On the Merits.

The plaintiff sues C. A. Weed, proprietor, and M. IP. Bigney, editor of a newspaper called “The New Orleans Times,” for one hundred thousand dollars as damages alleged to have beeii •caused him by a false and malicious publication that appeared in that paper on the seventh of August, 1869, under the heading of “ Charge •of Embezzlement.” The defendants are sued in soKdo. Weed having gone into bankruptcy, his assignee was made a party.

Weed avers that the publication complained of is contained in an affidavit in the records of the Second Justice’s Court of-New Orleans; that he knew neither party to the proceedings; that in the publication he made no averment of the truth of the same; that it was made without malice; that it is not libelous, and is within the legitimate province of journalism; that an article explanatory of the same was published in “The Sunday Times,” at the instance of the plaintiff, without charge; that the gratuitous publication was demanded and yielded in full satisfaction of any injury plaintiff imagined he had suffered by the previous publication, and condoned any offense, if any had been done him, and that his resort now to a claim for damages is in bad faith, seditious, and calls for condemnation from the court. Bigney avers that he is not interested as a proprietor of the New Orleans Times, and that as employe he can not be held liable in solido witli the proprietor of that paper; he denies the authorship of the article complained of, and says that he is not liable therefor; and for further answer he adopts the answer of Weed. The day following the alleged libelous publication a communication coming from the plaintiff’s counsel was published in the Times, in which the whole matter, according to their views, was properly explained to the public. There does not appear to have been any agreement betweén the parties that this publication was to be. in full reparation of whatever wrong may have been done to the plaintiff; notwithstanding the publication, the defendants’ liability still remained, the explanatory article going only in mitigation of damages. The •charge made by Hickey against the plaintiff was withdrawn. The case was several times tried by a jury. There was judgment for $5000. This amount was thought to be excessive. The third jury gave a verdict for the plaintiff for $1000, and from this verdict the defendants *216appealed. Plaintiff answered the appeal, and prays that his damages-may be increased to the amount claimed in his petition.

This controversy arose from an affidavit made before a justice of the peace of New Orleans, on the fifteenth of August, 1869, by one Edward Hickey. The affidavit is in these words:

“ State of Louisiana — City of New Orleans. Edward Hickey being duly sworn declares that his residence has, during several years past, been in Texas, but that he is preparing for removal to Louisiana; that his letters have been, during one year past, more or less, by his instructions to his correspondents, addressed to him in the care of J. M. Cass, who resides in the city of New Orleans, and therein does business as a. grocer; that lately, that is to say, in or about the month of J uly, Anno-Domini 1869, said J. M. Cass, and one Albert Cass, his son, who was employed or occupied with his said father in his store, at 75 Poydras street of said city, did receive a packet or envelope with inclosures, addressed to affiant, and marked and superscribed as follows, to wit “Value $100. Mr. Edward Hickey, care J. M. Cass, New Orleans, La. ” that said packet was duly sealed with sealing wax, and stamped with three seals or impressions on said wax, which impressions were in the following words, to wit: “John Holland, manufr. of gold pens, Cincinnati,” and when delivered to said J. M. Cass and Albert Cass contained one hundred dollars in current money, together with a certain blank deed, or deed unsigned, purporting that E. Hickey and-Hickey, his wife, did by such presents convey to said John Holland, his heirs and assigns, certain tracts of land situated in Missouri, for and in consideration of said sum of one hundred dollars. Affiant affirms that such funds belong to and were transmitted, or designed to-be transmitted, to affiant by said Holland, in pursuance of a certain agreement of sale between affiant and him. He further declares that-J. M. Cass, aided, assisted and abetted therein by said Albert Cass, his son aforesaid, did, contrary to the statutes and in violation of the peace and dignity of the State, tear, m utilate and break open such packet, addressed as aforesaid to affiant, and did therefrom extract, take, appropriate, embezzle, steal and carry away said one hundred dollars in lawful money, and that the same have never been received by affiant, owing to such felonious embezzling and stealing thereof by said J. M. Cass and Albert Cass.

Signed, EDWARD HICKEY.”

“ Sworn and subscribed before me, the fifth day of August, 1869.

Signed, A. SHELLEY, Second Justice Peace.”

The declarations made in this affidavit were ushered forth to the-world in the columns of the New Orleans Times, on the seventh of August, 1869, in an editorial article couched in the following language:

*217“ Charge of Embezzlement. — An affidavit was yesterday made before A. Shelley, Second Justice of the Peace, by Edward Hickey, in which it is related that during the last year his letters, in pursuance of his instructions to his correspondents, had been directed to the care of J. M. Cass, grocer, who does business at 75 Poydras street, and such affiant charges that said J. M. Cass, aided and abetted therein by Albert Cass, his son, “did, in or about the month of July, contrary to the statutes, and in violation of the peace and dignity of the State, tear, mutilate and break open a certain packet addressed as aforesaid to affiant, and did therefrom extract, take, appropriate, embezzle, steal and carry away the sum of one hundred dollars in lawful money therein contained, and that the same have never been received by affiant, owing to such felonious embezzling and stealing thereof by said accused.” It is further related that said envelope contained an unsigned deed of sale importing that for said sum of one hundred dollars said Edward Hickey and his wife conveyed by such presents certain lands situated in Missouri to John Holland, of Cincinnati, whose seal was upon the envelope. According to the return of Officer Hotcht, to whom the writs of arrest in this case were intrusted, it appears that J. M. Cass, one of the accused, had gone on his annual business tour West, and could not be apprehended. The other accused, Albert Cass, was brought into court and gave bonds in the sum of $500, with MeG-loin & Kleinpeter as sureties, for his appearance to answer the charge. We learn that Mr. Hickey was indebted to the house of J. M. Cass, from whom he had long purchased his supplies, for a bill of groceries amounting to $109, got in June last, and that this summary proceeding on the part of the accused was merely a process of collection. We learn, also, that in rfddition to the deed to be signed by Hickey and wife the envelope contained a letter from Mr. Holland advising of the remittance inclosed, and requesting immediate execution of the deed of conveyance likewise transmitted, so that the accused were- sufficiently advised, after having broken open the packet, that the money belonged to a stranger, who could not by any logic, however tortuous, be supposed willing or bound to pay Mr. Hickey’s bill. Thus to arrest and expropriate funds belonging to innocent third parties, in the course of their transit, should have a conspicuous heading in the category of crime. A fortiori, as the lawyers express it, if persons to whose care letters are addressed may with impunity break them open to satisfy either their avarice or curiosity, chaos has come again. We are told that the accused are exempt from penalties of a felonious breaking imposed under the statutory postal regulations of the United States, inasmuch as the packet was received by express and not through the post-office. The sureties upon the bond of Albert Cass, we are informed» *218are tlie legal advisers of the father. The writ for the arrest of the latter will await in the hands of the constable his return, which will probably be hastened by that circumstance, as Mr. Cassis an old merchant of this city. T. B. Howard, Esq., appears for the prosecution.”

The manner in which the writer of this article expresses himself is well calculated to impress the reader with the belief that he had confidence in the truth of the grave charges which he details as being contained in the affidavit. There is no saving clause or expression in his narrative of the contents of the affidavit even intimating that those charges may not be established. On the contrary, the tone and spirit of the article seem to display an effort to induce the belief that they were true. The inference may fairly be made that the writer himself believed the declarations of the affiant, and the obvious manifestation •of .that belief was well calculated to exert a malign influence against the fair character of the plaintiff. The affidavit itself, as simply a judicial proceeding, or an event happening in the usual course of administrative justice, is not published in its own terms without note or comment. But its contents are detailed conspicuously in an editorial article which would naturally attract to it more attention. Not only are the contents of the affidavit paraded before the public view, but they are treated of .in language condemning in very forcible terms the •conduct charged against the plaintiff; terms which do not leave the reader in doubt as to the writer’s belief in the truth of the charges. Terms and expressions are used that indicate indignant-feelings in the mind of the writer in relation to what he assumed to be the grave •offenses of the plaintiff; offenses which he deemed entitled to “a conspicuous heading in the category of crime, and which, if allowed to pass with impunity,” he thought would show that “chaos is come again.”

The following letter from Hickey to J. M. Cass, in evidence, shows that he authorized the plaintiff to open the very letter that he afterward aimed to get up a criminal prosecution against him for opening:

“ Sweet Home, Brashear City P. O., June 18, 1869.

“ J. M. Cass, New Orleans :

“Dear Friend — Please say to Albert that he has neglected to pack up the yeast powders and mustard. If any letters are for me from Cincinnati, from John Holland, I wish you to see if any of them contain a small draft, and if so, advise me without delay. Send balance ■of letters on hand by mail to me, at Brashear City.

“ Ever your friend,

Signed, “E. HICKEY.”

Albert Cass, a son, and at the time a clerk of the plaintiff, testifies that Hickey gave him verbal instructions to open any valuable packa*219ges that he might think contáined money or drafts. The plaintiff swears that when this package was received and opened, he inclosed the letter that was from Holland to Hickey; that he informed him that the money was placed to his credit and was subject to his order; that afterward, when Hickey came to the city, he told him all the circura.stanees connected with the matter, and that he made no objections to the money being credited on the account of $109 he owed the plaintiff, and promised to pay the balance.

The affidavit was false and malicious. The defendants, by publishing its contents in the manner and with the comments they did, in a widely circulating newspaper, gave the false charges against the plaintiff an extensive circulation and imparted to them an air of authenticity which they would not otherwise have had, and which we may well suppose had a strong tendency to injure the character of the plaintiff. It is no justification to the defendants that they believed the affidavit to be true. Their belief in the truth of the charges tended rather to increase the bad effect of them against the plaintiff. That they have condoned for the publication of the offensive article by publishing the letter of the plaintiff’s attorney, affords no escape from the responsibility in damages to the injured party. The reparation of the injury to the extent that the publication of exculpatory and explanatory matter may be supposed to have made reparation, may be considered, and go only in mitigation of damages. Thousands may have read the libelous matter that never saw its refutation. Neither does it avail to say that the defendants had no malice or ill feeling against the plaintiff. In all cases of this sort, where the charge is false, the law implies malice in the publisher, not malice in the sense of hatred, spite or revengeful feeling toward the party assailed, but as showing an evil disposition, the malm animus which induced him wantonly, recklessly or negligently, in disregard of the rights of others, to aid the slanderer in his work of defamation by giving to him the powerful influence of the public press — written or printed slander being justly considered more pernicious than that uttered by words only.

In an action of libel proof of damages from the publication is not necessary to recover. The actual pecuniary damages in such actions can rarely be proved, and is never the sole rule of assessment. 3 An. <39; 11 An. 206; see also case of Perrett v. The New Orleans Times, 25 An. 174, and various cases there cited. We think the decree of the lower court should remain unchanged.

Judgment affirmed.

¿assenting. The following article appeared in the issue of the New Orleans Times of the seventh August, 1869:

*220“ Charge of Embezzlement. — An affidavit was yesterday made before A. Shelley, Second Justice of the Peace, by Edward Hickey, in which it is related that during the last year his letters, in pursuance of his instructions to his correspondents, had been directed to the care of J. M. Cass, grocer, who does business at 75 Poydras street, and such affidavit charges that said J. M. Cass, aided and abetted therein by Albert Cass, his son, ‘did, in or about the month of July, contrary to the statutes, and in violation of the peace and dignity of the State, tear, mutilate and break open a certain packet addressed as aforesaid to. affiant, and did therefrom extract, take and appropriate, embezzle, steal and carry away the sum of $100 in lawful money, therein contained, and that the same have never been received by affiant, owing to such felonious embezzling and stealing thereof by said accused.’

“ It is further related that said envelope contained an unsigned deed of sale importing that for said sum of $100 said Edward Hickey and his wife conveyed by such presents certain lands situated in Missouri to John Holland, of Cincinnati, .whose seal was upon the envelope.

“ According to the return of Officer Hotcht, to whom the writs of arrest in this case were intrusted, it appears that J. M. Cass, one of the accused, had gone on his annual business tour West, and could not be apprehended. The other accused, Albert Cass, was brought into court and gave bonds in the sum of $500, with McGrloin & Kleinpeter as sureties, for his appearance to answer the charge.

“We learn that Mr. Hickey was indebted to the house of J. M. Cass, from whom he had long purchased his supplies, for a bill of groceries amounting to $109, got in June last, and that this summary proceeding on the part of the accused, was merely a process of collection. We learn, also, that in addition to the deed to be signed by Hickey and wife, the envelope contained a letter from Mr. Holland, advising of the remittance inclosed, and requesting immediate execution of the deed of conveyance likewise transmitted, so that the accused were sufficiently advised, after having broken open the packet, that the money belonged to a stranger who could not, by any logic, however tortuous, be supposed willing or bound to pay Mr. Hickey’s bill. Thus to arrest and appropriate funds belonging to innocent third parties in the course of their transit, should have a conspicuous heading in the category of crime. A fortiori, as the lawyers express it, if persons to whose care letters are addressed may with impunity break them open, to satisfy either their avarice or their curiosity, chaos has come again.

“ We are told that the accused are exempt from penalties of a felonious breaking imposed under the statutory postal regulations of the United States, inasmuch as the packet was received by express, and not through the postoffice.

*221“The sureties upon the hond of Albert Cass, we are informed, are the legal advisers of his father. The writ for the arrest of the latter will await in the hands of the constable his return, which will probably be hastened by that circumstance, as Mr. Cass is an old merchant of this city. T. B. Howard, Esq., appeared for the prosecution.”

Plaintiff alleging that the whole of the above statement is false, malicious and libelous, institutes this suit against C. A. Weed, the proprietor of the newspaper, and M. P. Bigney, the editor thereof, for one hundred thousand dollars damages.

The case was several times tried by a jury. There was judgment for the plaintiff for $5000. This amount was considered excessive, and a new trial was granted. The second attempt resulted in a mistrial. The third jury gave'a verdict for the plaintiff for $1000, and from this verdict the defendants appealed. Plaintiff answers the appeal, and prays that his damages may be increased to the amount claimed in his petition. Weed has gone into bankruptcy, and his assignee has been made a party to the suit.

Weed avers that the publication complained of is contained in an affidavit in the record of the Second Justice’s Court of New Orleans; that he knew neither party to the proceedings; that in the publication he made no averment as to the truth of the same; that it was made without malice; that it is not libelous, and is within the legitimate province of journalism; that an article explanatory of the same was published in the Sunday’s Times, at the instance of plaintiff, without charge; that this gratuitous publication was demanded and yielded in full satisfaction of any injury plaintiff imagined he had suffered by the previous publication, and condoned any offense, if any had been done Mm, and that his resort now to a claim for damages is in bad faith, seditious, and calls for condemnation from the court.

Bigney avers that he is not interested as proprietor of the New Orleans Times, and that, as employe, he can not be held liable in solido with the proprietor of that paper; he denies the authorship of the article complained of, and says that he can not be held liable therefor. Further answering, he adopts the answer of Weed.

The absence of Weed from the city, and the fact that the article was published during the time he was away, and the fact that Bigney was an employe of Mr. Weed’s, the article having been inserted under Ms instructions, he having control of the columns of the paper.during Weed’s absence, although he never read it, does not release the one or the other, provided the article in question be libelous and improperly published.

The day following the alleged libelous publication, a communication coming from plaintiff’s counsel was published in the Times, in which *222the whole matter was, according to their views, properly explained to-the public.

There does not seem to have been any agreement between the parties that this publication was to be in full reparation of whatever wrong' may have been done to the plaintiff, and, notwithstanding the publication, defendants’ liability still remained; the communication going to the effect of mitigation of damages.

The charge made by Hickey against the plaintiff was withdrawn.

The question remains, was the publication justified by the facts? The affidavit, which was made before a competent judge, and under which a warrant issued against the plaintiff, reads as follows:

“Edward Hickey being duly sworn, declares that his residence during several years past has been in Texas, but that he is preparing for removal to Louisiana; that his letters have been during one year past, more or less, by his instructions to his correspondents, addressed to him in the care of J. M. Cass, who resides in the city of New Orleans, and therein does business as a grocer; that lately, that is to say, on or about the month of July, 1869, said J. M. Cass, and one Albert Cass, his son, who was employed or occupied with his said father in his store, at 75 Poydras street of said city, did receive a packet or envelope, with inclosures addressed to affiant, and marked and superscribed as follows, to wit: ‘Value $100. Mr. Edward Hickey, care oí J. M. Cass, New Orleans, La.;’ that said packet was duly sealed with sealing wax, and stamped with three seals or impressions on said wax, which impressions were in the following words, to wit: ‘John Holland, manufacturer of gold pens, Cincinnati,’ and were delivered to said J. M. Cass and Albert Cass, containing one hundred dollars in current money, together with a certain blank deed unsigned, purporting that E. Hickey and-Hickey, his wife, did, by such presents, convey to said John Holland, his heirs or assigns, certain tracts of land situated in Missouri for and in consideration of said sum of one hundred dollars. Affiant affirms that such funds belong to and were transmitted, or designed to be transmitted, to affiant by said Holland, in pursuance of a certain agreement of sale between affiant and him. He further declares that J. M. Cass, aided, assisted and abetted by said Albert Cass, his son aforesaid, did, contrary to the statutes, and in violation of the peace and dignity of the State, tear, mutilate and break open such packet, addressed as aforesaid to affiant, and did therefrom extract, take, appropriate, embezzle, steal and carry away said one hundred dollars, in lawful money, and that the same have never been received by affiant, owing to such felonious embezzling and stealing thereof by said J. M. Cass and Albert Cass,

Signed, “EDWARD HICKEY.”

“ Sworn to and subscribed before me, the eleventh day of August, 1869.

“ A. SHELLEY, Second Justice of the Peace.”

*223Now, this was a document filed in a judicial proceeding, and this document, I do not see any reason why the journal in question, as forming a part of the current of such proceedings in the courts of the day, could not publish. If it had been printed as written, it seems to me that no question of the journal’s responsibility could have arisen. But the affidavit as sworn to, word for word, was not published. The facts are mentioned, but coupled with them are commentaries which, it is contended, constitutes the libel. But this is an error. It is not what may be said of a man’s conduct in a stated case which damages him; it is the conduct of which he is charged. Now, the charges that the plaintiff had opened a letter; had taken therefrom money, had embezzled and stolen it, can not be aggravated by the commentary that “ thus to arrest and appropriate funds belonging to innocent third parties, in the course of their transit, should have a conspicuous heading in the category of crime.” And this, the affidavit out of the way, is the only matter approaching libel which I can find in the publication. It was not a libel to say that they had learned that Hickey was indebted to Cass for goods purchased some months before, and that this was merely a process of collection; nor to say that Mr. Holland’s money had been taken to pay Hickey’s debt, for such was the fact, unless Hickey had made the money his own by signing the deed which the money had been sent to pay, for the land which it conveyed, Nor that the sureties on Albert Cass’s bond were the present plaintiff’s counsel; nor that the return of J. M. Cass to the city, who is said in the article complained of, to be an old merchant of this city.

The eases of Fresca v. Madox, 11 An. 206, and Perrett v. Times, 25 An. 175, do not support the plaintiff’s claim. In the former case the plaintiff was charged in the article with being a pirate, a nursling of crime, with being flushed with booty and bold through previous immunity, as a land and water rat, and a pet of criminal justice during many a day; as a brawny, thick-set, low-browed bandit, and to all appearances

“As mild a mannered man As e’er scuttled ship or cut a throat;”

going far beyond the affidavit, assuming his guilt, and vilifying his character before the public. In the second case a magistrate was accused of the crime of highway robbery, and the relation thereof was published at the instance of entirely irresponsible parties.

In the case at bar the plaintiff was not accused, by the article complained of, of having committed any crime. It was simply related of him that a warrant had issued for his arrest upon an affidavit made before a tribunal of competent jurisdiction, and no expression of belief in his guilt was uttered.

*224There is, I think, a wide difference between the liberty of the press and the license ot the press. The one should be guaranteed as fully as the other should be watched. Society would be in a truly pitiable state if an editor of a newspaper were allowed to assert that a man was a pirate, or a highway robber, without any provocation, and shield himself from responsibility by asserting that he was not actuated by malice. On the other band, it would be a very bad state of affairs if the public journals of the country were deterred from reporting the fact that a warrant had issued for the arrest of a man charged by affidavit, before a competent court, with embezzlement and theft, and be made to pay a large sum of money because it happened to be said that if the charge was true he who committed it was a criminal.

While I do not think that a newspaper has any right to publish, broad cast, libels against unoffending citizens, I do not think that its editors should be forced to write with manacles upon their hands. I see nothing in the article which the editor had not the right to publish, or any comment thereon which is libelous, and I therefore dissent from the opinion of the court just pronounced.

On Rehearing.

An examination of this case on rehearing does not induce us to think there should be any change in the judgment first rendered by ns. It is therefore ordered that the original decree of this court remain unaltered.

On Motion to Dismiss.

The motion to dismiss this appeal, which has been *215•submitted to us during this month, was filed in May, 1871, two years ■since. The grounds of the motion are insufficient in themselves for a ■dismissal, the record appearing to be completed, and containing the ^petition of appeal and a bond in due form, and for a sufficient sum.

Motion refused.