDD-SCR

MAGISTRATE JUDGE’S REPORT

Before the court is a Motion to Remand filed by plaintiffs, the Firefighters’ Retirement System (“FRS”), Municipal Employers’ Retirement System of Louisiana (“MERS”), and New Orleans Firefighters’ Pension and Relief Fund (“NOFPF”), (hereafter, collectively, “plaintiffs”). Record document number 10. The motion is opposed.1

Plaintiffs filed a Petition for Damages in state court against defendants EisnerAm-per LLP (Eisner US) and EisnerAmper (Cayman) Ltd. (Eisner Cayman), (collectively, hereafter, “EisnerAmper”). In their Petition the plaintiffs alleged claims against EisnerAmper based on Louisiana state laws: (1) the Louisiana Securities Act; (2) holder claims; (3) fraud; (4) negligence; (5) third party beneficiary; (6) negligent misrepresentation; and, (7) the Louisiana Unfair Trade Practices Act. Plaintiffs did not allege any claims under federal law against EisnerAmper.

EisnerAmper removed the petition to this court based on the following grounds: (1) jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1334(b), which provides that “the district courts shall have original but not exclusive jurisdiction of all civil proceedings arising under title 11, or arising in or related to cases under title 11”; and (2) diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a).2

Plaintiffs moved to remand based on a lack of subject matter jurisdiction, and alternatively, based on mandatory and permissive abstention under 28 U.S.C. § 1334(c)(1) and (2) for actions related to bankruptcy cases.

For the reasons explained below, the plaintiffs’ Motion to Remand should be denied.

Background

This case arises out of the same facts and series of events giving rise to the litigation filed by the plaintiffs in Firefighters’ Retirement System, et al. v. Citco Group Limited, et al., CV 13-373-SDD-SCR.3 The background facts set forth in *383CV 13-373-SDD-SCR will not be repeated and are incorporated by reference in this report. The following summary includes only information pertinent to the plaintiffs allegations against EisnerAmper.

Plaintiffs alleged that EisnerAmper executed an engagement letter with FIA Leveraged Fund (hereafter, “Leveraged”) to perform the audit of Leveraged for the year ending December 31, 2009. However, EisnerAmper never completed the audit because it became aware that the plaintiffs’ redemption right had been triggered, which would have caused a run on the other Fletcher funds. Plaintiffs alleged that EisnerAmper, rather than informing the plaintiffs and issuing its audit or withdrawing from the audit, did nothing, which was a breach its duty of independence required by generally accepted auditing standards. According to the plaintiffs allegations, EisnerAmper was more concerned about Fletcher 4 and not causing an adverse impact on the other related Fletcher funds that it also audited.

In July 2011 the plaintiffs and Eisner-Amper went to a scheduled meeting in New York to discuss the issuance of the 2009 Leveraged audit. Plaintiffs alleged that at the meeting EisnerAmper disclosed that the plaintiffs’ redemption right had been triggered, but failed to disclose other material defaults and events. Plaintiffs were told that the 2009 Leveraged audit would not be issued unless they executed a waiver of the redemption right. Plaintiffs executed the waiver, but EisnerAmper never issued the audit. Plaintiffs claimed that if EisnerAmper had timely disclosed the defaults' and misuse of the offering proceeds, and timely issued or withdrawn from the 2009 Leveraged audit, they could have redeemed their shares, prevented Leveraged from making other distributions to other shareholders in Leveraged and the Fletcher Income Arbitrage Fund, Ltd., and thereby mitigated or eliminated their losses. Instead EisnerAmper did nothing and allowed the Fletcher scheme to continue even though it knew or should have known there was substantial doubt about the ability of Leveraged to continue as a viable entity. Plaintiffs alleged that as a result of EisnerAmper’s acts and omissions and violations of generally accepted accounting and auditing standards, it is solidarily liable with the other defendants in CV 13-373-SDD-SCR for the loss of the plaintiffs original investment (in the Series N shares), other economic damages and attorney’s fees.

Applicable Law

General Principles

■ The removing party bears the burden of establishing' federal jurisdiction over a state court suit. Carpenter v. Wichita Falls Independent School Dist. 44 F.3d 362, 365 (5th Cir. 1995). As with removal under the general provision of § 1441(a), the existence of subject matter jurisdiction is determined as of the time of removal. In re Bissonnet Investments LLC, 320 F.3d 520, 525 (5th Cir. 2003); In re Legal Xtranet, Inc., 453 B.R. 699, 703-04 (W.D.Tex. 2011). Thus, if “related to” jurisdiction exists at the time of removal, subsequent events do not divest the district court of subject matter jurisdiction. In re Enron Corp. Securities, 535 F.3d *384325, 336 (5th Cir. 2008). Generally, the “well-pleaded complaint” rule applies only to statutory “arising under” cases. American National Red Cross v. S.G., 505 U.S. 247, 258, 112 S.Ct. 2465,’ 120 L.Ed.2d 201 (1992). Therefore, the “well-pleaded complaint” rule is used to determine whether there is “arising under” jurisdiction in bankruptcy, but it is not applicable in “related to” bankruptcy removal cases. In re Enron Corp. Securities, Derivative & ERISA Litigation, 511 F.Supp.2d 742, 764 (S.D.Tex. 2005); In re Brooks Mays Music Co., 363 B.R. 801, 814-15 (ND.Tex. 2007). Given the test for related to jurisdiction— whether the outcome of the action could conceivably have an effect or impact on the estate being administered-it is clear that the related to test is one that focuses on the potential outcome or end result of the litigation rather than on the face of the complaint. Brooks Mays Music Co., 363 B.R. at 815.

Subject Matter Jurisdiction — Diversity under 28 U.S.C. § 1332

Since the enactment of the diversity statute, it has been interpreted to require complete diversity of citizenship. Carden v. Arkoma Associates, 494 U.S. 185, 110 S.Ct. 1015, 1017, 108 L.Ed.2d 157 (1990). In Carden, the Supreme Court held that a federal court must look to the citizenship of each member of a partnership—both its limited and general partners—to determine whether there is complete diversity. Id., at 1021.

Under the diversity statute, § 1332(a), state citizenship is synonymous with domicile. For this reason, a United States citizen who is domiciled abroad is not a citizen of any state of the United States, and cannot sue or be sued in federal court on the basis of diversity jurisdiction. Coury v. Prot, 85 F.3d 244, 248 (5th Cir. 1996).

A state is not a citizen of any state for purposes of diversity jurisdiction. Moor v. County of Alameda, 411 U.S. 693, 717, 93 S.Ct. 1785, 1796-97 (1973). This rule also applies if a suit is brought against an agency that is the alter ego or arm of the state—federal jurisdiction is lacking. PYCA Industries, Inc. v. Harrison County Waste Water Management, 81 F.3d 1412, 1416 (5th Cir. 1996), citing, Tradigrain, Inc. v. Mississippi State Port Authority, 701 F.2d 1131 (5th Cir. 1983). However,'if the agency is an independent one, separate and distinct from the state, the district court can properly assert jurisdiction over the case. Id.

If the agency’s status is unclear the court looks to all available sources for guidance. The fact that the enabling legislation describes it as a political subdivision does not make its status clear. A state statute characterizing the agency as an arm of the state is only one factor to consider in the balancing test. PYCA Industries, Inc., 81 F.3d at 1416, citing, McDonald v. Board of Mississippi Levee Comm’rs, 832 F.2d 901, 906 (5th Cir. 1987).5 As was explained in Tradigrain, there are many factors to consider in determining whether an agency is the alter ego of the state, including: (1) whether state statutes and case law characterize the agency as an arm of the state; (2) the source of entity funding; (3) the degree of local autonomy; (4) whether the entity is concerned primarily with local, as opposed to statewide, problems; (5) the authority to sue and be sued in its own name; and, (6) the right to *385hold and use property. Typically, some factors will suggest that the agency is a citizen, while others will suggest that it is the alter ego of the state. Id.

Subject Matter Jurisdiction — Related to Bankruptcy under 28 U.S.C. § 1384

Under 28 U.S.C. § 1334(a) the district court has original and exclusive jurisdiction over all cases under Title 11. Under § 1334(b) the district courts have original but not exclusive jurisdiction over all civil proceedings arising under Title 11 or arising in or related to eases under Title 11. Thus, § 1334 provides jurisdiction in four types of matters: (1) cases under Title 11; (2) civil proceedings arising under Title 11; (3) civil proceedings arising in cases under Title 11; and (4) civil proceedings related to cases under Title 11. In re Matter of Wood, 825 F.2d 90, 92 (5th Cir. 1987). The phrase “under Title 11” refers to the bankruptcy proceeding itself. The phrase “arising under Title 11, or arising in or related to cases under Title 11” identifies, collectively, a broad range of matters subject to bankruptcy jurisdiction. The phrase “arising under Title 11” defines proceedings that involve a cause of action created or determined by a statutory provision of Title 11. The terms “arising in ... cases under Title 11” refers to administrative matters that arise only in bankruptcy cases. Id.

“Related to” is a term of art. In re Canton, 196 F.3d 579, 585 (5th Cir. 1999). To determine whether a matter falls within general “related to” jurisdiction, it is necessary only to determine whether a matter is at least related to the bankruptcy. In re Bass, 171 F.3d 1016, 1022-23 (5th Cir. 1999).6 Matters “related to cases under Title 11,” refers to a much broader category of proceedings. For purposes of bankruptcy jurisdiction, the phrase has a causal component. For bankruptcy jurisdiction to exist based on a case being related to a case under Title 11, the proceeding must be capable of causing an effect on a bankruptcy estate. Id. Thus, “a proceeding is related to a bankruptcy if the outcome of that proceeding could conceivably have any effect on the estate being administered in bankruptcy.” State another way, an action is related to a bankruptcy if the outcome could alter the debtor’s rights, liabilities, options or freedom of action (either positively or negatively) and which in any way impacts the handling and administration of the debtor’s estate. Id., In re Walker, 51 F.3d 562, 569 (5th Cir. 1995); In re TMT Procurement Corp., 764 F.3d 512, 526 (5th Cir. 2014). For jurisdiction to exist, the anticipated outcome of the action must both alter the rights, obligations, and choices of action of the debtor, and have an effect on the administration of the estate. Id. The law is well established that when testing “related to” jurisdiction, an effect is not required to be certain. Certainty, or even likelihood, of such an effect is not a requirement. Rather, jurisdiction will exist based on a finding of any conceivable effect. In re Canion, 196 F.3d at 587.

The exercise of jurisdiction over cases related to bankruptcy cases is primarily intended to encompass tort, contract, and other legal claims by and against the debt- or, claims that, were it not for bankruptcy, would be ordinary stand-alone lawsuits between the debtor and others but which § 1334(b) allows to be forced into bankruptcy court so that all claims by and against the debtor can be determined in *386the same forum. In re Zale Corporation, 62 F.3d 746, 751 (5th Cir. 1995). Another purpose is to force into the bankruptcy-court those suits to which the debtor need not be a party but which may affect the amount of property in the debtor’s estate. Id. at 752.

Nevertheless, “related to” jurisdiction is not limitless. “[A]s a dispute becomes progressively more remote from the concerns of the body of federal law claimed to confer jurisdiction over it, the federal interest in furnishing the rule of decision for the dispute becomes progressively weaker.” Id.; Zerand-Bernal Group, Inc. v. Cox, 23 F.3d 159, 162 (7th Cir. 1994). Those cases in which the exercise of “related to” jurisdiction over third-party actions is upheld do so because the subject of the third-party dispute was property of the estate or because the dispute over the asset would have an effect on the estate. In re Zale, 62 F.3d at 753.7 Shared facts between the third-party action and a debt- or-creditor conflict do not, in and of themselves, suffice to make the third-party action related to the bankruptcy. Judicial economy alone also does not justify the exercise of “related to” jurisdiction over an otherwise unrelated suit. It is the relationship of the dispute to the estate, and not the party to the estate, that establishes jurisdiction. In re Zale, 62 F.3d at 753, 755.

Mandatory and Permissive Abstention

If the court has jurisdiction under § 1334(b) the next issue that must be addressed is abstention — permissive abstention under 28 U.S.C. § 1334(c)(1) and mandatory abstention under § 1334(c)(2).

Mandatory abstention is based on § 1334(c)(2), which provides as follows:

Upon timely motion of a party in a proceeding based upon a State law claim or State law cause of action, related to a case under title 11 but not arising under title 11 or arising in a case under title 11, with respect to which an action could not have been commenced in a court of the United States absent jurisdiction under this section, the district court shall abstain from hearing such proceeding if an action is commenced, and can be timely adjudicated, in a State forum of appropriate jurisdiction.

The Fifth Circuit has interpreted this provision to mandate federal court abstention where: (1) the claim has no independent basis for federal jurisdiction, other than § 1334(b); (2) the claim is a non-core proceeding; (3) an action has been commenced in state court; and (4) the action could be adjudicated timely in state court. Schuster v. Mims (In re Rupp & Bowman), 109 F.3d 237, 239 (5th Cir. 1997); In re TXNB Internal Case, 483 F.3d 292, 300 (5th Cir. 2007); In re Southmark Corp., 163 F.3d 925, 929 n. 2 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 527 U.S. 1004, 119 S.Ct. 2339, 144 L.Ed.2d 236 (1999).

*387Permissive abstention is based on § 1334(c)(1), which provides as follows:

Nothing in this section prevents a district court in the interest of justice, or in the interest of comity with State courts or respect for State law,’ from abstaining from hearing a particular proceeding arising under title 11 or arising in or related to a case under title 11.

Thus, the court in its discretion may abstain from deciding either core or non-core proceedings under § 1334(c)(1), if the interests of justice, comity or respect for state law so require. Matter of Gober, 100 F.3d 1195, 1206 (5th Cir. 1996). This permissive abstention provision is implemented in conjunction with the bankruptcy jurisdiction removal statute, which provides that “[t]he court to which such claim or cause of action is removed may remand such claim or cause of action on any equitable ground.” 28 U.S.C. § 1452(b).

The Fifth Circuit listed eight considerations for equitable remand in Browning v. Navarro, 743 F.2d 1069, 1076 fn. 21 (5th Cir. 1984). They are: (1) forum non conve-niens; (2) if the civil action has been bifurcated by removal, the entire action should be tried in the same court; (3) whether a state court is better able to respond to questions involving state law; (4) the expertise of a particular court; (5) duplica-tive and uneconomic effort of judicial resources in two forums; (6) prejudice to the involuntarily removed parties; (7) comity considerations; and, (8) a lessened possibility of an inconsistent result. Id.; In re Johnson, 506 B.R. 233, 241 (M.D.La. 2014).

When the issue is equitable remand and the appropriateness of permissive abstention under § 1334(c)(1), some district and bankruptcy courts cite these eight factors, others cite a list of 14 factors which include the requirements for mandatory abstention, and some cite both sets of factors. The 14 factors are: (1) the effect or lack thereof on the efficient administration of the estate if the court decides to remand or abstain; (2) extent to which state law issues predominate over bankruptcy issues; (3) difficult or unsettled nature of applicable law; (4) presence of related proceeding commenced in state court or other non-bankruptcy proceeding; (5) jurisdictional basis, if any, other than § 1334; (6) degree of relatedness or remoteness of proceeding to main bankruptcy case; (7) the substance rather than the form of an asserted core proceeding; (8) the feasibility of severing state law claims from core bankruptcy matters to allow judgments to be entered in state court with enforcement left to the bankruptcy court; (9) the burden of the court’s docket; (10) the likelihood that the commencement of the proceeding in the [district] court involves forum shopping by one of the parties; (11) the existence of a right to a jury trial; (12) the presence in the proceeding of non-debtor parties; (13) comity; and, (14) the possibility of prejudice to other parties in the action. Regal Row Fina, Inc. v. Washington Mutual Bank, 2004 WL 2826817, 8-9 (N.D.Tex., Dec. 9, 2004); In re Ballard, 2012 WL 4162382 (Bkrtcy.S.D.Tex., Sept. 19, 2012); Sonnier v. HESCO Bastion USA, LLC, 2013 WL 5350853 (M.D.La., Sept. 23,2013); In re J. Moss Investments, Inc., 2012 WL 2150346 (Bkrtcy.S.D.Tex., 2012); In re Trimjoist Corp., 2013 WL 3934368 (Bkrtcy. N.D.Miss., July 30, 2013).

The Fifth Circuit held in Firefighters’ Retirement System v. Citco Group Ltd., that a district court may not permissively abstain from exercising jurisdiction in proceedings related to Chapter 15 bankruptcy cases. Furthermore, §§ 1334(c)(1) and 1452(b) must be read in pari materia and the result is that this prohibition against *388abstention also applies to bar equitable remand.

Costs and Expenses under 28 U.S.C. § 1447

Plaintiffs also requested an award of cost and actual expenses including attorney’s fees under 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c).

There is no automatic entitlement to an award of attorney fees under § 1447(c). The clear language of the statute, which provides that the “order remanding the case may require payment of just costs and any actual expenses including attorney fees, incurred as a result of the removal,” makes such an award discretionary. The Supreme Court set forth the standard for awarding fees under § 1447(c) in Martin v. Franklin Capital Corporation, 546 U.S. 132, 126 S.Ct. 704, 163 L.Ed.2d 547 (2005):

[T]he standard for awarding fees should turn on the reasonableness of the removal. Absent unusual circumstances, courts may award attorney’s fees under § 1447(c) only where the removing party lacked an objectively reasonable basis for seeking removal. Conversely, when an objectively reasonable basis exists, fees should be denied. See, Hornbuckle v. State Farm Lloyds, 385 F.3d 538, 541 (5th Cir. 2004); Valdes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 199 F.3d 290, 293 (5th Cir. 2000). In applying this rule, district courts retain discretion to consider whether unusual circumstances warrant a departure from the rule in a given case. For instance, a plaintiffs delay in seeking remand or failure to disclose facts necessary to determine jurisdiction may affect the decision to award attorney’s fees. When a court exercises its discretion in this manner, however, its reasons for departing from the general rule should be “faithful to the purposes” of awarding fees under § 1447(c).

Id., at 711.

The court must consider the propriety of the removing party’s actions at the time of removal, based on an objective view of the legal and factual elements in each particular case, irrespective of the fact that it was ultimately determined that removal was improper. Id.; Miranti v. Lee, 3 F.3d 925, 928 (5th Cir. 1993); Avitts v. Amoco Production Co., 111 F.3d 30, 32 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 977, 118 S.Ct. 435, 139 L.Ed.2d 335 (1997).

Parties’ Arguments and Analysis

Diversity Jurisdiction under § 1332(a)

The issues that must be addressed with regard to whether the court has diversity jurisdiction are the citizenship of Eisner-Amper’s partners, and whether FRS and MERS are arms of the state. The record demonstrates that the court has subject matter jurisdiction in this case based on diversity.

Citizenship of EisnerAmper Partners

In the Notice of Removal, EisnerAmper alleged that EisnerAmper Cayman is incorporated under the law of the Cayman Islands and has its principal place of business in the Cayman Islands.8 Plaintiffs did not dispute this allegation. With regard to EisnerAmper LLP the Notice of Removal stated that it is a New York Limited liability partnership with its principal place of business in New York, that none of its partners reside in or are citizens of Louisiana,9 and that none of its partners are United States citizens domiciled abroad. Plaintiffs argued that Eis-nerAmper has not met its burden of establishing diversity because the Notice of *389Removal simply includes an unsupported allegation that none of EisnerAmper LLP partners are domiciled abroad.10 Plaintiffs submitted a page from EisnerAm-per’s website, asserting that based on this information the companies have a substantial foreign practice,11 and speculated that it is highly unlikely that some of their partners are not domiciled abroad.

EisnerAmper maintained that Eisner-Amper LLP does not have any partners who are United States citizens living abroad. EisnerAmper provided the affidavit of the managing director of finance of EisnerAmper LLP, Russell Aseher, who stated that the partnership has no partners who are U.S. citizens domiciled outside of the United States.12 Plaintiffs did not provide an affidavit, declaration, or other reliable information to contest Ascher’s affidavit. Therefore, the present record establishes that EisnerAmper LLP does not have any partners living abroad that would preclude the existence of diversity jurisdiction in this case.

Louisiana Funds Status as.. Arms of the State

Plaintiffs did not argue that NOFPF, the New Orleans pension fund, is an arm of the state. However, the plaintiffs maintained that the Tradigrain analysis should result in finding that FRS and MERS are arms of the state, and therefore are not citizens of any state for purposes of diversity jurisdiction. EisnerAmper argued the contrary position.

The analysis of the Tradigrain factors that follows shows that EisnerAmper’s arguments are persuasive and result in the conclusion that FRS and MERS are not arms of the state. The first factor focuses on this question: Do the state’s statutes and case law characterize or treat the entity as an arm of the state? Plaintiffs argued that the answer is yes, relying on a Louisiana Attorney General Opinion, and the Louisiana Supreme Court decision in Louisiana Municipal Association v. State of Louisiana, 893 So.2d 809 (La. 2005). However, the arguments and authority relied on by the plaintiff are not persuasive. As pointed out by EisnerAmper, the Attorney General Opinion does not specifically address the legal status of statewide retirement systems such as MERS and FRS13 in the context of determining whether there is diversity jurisdiction. Furthermore, the Attorney General’s conclusion was based on a truncated analysis that considered only that the legislature set up and implemented the statewide retirement systems and the powers and duties of the board of trustees.

The Louisiana Municipal Association case addressed 1991 legislative changes made to statewide retirement systems and whether those changes violated the Louisiana constitution. The decision did not result in any holding or statement that statewide retirement systems in general, or MERS and FRS specifically, are agencies or arms of the state. In fact, a closer review of the opinion and decision supports the conclusion that state law does not treat MERS and FRS as agencies or arms of the state.14 They both point out that the *390statutes specifically define certain public employee retirement systems, such as the Louisiana State Employees Retirement System (“LASERS”) and Louisiana School Employees’ Retirement System (“LSERS”), as state agencies.15 Whereas, neither MERS nor FRS, which are statewide systems, are not defined in the statutes as state agencies. The current law simply states that FRS and MERS have the powers and privileges of a corporation.16 The legislature’s choice to define some retirement systems as state agencies and not others implies that the ones that were not so defined, were not intended by the legislature to be considered state agencies or arms of the state.

Two other factors plainly indicate that MERS and FRS are independent and separate from the state: they have the right to hold and use property, and to sue and be sued in their corporate names. Plaintiffs did not dispute this fact but argued that these rights are somewhat limited by state law.17 The' statutes cited by the plaintiff do not support the conclusion that they are limitations on these rights. However, even it they were the plaintiffs failed to explain how the alleged limitations tend to show that MERS and FRS are state agencies or arms of the state.18

The next question is: Are these two plaintiff retirement systems concerned primarily with local or statewide problems and concerns? Plaintiffs argued that because MERS and FRS provide and disburse benefits for municipal workers and firefighters located all over the state, they are concerned with statewide as opposed to local problems. EisnerAmper argued that the opposite conclusion is warranted because the systems were set up for the benefit of local entities and their employees, who elect to be a part of the system and contribute a majority of the funds.

The fact that the state has acted through its constitution and statutes to set up MERS and FRS indicates that a sound retirement benefit systems for local government employees is a concern of the state. However, MERS and FRS clearly operate to provide benefits for local municipalities and fire districts. Since the origin and operation of MERS and FRS deal with concerns that are both state and local, this factor is essentially neutral.

Do MERS and FRS have management and financial autonomy from the state? This is a key factor in the analysis. Plaintiffs argued that the provisions of the state constitution and Title 11, entitled “Consolidated Public Retirement Systems,” show that FRS and MERS lack autonomy from the state.19 For example, the plaintiff pointed out that: (1) La. Const, art. X, § 29(E) requires the actuarial soundness of the statewide systems be maintained and that the legislature establish the method of actuarial valuation for each system; (2) in Title 11 the legislature established the method of actuarial valuation and for amortization of unfunded accrued liabilities, the employee contribution rates, and a multi-level formula to determine the rates of employer contribu*391tions; (3) to monitor the statewide' retirement systems and insure their actuarial soundness and payment of benefits, the legislature established the Public Retirement Systems’ Actuarial Committee and the Funding Review Panel; (4) state laws require the investment managers and ad-visors of FRS and MERS to provide annual audits and investment performance data; (5) the systems are managed by a board of trustees and the boards include two members of the legislature, the state treasurer and commissioner of administration; and (6) FRS and MERS are subject to state open meetings and public record laws, and their trustees and board members are subject to state ethics law. Plaintiffs also emphasized that MERS and FRS obtain part of their funding from a percentage of ad valorem taxes and a fund created from an assessment on insurers who do business in the state.20

Review of the arguments and statutes relied on by the plaintiffs shows that the legislature set up the structure of MERS and FRS to monitor and oversee them for the purpose of fulfilling the constitutional requirement that the funds not be impaired of diminished and remain sound to insure that accrued benefits are paid.21 However, in light of other undisputed facts, this does .not demonstrate FRS and MERS lack management and financial autonomy from the state.

In 1991 the legislature repealed the law that transferred MERS and FRS into the state department of the treasury.22 The boards have a few state officials on them, but the vast majority of board members are local and not state officials.23 Plaintiffs did not dispute that the boards manage and make the decisions on daily operations and the retirement fund investments.24 Most important, however, is the fiscal autonomy of MERS and FRS that was established by the changes in the law enacted in 1991. These changes are discussed in great detail in the Louisiana Municipal Association decision.

As explained in Louisiana Municipal Association and acknowledged by the plaintiffs, in 1991 the law was amended so that the state no longer guaranteed the payment of benefits to members of FRS and MERS — the state is not responsible for their debts, financial obligations or any annual shortfall in the return on investments needed to pay benefits. Instead, the state’s current obligation is to maintain the actuarial soundness of the funds by using a variety of funding mechanisms such as direct contributions from employers and employees,' a percentage of ad valorem taxes, or an assessment on insurers, and providing a formula for calculating the employers’ contribution.25 The law is now structured so that actuarial sound*392ness is maintained by placing the risk of any shortfall in the investments on the participating employers, and not on the state and its treasury.26

This is in contrast to the four state retirement systems. With the state retirement systems the legislature itself sets the employer’s contribution rate, because the state must directly pay from its general funds any annual shortage of money needed to pay benefits.27 The source and method of funding, and the fact that the state does not pay or guarantee the payment of the benefits in FRS and MERS, support the conclusion that they have fi-. nancial independence from the state and its treasury such that they must be considered separate and distinct from the state, rather than an agency, alter ego or arm of the state.

In support of the position that FRS and MERS are entities independent from the state, EisnerAmper also relied on complaints filed in this court and in the Northern District of Illinois.28 Although, Eis-nerAmper has not established that the doctrine of judicial estoppel should be applied,29 review of these complaints shows that the plaintiffs jurisdictional allegations are inconsistent with the position they have taken in this case. Review of these complaints shows that in the Illinois case, FRS alleged that jurisdiction was based on diversity and the Class Action Fairness Act, stating that “FRS is of diverse citizenship from the Defendants.”30 In the 2009 case filed in this court, MERS alleged that it is “a public retirement system organized under the laws of the State of Louisiana, with its principal place of business in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.” In addition to jurisdiction under federal securities law, the jurisdictional allegations by MERS also included a statement that the court had jurisdiction under the diversity statute.31 In response, the plaintiffs did not address or explain these inconsistent jurisdictional allegations they previously made in actions filed in federal court.

In summary, virtually all of the Tradi-grain factors, particularly the ones related to management and finance, support a finding that FRS and MERS are not an alter ego or arm of the state. Plaintiffs FRS and MERS have previously filed complaints in federal court alleging diversity as a basis for jurisdiction. Therefore, the record establishes that FRS and MERS are separate and independent entities sufficiently distinct from the state, such that they should not be considered an arm of the state for purposes of diversity jurisdiction. Their.presence does not prevent the exercise of subject matter jurisdiction under § 1332(a).

*393Subject Matter Jurisdiction under § 1334(b)

Plaintiffs maintained that the court does not have subject matter jurisdiction under § 1334(b) because EisnerAmper cannot demonstrate that this suit is sufficiently related to the bankruptcy cases pending in the Southern District of New York.32 Plaintiffs argued their position is correct because, based on the well-pleaded complaint rule, it is apparent that they have not sued any of the bankruptcy debtors.33 Plaintiffs argued further that recovery against EisnerAmper in this suit will not diminish the bankruptcy estate, and most importantly that the Confirmation Order in the Fletcher International bankruptcy proceeding34 gives them the right to pursue their claims against EisnerAmper in state court.35

EisnerAmper asserted that in addition to diversity jurisdiction, there is jurisdiction under § 1334(b) because the cireum-stances of this case satisfy the broad standard of “any conceivable effect” on the estate being administered in bankruptcy. Eisneramper argued that the plaintiffs’ state court petition seeks recovery for the same losses they are attempting to recovery in the bankruptcy — the loss of their $100 million investment purchase of Series N Shares in Leveraged.36 Given this fact, if the plaintiffs recover all or part of their losses in this action, it will necessarily impact the administration of and distributions available in the bankruptcy case.

With regard to the March 28, 2014 confirmation of the Plan in the Fletcher International bankruptcy case, EisnerAmper asserted that as long as there is related to jurisdiction at the time of removal the court is not divested of subject matter jurisdiction under § 1334(b) when the plan is confirmed. In addition, because plaintiffs seek the same loss in both forums and are not entitled to double recovery, any *394losses compensated by EisnerAmper in this case would make more available for distribution to other creditors in the administration of the Plan.

These arguments are persuasive. Essentially for the reasons explained by Eis-nerAmper, the record supports a finding that there is related to jurisdiction, because the plaintiffs’ petition/claims in this case have a conceivable effect on the bankruptcy.37 The conceivable effect is obviously the result of the fact that the primary purpose of both this case and the bankruptcy is to recover the plaintiffs’ $100 million investment loss in the Leveraged Series N Shares. Plaintiffs do not dispute this connection. This connection and relationship is not simply a tangential one based on the shared facts underlying this case and the bankruptcy proceedings. If the outcome in this litigation is that the plaintiffs succeed in fully or partially recovering their $100 million investment loss from EisnerAmper, this recovery would reduce the amount of the plaintiffs’ claims against the debtor and thereby potentially benefit other creditors.38 This conceivable effect is sufficient to establish related to jurisdiction under § 1334(b).39

Plaintiffs also argued .that the Confirmation Order signed by the Fletcher International bankruptcy judge on March 28, 2014, the day after removal, provides further evidence that related to jurisdiction is lacking.40 Plaintiffs relied on the fact that paragraphs 43 and 44 of the Confirmation Order and Section 10.6 of the Plan allow the plaintiffs to assert any and all claims and defenses they have against any person or entity, other than Fletcher International/Debtor, the Estate or Trustee, in any federal or state court. According to the plaintiffs, this shows that the bankruptcy court has given them specific authority to pursue their claims in state court, and is further evidence that this case is unrelated to the bankruptcy.

This argument is unsupported and not persuasive. If there is related to jurisdiction at the time of removal, provisions of the Confirmation Order and Plan which was entered after removal cannot divest the court of bankruptcy jurisdiction.41 Therefore, even if the provisions of the Plan relied on by the plaintiffs are considered under the applicable law they would not support finding that the court does not have subject matter jurisdiction over this case under § 1334(b). Furthermore, post-confirmation, the claims brought by the plaintiffs in this case against EisnerAmper could continue to have an affect the administration of the Plan. The foundation of the Plan is an Investor Settlement in which Fletcher International/Debtor, Leveraged, Arbitrage and their Liqui*395dators and Massachusetts Bay. Transportation Authority Retirement Fund agreed to pool their claims against third parties for breach of contract, fraud, breach of fiduciary duty, negligence and similar torts.42 One of the parties included in the list of pooled claims in Exhibit A to the Plan is EisnerAmper, along with any of its parents, subsidiaries and affiliates. These are essentially the same claims the plaintiffs have alleged here in their petition filed in state court against EisnerAmper on February 28, 2014.

It is uncontested that under the Plan the plaintiffs had the' right to bring their claims against EisnerAmper in state court. But it does not follow that this litigation is now unrelated to the bankruptcy proceedings. If the plaintiffs prevail on some or all of the claims they have brought against EisnerAmper, this could affect decisions about what pooled claims the Plan Administrator will pursue, which will in turn affect the amount of fees and expenses incurred in carrying out the Plan, and the amount to be distributed under the Plan.43

In summary, the defendants have demonstrated that the outcome of this proceeding could conceivably have an effect the liabilities of the debtor and the administration of the bankruptcy estate. Under In re Enron, at the time of removal this court had jurisdiction under § 1334(b), therefore, the subsequent Confirmation Order and Plan did not deprive the court of subject matter jurisdiction. Therefore, the defendants have met their burden of establishing that subject matter jurisdiction exists based on 28 U.S.C. § 1334(b).

Mandatory Abstention

The court must now turn to address whether mandatory or permissive abstention is appropriate in the circumstances of this case. A party seeking mandatory abstention under § 1334(c)(2) bears the burden of establishing the following: (1) the claim has no independent basis for federal jurisdiction other than § 1334(b); (2) the claim is a non-core proceeding, i.e., it is related to a case under title 11, but does not arise under or in a case under title 11; (3) an action has been commenced in state court; and, (4) the action could be adjudicated timely in state court. In re TXNB Internal Case, supra; In re Doctors Hosp. 1997, L.P., 351 B.R. 813, 846-847 (S.D.Tex. 2006).

The analysis above demonstrates that this case has an independent basis for federal jurisdiction — diversity. Because this action could have been commenced in federal court on the basis of diversity jurisdiction, mandatory abstention under § 1334(c)(2) is not appropriate. Id.; Briese v. Conoco-Phillips Co., 2009 WL 256591 (W.D.La. Feb. 3, 2009). Mandatory abstention applies only when there is no basis for federal jurisdiction other than § 1334. In re Brooks Mays Music Co., supra. Plaintiffs’ inability to establish this first requirement for mandatory abstention under § 1334(c)(2), makes it unnecessary to address the other three factors.

Permissive Abstention

The final issue is whether the court should exercise its discretion to abstain *396and remand under § 1334(c)(1) and § 1452(b). In its substituted opinion in Firefighters’ Retirement System v. Citco Group Ltd. on August 6, 2015, the appellate court held that “the district court cannot permissively abstain from exercising jurisdiction in a proceeding related to Chapter 15 cases.” Under 28 U.S.C. § 1334(c)(1) the district court is prohibited from permissively abstaining and equitably remanding such an action to state court.

Based on the reasons explained in the section of this report addressing the existence of related to Chapter 11 bankruptcy jurisdiction, the Fifth Circuit’s decision in Firefighters’ Retirement System v. Citco Group Ltd.,44 and the provisions of the Confirmation Order and Plan in the Chapter 11 case, it is apparent that this case is related to the Chapter 15 bankruptcy proceedings of the Leveraged Fund and the Arbitrage Fund. Therefore, the decision in Firefighters’ Retirement System v. Citco Group Ltd. is binding and controls the resolution of the permissive abstention issue in this case. The court has no discretion to abstain and equitably remand this action to state court.

Costs and Expenses under 28 U.S.C. § 1447

Plaintiffs moved for an award of attorney’s fees and costs under 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). Plaintiffs have not established that the court lacks subject matter jurisdiction based on the diversity statute, or § 1334(b). Therefore, there is no basis under § 1447(c) to award the plaintiffs any fees or expenses incurred as a result of the removal.

RECOMMENDATION

It is the recommendation of the magistrate judge that the Motion to Remand filed by the plaintiffs be denied.

Baton Rouge, Louisiana, August 18, 2015.

/s/STEPHEN C. RIEDLINGER STEPHEN C. RIEDLINGER, UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE