The only issue before us concerns the right of an employer, who has paid workmen’s compensation benefits to an injured employee, to be indemnified for such benefits by a third person whose negligence has caused or contributed to the employee’s injuries. La.R.S. 23:1101-03. The precise issue is whether the employer, if he is negligent himself, is entitled to recover such benefits from a joint tortfeasor.'

For reasons detailed by the court' of appeal opinion, 242 So.2d 249 (La.App.3d Cir. 1970), the only claim before us is that of the intervenor, Ashy Construction Company, for reimbursement of the workmen’s compensation benefits paid by it as. employer to the original .plaintiff, its employee Vidrine. Vidrine was injured , at. work while riding as a passenger in an Ashy company truck driven by a co-employee, Cormier. The Ashy, truck was involved with a Hardy automobile in an . accident caused by the negligence of both. drivers. The defendant is the liability insurer (Michigan Millers) of the Hardy automobile.

Despite the negligence of the Ashy 'driver, the court of appeal allowed Ashy recov*304ery for' compensation benefits paid to Vidrine (who was himself free of negligence) up to the defendant’s policy limits of $5,000. In so doing, the court of appeal relied on an earlier decision of this court, which it (and some other intermediate court decisions) construed as holding that the negligence of the employer is immaterial to its claim for reimbursement.

We granted certiorari, 257 La. 855, 244 So.2d 608 (1971), because we wished to re-examine the holding in that early decision, City of Shreveport v. Southwestern Gas & Electric Co., 140 La. 1078, 74 So. 559 (1919).

Before doing so, it may be appropriate to discuss the nature of the employer’s right to reimbursement from a tortfeasor of compensation benefits paid to an employee injured through such third person’s negligence.

This right is provided by La.R.S. 23:1101-1103 (1950). The present enactment employs substantially the same language as set forth in a 1920 amendment of our workmen’s compensation act. See Act 247 of 1920, re-enacting section 7 of our workmen’s compensation act. Before this 1920 amendment, and as originally enacted, the employer was merely subrogated to the right, if any, of the injured employee to recover against the third person. See: Act 20 of 1914, Section 7; Act 38 of 1918, re-enacting Section 7.

However, by the 1920 amendment the-employer was granted a right independent of the employee’s to be indemnified fied for compensation benefits paid to an employee because of the third person’s tort; the employer’s right to recover does, not depend upon subrogation to the rights of the employee. Board of Commissioners, etc. v. City of New Orleans, 223 La. 199, 65 So.2d 313 (1953). In Marquette Casualty Co. v. Brown, 235 La. 245, 103 So.2d 269, 271 (1968), we summarized as follows the employer’s rights to indemnification by-reason of the statutory provisions here applicable :

“Considering the provisions of R.S. 23:1101, 1102 and 1103 together, it seems plain that there is but one cause of action recognized for the recovery of damages resulting from a single tort. However, thfe right of redress against the tortfeasor has been extended by the provisions to the injured workman’s employer, who is accorded a preferential right to recover, out of the judgment for damages which may be assessed against the tortfeasor, the amount of compensation he has paid or become obligated to pay to the injured employee. This right is, of course, conditioned upon the basic right of the employee to recover damages and, according to R.S. 23:1103, if the damages awarded are for an amount less than the total compensation paid, the employer’s recovery is accordingly limited to that amount. Thus, though the compen*306sation paying employer is given the preferential right to reimbursement out of the judgment, recovery is necessarily restricted to the amount for which the tortfeasor is liable to the injured employee for the consequences of his wrongful act.”

This summary correctly describes the non-negligent employer’s right to indemnification arising out of tort injury to his •employee compensated therefor under ■workmen’s compensation law.

If this language were literally applied to the present facts, the employer Ashy, de•spite its own contributory negligence (imputed to it because of the fault of its driver-employee), can recover from the joinl ■tortfeasor insurer for the compensation benefits paid to its injured employee, Vi- ■ drine. For, Vidrine, himself being free of fault as a mere passenger, could have recovered (had he persisted with his suit) 'the damages caused him by the tortfeasor, isubject to the preferential indemnification ■ of his employer off the top of the plaintiff •employee’s award.1

The quoted language, however, must be ■viewed in the context of the question there at issue. The limited question before the court was whether the indemnification suit by the employer’s compensation insur•er was prescribed as in the case of tort suits, since filed more than one year after the accident. Civil Code Article 3536. The primary determination of this court was that the cause of action sounded in tort, with the prescriptive period commencing at the date of the accident and not at some later date when a right to indemnification accrued.

The court was not there concerned with the question of whether an employer could recover from the joint tortfeasor for benefits paid, despite any negligence by such employer contributing to the accident. Neither was such issue involved in Board of Commissioners, etc. v. City of New Orleans, 223 La. 199, 65 So.2d 313 (1953), perhaps the leading case analyzing the employer’s right to indemnification as being independent of the employee’s right to recover — the issue there being whether the employer could recover for compensation paid to an illegitimate child of a worker killed through a third person’s negligence, although the illegitimate child himself was not entitled at that time to wrongful death benefits under Civil Code Article 315. See also Thomas v. Matthews Lumber Co., 253 La. 1, 215 So.2d 832 (1963).

The precise question before us, so far as we can find, has never been passed upon by an opinion of this court.

Characterized relevantly to the present issue, the cited jurisprudence holds that the *308employer’s right to indemnification is a statutorily created' right to tort recovery against a negligent tortfeasor independent of the employee’s.2 The cited jurisprudence does not require us to hold that a negligent employer may nevertheless be indemnified by his joint tortfeasor for benefits paid to his employee.

Since the indemnification action by the employer i's in tort, we see no reason why we should 'not apply the usual rule in tort cases that a ■ claimant’s contributory negligence bars his recovery.

By reason of the workmen’s compensation act, the employer ‘ may have paid benefits to his injured employee. However, the employer is so liable for injuries at work whether or not the negligence of a third person caused them.

The legislature may have authorized! a non-negligent employer to be indemnified by the tortfeasor. Nevertheless, we-find no legislative intent to permit such indemnification to an employer whose negligence has itself contributed to the employee’s injuries, jn contravention of the-general tort principle that one himself at fault cannot recover damages caused in. whole or part by his own fault. To allow a windfall to a negligent employer does not seem to be within the intent of the compensation statute; if there is to be a windfall, it should be in favor of the employee,, for whose protection the compensation act was enacted and in whose protection such., statute should be liberally construed.

Such a conclusion is in accord with the-analysis by Proféssor Wex Malone in his. *310-authoritative work, Louisiana Workmen’s •Compensation, Section 367, at pp. 475-476 ■(1951):

“It would seem that if the employer him■self were guilty of negligence which, in -conjunction with that of the third party, brought on the accident, the employer : should be denied reimbursement for the •compensation he has paid the employee. • Since the principle underlying Section 7 [La.R.S. 23:1101-1103] is the notion of requiring the wrongdoer to indemnify the blameless employer, this principle would be •inapplicable where the employer were as •guilty as the party being sued. Many deci•sions in other jurisdictions have so held. It cannot be successfully contended that "the effect here would be to permit the employee to recover by indirection from the •employer contrary to Section 34 [La.R.S. 1032] of the Compensation Act, since the employee is insisting only that the faulty employer should not be allowed a bite out of the damages to which the employee is justly entitled from the third party. However, in the one Louisiana case [Footnote cites City of Shreveport v. Southwestern Gas & Elec. Co., 145 La. 670, 82 So. 785 (1919)] in which this problem was presented the court stated that the carelessness of the employer is immaterial in his claim for reimbursement of compensation, paid.”3

In holding that the employer’s contributory negligence was immaterial to its suit for indemnification against the tortfeasor, the intermediate court in the present case relied only upon the “one Louisiana case” to this effect cited by Professor Malone: City of Shreveport v. Southwestern Gas & Electric Co., 145 La. 680, 82 So. 785 (1919); see also earlier decision at 140 La. 1078, 74 So. 559 (1919).4

*312The actual holding of that case is considerably narrower. At the time, before the 1920 amendment, the Louisiana workmen’s compensation act provided that the employer’s suit for indemnification was as subrogee of the injured employee.5 In fact, in the City of Shreveport case the employer, the plaintiff city, had filed suit by virtue of a conventional subrogation from the widow of the accidentally-killed employee. The sole basis for allowing the employer to recover for compensation paid, despite its own negligence, was stated as follows, 145 La. 685, 82 So. 787:

“Other defenses are contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff city, and estoppel because of the city’s electrician not having condemned the location of this wire, but having, on the contrary, impliedly approved it by not objecting to it. Suffice it to say of these defenses that the city is not suing in her own right, but is simply enforcing the rights of the widow and children of the decedent.” (Italics ours.) (The decedent employee had been held free of fault.)

By virtue of the 1920 amendment and the subsequent jurisprudence cited in the earlier part of this opinion, the right of the employer to recover compensation paid to an injured employee is an independent right; it no longer depends upon subrogation to the rights of the employee. Thus, the basis of our decision in the City of Shreveport case has since been repudiated by the legislative amendment and subsequent jurisdictional interpretations that the-employer proceeds for indemnification in his independent right and not as subrogee of the employee.

Therefore, as in the case of any other tort plaintiff, we see no reason why the-employer’s own contributory negligence-should not bar his recovery in his indemnification suit, and the City of Shreveport’ holding is not to the contrary.

In the present suit, the defendant tortfeasor’s insurer had filed a third-party demand against Ashy, seeking contribution-from Ashy as joint tortfeasor in the event the injured employee recovered damages as. plaintiff in the tort suit. The intermediate-*314court denied contribution under the jurisprudence developed by the courts of appeal that a tortfeasor cannot seek contribution from the claimant’s employer even though the employer is also concurrently negligent.

See: Bagwell v. South Louisiana Electric Co-Op. Assn., 228 So.2d 555 (La.App.3d Cir., 1969) and the cases cited therein; General Electric Co. v. Cuban American Nickel Co., 396 F.2d 89 (5th Cir. 1968). Contra; Moak v. Link-Belt Co., 229 So.2d 395, 414-416 (La.App. 4th Cir., 1969). See also Comment, The Right of a Third Party to Contribution or Indemnity from a Louisiana Workmen’s Compensation Employer, 38 Tul.L.Rev. 536 (1964).

This court has never spoken on this issue whether the provision of La.R.S. 23:1032, granting an employee a right to a compensation award exclusive of any tort remedy, likewise operates so as to bar a joint tortfeasor from securing contribution from the employer for the tort damages caused through the employer’s concurring negligence.6 This issue is not before us, however, under the present pleadings. The employee Vidrine’s own suit for damages was dismissed, as was the defendant insurer’s third-party demand against Ashy; these dismissals are final, as no review was sought of the trial court judgment which dismissed them. The issue of contribution is therefore not before us.

For the foregoing reasons, we hold that the contributory negligence of the intervenor, Ashy Construction Company, bars its recovery against the defendant(s) herein. Accordingly, the judgment of the court of appeal awarding recovery on the intervention is reversed, and the trial court judgment dismissing the intervention of Ashy Construction Company is affirmed. The costs in the trial court are assessed as provided by its decree; the costs of the appeal ancTof review by this court are assessed against the intervenor, Ashy Construction Company.

Reversed and dismissed.

dissents, being of the

opinion that the decision of the Court of Appeal is correct. See 242 So.2d 249. The attempt of the majority to distinguish City of Shreveport v. Southwestern Gas & Electric Company, 145 La. 680, 82 So. 785, is unreal for R.S. 23:1101-03 in essence *316confers simply a right of legal subrogation (not a separate cause of action for indemnification) in favor of every compensation-paying employer against negligent third persons. Not only does the decision today effectually overrule the City of Shreveport case (under the guise of distinction), it also overrules several cases from our Courts of Appeal and like conclusions of the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals of the United States, sub silentio, despite the fact that over these many years the Legislature itself has not amended the statute to effect an overruling of his jurisprudence. In confining the right of action granted to all compensation-paying employers to those who are “faultless”, the decision herein, adopting the views of Professor Malone, constitutes a judicial amendment to the statute which presently permits no such classification of employers.

(dissenting).

The plaintiff Vidrine sued the defendant Michigan Millers Mutual Insurance Company for damages for injuries resulting from an automobile accident. Vidrine’s employer, Ashy Construction Company, intervened, claiming indemnification for the workmen’s compensation benefits it had paid to Vidrine, and the defendant reconvened against the intervenor for contribution. The plaintiff employee Vidrine withdrew his suit, and the defendant’s counterclaim against the intervenor for contribution fell.1 Only the intervention of the employer for indemnification remains.

The defendant pleaded the “contributory negligence” of the intervenor as a bar to its claim for indemnification, alleging that Vidrine’s co-employee was concurrently negligent with the other driver, who was insured by defendant.

*318The intervenor’s right to recover against this defendant is a statutory right found in R.S. 23:1101-1103, which is a part of the Louisiana Workmen’s Compensation Act. That indemnification is clearly and concisely spelled out. R.S. 23:1101 in pertinent part reads: “Any employer having paid or having become obligated to pay compensation under the provisions of this Chapter may bring suit against such third person [one who is legally liable in damages to the employee for an injury] to recover any amount which he has paid or become obligated to pay as compensation to any injured employee or his dependent.” Under R.S. 23:1102 the employer’s right to indemnification through intervention, here exercised, is granted, and R.S. 23:1103 grants to the employer who has paid compensation benefits a claim for compensation actually paid which takes precedence even over the injured employee’s or his dependent’s claim for recovery.

It can thus be seen that there is no equivocation in the statutes as to the employer’s right of indemnification against any third person who is liable in damages for an injury suffered by the employee for which the employer has paid compensation ■ benefits.

The majority cites Malone, Louisiana Workmen’s Compensation Law and Practice § 367, for the proposition that the principle- underlying Section 7' of the act (R.S. ‘23:1101 — 1103) “is the notion of requiring the wrongdoer to indemnify the-blameless employer”. (Emphasis mine.) It is from this point of departure that the majority finally holds that any legal contributory negligence — imputed, derivative, personal, or independent — on the part of the employer bars his recovery in indemnification for compensation benefits. The initial departure leads to a final conclusion which is totally invalid.

Nothing contained in these statutes qualifies the employer’s right to obtain indemnification. Unless that statutory right is abridged by other statute or is against public policy, it is absolute. The right is not dependent on absence of negligence.

I begin with the premise, then, that an employer has an absolute statutory right to be indemnified by any third party who is liable in damages for the injury to the employee for which the employer has paid workmen’s compensation benefits. Next I point out that although there may be reasons under public policy for a departure from the absolute right to indemnification, that case is not before us. There is an equitable principle of common law that one-who has unclean hands or is himself a wrongdoer should not be able to benefit from the concurrent wrongdoing of another. This is the principle enunciated in a small minority of the states in order to qualify and limit the employer’s right to-indemnification tinder their workmen’s-compensation law. In those jurisdictions, *320that negligence which is a bar to the employer’s recovery in indemnification is termed “independent personal negligence”, which is to distinguish it from derivative or imputed negligence giving rise to vicarious responsibility.

Now to the instant case: No independent personal negligence on the part of the intervenor Ashy is pleaded; only the derivative or imputed negligence of its employee-servant which fixes vicarious responsibility has been urged. The majority has nevertheless held that the negligence of the co-employee is to be here imputed to the employer under the theory of vicarious responsibility so as to constitute concurring contributory negligence which will bar the employer’s right to indemnification for the workmen’s compensation benefits it has paid the injured employee. The employer here was only vicariously liable to third parties for the negligence of the co-employee. The employer was not even vicariously liable in tort for the negligent acts of the co-employee as between that co-employee and another employee.

“ * * * It is incorrect to say that the negligence of a co-employee is the employer’s negligence, when the injured person is also an employee; the principle of vicarious liability simply does not apply. Thus, if claimant C at the time of the accident was riding in the employer’s truck driven by co-employee D, and was- injured in a collision caused by the combined negligence of D and a third party T, one can, of course, say with propriety that, in an action by T against the employer for damages to T himself, the employer is.vicariously liable for the negligence of D. But in an action by the employer against T, based on C’s injuries, one cannot properly say that the injuries were in part imputable to the ‘employer’s’ negligence, because, vis-á-vis his employee C, the employer is not vicariously liable for the negligence of D.

“Accordingly, the better view seems to be that the employer should not be barred by a defense of concurring negligence, when the negligence is only that of a co-employee.

“On the other hand, if the employer’s negligence was not based on vicarious liability, but was direct and personal, the employer’s suit could be barred in those jurisdictions which use the concept of ‘subrogation,’ on the general equitable subrogation principle that the subrogee must not himself be at fault or guilty of contributing to the loss on which he sues.” 2 Larson, The Law of Workmen’s Compensation § 75.23.

A stronger but similar view is expressed by Malone, supra in footnote to the discussion quoted by the majority: “If the employer is not personally negligent, but the carelessness of one of his workers combines zvith the wrongdoing of a third party to cause the injury to the worker, it *322•seems that the employer should not he denied indemnity against the third party wrongdoer. It is familiar law in most states that an employer who is held liable to a third person because of the negligence of his servant is entitled to indemnity from the servant, and by the same token he should be allowed indemnity against the third party. However, none of the cases dealing with the effect of the employer’s fault on his right to indemnity in compensation have distinguished vicarious liability from personal fault." (Fn. 73, p. 476.) (Emphasis supplied.) 2 For additional discussion, see Larson, Workmen’s Compensation : Third Party’s Action Over Against Employer, 65 Nw.U.L.Rev. 351; McCoid, The Third Person in the Compensation Picture, 37 Tex.L.Rev. 389; Comment, 25 U.Chi.L.Rev. 522; Note, 36 Minn.L.Rev. '549; Note, 37 Iowa L.Rev. 84; Note, 42 Ind.L.J. 430; Note, 9 Utah L.Rev. 939; Note, 13 Vand.L.Rev. 772.

While the majority acknowledges in footnote 3 that Malone and Larson hold the view of a limited bar to indemnification, i. e., independent negligence, it concludes that since only in rare cases is the employer’s contributory negligence the re-suit of personal carelessness rather than vicarious fault, that view shoüld not be given credence. Thus with the broad brush of pen the majority has disregarded express and unambiguous statutory language and determined a vital question in the field of workmen’s compensation without giving full consideration to the possible alternatives.

The North Carolina Supreme Court in a series of cases has made the very distinction suggested by Malon.e ,and Larson. The jurisprudence in that state is to the effect that negligence imputable to an. employer under the common law doctrine respondeat superior is not a bar to his recovery for workmen’s compensation against a third party, but that “independent negligence” may be pleaded in bar of his recovery against such a third party. Brown v. Southern Ry. Co., 204 N.C. 668, 169 S.E. 419; Essick v. City of Lexington, 232 N.C. 200, 60 S.E.2d 106; Essick v. City, of Lexington, 233 N.C. 600, 65 S.E.2d 220; Poindexter v. Johnson Motor Lines, 235 N.C. 286, 69 S.E.2d 495; Lovette v. Lloyd, 236 N.C. 663, 73 S.E.2d 886; Hunsucker v. High Point Bending & Chair Co., 237 N.C. 559, 75 S.E.2d 768.3

*324The general rule of law, however, makes no distinction between independent and imputed negligence, and is to the effect that the contributory or concurrent negligence of the employer can never be pleaded as bar to his recovery from a negligent third party "for workmen’s compensation paid to an employee. Nyquist v. Batcher, 235 Minn. 491, 51 N.W.2d 566; case note, 36 Minn.L.Rev. 549; Enghusen v. H. Christiansen & Sons, Inc., 259 Minn. 442, 107 N.W.2d 843; Fidelity & Casualty Co. v. Cedar Valley Electric Co., 187 Iowa 1014, 174 N.W. 709; Williams Bros. Lumber Co. v. Meisel, 85 Ga.App. 72, 68 S.E.2d 384; Houk v. Arrow Drilling Company, 201 Kan. 81, 439 P.2d 146; Liddle v. Collins Construction Company, 283 S.W.2d 474 (Mo. 1955); General Box Co. v. Missouri Utilities Co., 331 Mo. 845, 55 S.W.2d 442; Standard Wholesale Phos. & A. Wks. v. Rukert Term. Corp., 193 Md. 20, 65 A.2d 304; Bristol Telephone Co. v. Weaver, 146 Tenn. 511, 243 S.W. 299; Indemnity Insurance Co. of North America v. Odom, 237 S.C. 167, 116 S.E.2d 22; Clark v. Chicago, M., St. P. & P. R. Co., 214 Wis. 295, 252 N.W. 685; Employers Mut. L. Ins. Co. of Wis. v. Refined Syrups Corp., 184 Misc. 941, 53 N.Y.S.2d 835, aff’d, 269 App.Div. 931, 58 N.Y.S.2d 216; Caulfield v. Elmhurst Contracting Co., 268 App.Div. 661, 53 N.Y.S.2d 25, aff’d, 294 N.Y. 803, 62 N.E.2d 237; Royal Indem. Co. v. Southern Cal. Petroleum Corp., 67 N.M. 137, 353 P.2d 358; Graham v. City of Lincoln, 106 Neb. 305, 183 N.W. 569; Utley v. Taylor & Gaskin, 305 Mich. 561, 9 N.W.2d 842; Johnson v. Willoughby, 183 S.W.2d 201 (Tex.Civ.App. 1944); Baker v. Traders & General Ins. Co., 199 F.2d 289 (10th Cir. 1952); Texaco, Inc., v. Pruitt, 396 F.2d 237 (10th Cir. 1968); General Electric Co. v. Cuban American Nickel Co., 396 F.2d 89 (5th Cir. 1968); United Gas Corp. v. Guillory, 206 F.2d 49 (5th Cir. 1953); Otis Elevator Co. v. Miller & Paine, 240 F. 376 (8th Cir. 1917); Marciniak v. Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 152 F.Supp. 89 (D.Del. 1957); Cyr v. F. S. Payne Co., 112 F.Supp. 526 (D.Conn. 1953). See also Anno. 19 A.L.R. 766; supplemented 27 A.L.R. 493, 37 A.L.R. 838, 67 A.L.R. 249, 88 A.L.R. 665, and 106 A.L.R. 1040.

The majority, again in footnote, recognizes a division in the jurisprudence of this country, citing 101 C.J.S. Workmen’s Compensation § 1010(c), and 58 Am.Jur. Workmen’s Compensation § 359, but fails to mention that the division is such that only the most miniscule minority supports the view adopted here. Most of the cases cited in these works stand for the opposite proposition or can be distinguished. The *326North Carolina cases are cited for support, but, as shown by my previous discussion, they are based on the “independent negligence” theory and do not support the broad theory enounced. The same theory is adopted in a federal district court decision from South Carolina which is cited.4 Two cases out of Illinois have been overruled by statutory amendment.5 Another of the cases decided in the federal courts which barred recovery of compensation payments turned on a contractual agreement to assume full responsibility.6 Also cited is a federal district court decision out of Louisiana which deals with liability between employers and has nothing to do with the Issue presented in this instance.7

California cases are also cited for this.8 While some of the cases in the jurisprudence of California do hold in accordance with the view expressed in the majority opinion here, it cannot be said categorically that this is the California rule. These California holdings are based in a large part upon Witt v. Jackson, 57 Cal.2d 57, 17 Cal.Rptr. 369, 366 P.2d 641, which modified prior jurisprudence after finding the North Carolina rule of “independent negligence” persuasive. In adopting the North Carolina rule, however, the California Supreme Court applied it to a factual situation where only vicarious liability was present, and the “independent negligence” theory was inapplicable. Thereafter a *328number of cases in the various appellate courts of California interpreted and applied the Witt decision. In some cases there existed actual independent negligence of the employer, and in others the employer was only vicariously liable.9 The Witt v. Jackson rule with its variations in the appellate courts has presented numerous and most serious problems. See Comment, 17 U.C.L.A.L.Rev. 651, and Note, 21 Hastings L.J. 661.

Our state courts and the federal courts have apparently believed that City of Shreveport v. Southwestern Gas & Electric Co., 145 La. 680, 82 So. 785, was authority in Louisiana for the view that concurrent negligence imputed to the employer was not ,a bar U> recovery from a.third party. Day v. National-U.S. Radiator Corporation, 117 So.2d 104 (La.App. 1st Cir. 1960), reversed on other grounds, 241 La. 288, 128 So.2d 660; Andrus v. Great American Insurance Company, 161 So.2d 113 (La.App. 3rd Cir. 1964), writs refused. See also International Paper Co. v. Arkansas & Louisiana Missouri Ry. Co., 35 So.2d 769 (La.App. 2nd Cir. 1948); United Gas Corp. v. Guillory, supra, and General. Electric Co. v. Cuban American Nickel Co., supra.

The author of the majority opinion here was the author of the opinion in Andrus v. Great American, supra. He said there unequivocally; “Thus, for example, in Louisiana it has been held that the employer’s own independent contributory negligence may not bar the employer’s right to reimbursement from the tortfeasor of compensation paid to the injured employee, since the employer is merely enforcing the injured employee’s cause of action.” I am not sure whether the author used the phrase “independent contributory negligence” advisedly or inadvertently in this statement of law; otherwise I believe the writer of the majority opinion stated in Andrus the correct Louisiana rule as well as the overwhelming majority view jurisprudentially and doctrinally.

I have pointed out that we do not have before us a case where this court can decide whether a public policy consideration should require us to modify our indemnification rule in workmen’s compensation. The. right of indemnification is founded upon, and is part and parcel of, the same *330socio-economic theory that is the basis1 for workmen’s compensation’s replacing the delictual remedy. Only one remedy is given, one recovery, and the financial loss suffered is so fixed that it may be passed dozm to the consumers. It is not founded upon the same principle as is compulsory insurance or upon similar theories which attempt to spread losses horizontally and collaterally among all situated in similar positions. The question may be posed, and it’appears to be in the mind of the majority : Why excuse vicarious fault of a workmen’s compensation payor when the indemnification he seeks will in many cases come from one who is also only vicariously at fault? The answer is very simple: The workmen’s compensation statute has mandated that difference, and the legislative theory and purpose underlying workmen’s compensation are different from the legislative theory and purpose underlying the assignment of vicarious fault. Moreover, first, and. last, ■ regardless of -purpose or theory, -.indemnification is the lazo (La. Civ. Code Art. 1). ...

-The majority reaches without reason or explanation beyond and even contrary to the authorities it appears to recognize and rely upon — Malone and Larson, who' are in fact the eminent authorities in this field.

If the majority opinion in the instant case prevails with all of its broad implications, it"will be contrary to statutory expression' and to the previous jurisprudence of this state, and it will be the antipode of the view adopted by the vast majority of jurisdictions outside this state. Moreover, it poses the threat of all 'the complexities that arise where the minority view exists.

.For the reasons assigned I respectfully dissent.

ON REHEARING

Theodule Vidrine was injured while in the course and scope of his employment with the Ashy Construction Company. He was a passenger in a company truck driven by a co-employee, Joseph Cormier, when it collided with an automobile which was being driven by Dorothy Hardy (a.jminor) and insured by Michigan, Millers Mutual. Insurance Company.

Vidrine brought a tort action against the. minor’s father and Michigan. Ashy inter-, vened claiming reimbursement from the,. defendants for the amounts. it had paid Vidrine on account of workmen’s compensation benefits due to him. Vidrine ultimately withdrew his suit, and the litigation has continued only as between Ashy (for the compensation payments) and the defendants.

In the lower courts it was determined that the accident occurred as the result of the concurrent negligence of both Miss Hardy and Ashy’s employee, Cormier,’ and that Vidrine was not negligent.

*332The sole question for our determination bn the initial hearing in this Court, and now, is whether the negligence of Cormier, attributable to his employer (Ashy), prevents the latter from recovering against the third-party joint tortfeasor (Hardy) and his insurer, the compensation payments made by it to its non-negligent employee Vidrinc. Stated another way, the issue is whether an employer may recover such compensation benefits from a third-party tortfeasor, under the provisions of R.S. 23:1101-1103, if he himself is guilty of negligence which contributed to the accident causing the non-ncgligent employee’s injury. On the original hearing we held that he could not.

We now reverse and hold that the negligence of the employer does not bar his right to recover such compensation payments from a third-party joint tortfeasor. Our conclusion is based on the clear and unequivocal language of R.S. 23:1101 and 1103 which read as follows:

§ 1101. “When an injury for which compensation is payable under this Chapter has been sustained under circumstances creating in some person (in this Section referred to as third person) other than the employer a legal liability to pay damages in respect thereto, the injured employee or his dependent may claim compensation under this Chapter and the payment or award of compensation hereunder shall not affect the claim or right of action of the injured employee or his dependent against such third person, nor be regarded as establishing a measure of damages for the injury; and such injured employee or his dependent may obtain damages from or proceed at law against such third person to recover damages for the injury.

“Any employer having paid or having become obligated to pay compensation under the provisions of this Chapter may bring suit against such third person to recover any amount which he has paid or become obligated to pay as compensation to any injured employee or his dependent.” (Emphasis added)

§ 1103. “In the event that the employer or the employee or his dependent becomes party plaintiff in a suit against a third person, as provided in R.S. 23:1102, and damages are recovered, such damages shall be so apportioned in the judgment that the claim of the employer for the compensation actually paid shall take precedence over that of the injured employee or his dependent; and if the damages are not sufficient or are sufficient only to reimburse the employer for the compensation which he has actually paid, such damages shall be assessed solely in his favor; but if the damages are more than sufficient to so reimburse the employer, the excess shall be assessed in favor of the injured em*334ployce ox- his dependent, and upon payment thereof to the employee or his dependent, the liability of the employer for compensation shall cease for such part of the compensation due, computed at six per cent per annum, and shall be satisfied by such payment.

“No compromise with such third person by either the employer or the injured employee or his dependent shall be binding upon or affect the rights of the others unless assented to by him. As amended Acts 1958, No. 109, § 1.” (Emphasis added.)

These provisions clearly permit recovery by any employer of the compensation payments made or due by him, and evidence an intent that in on case shall the employee be permitted dual recovery for his injuries, that is, recovery both from the tortfeasor in full and, in addition, from his employer in compensation. Indeed, in the original statute, if an employee availed himself of his right to compensation, only the employer had the right to bring action against the tortfeasor both for the payments made by him, and for any additional amounts due to the employee. An amendment in 1920 permitted either to bring the- action, and allowed the other to join to urge his claim. As shown in Chauvin v. Louisiana Power & Light Co., 177 La. 193, 148 So. 23, “The only material difference between the old law and the new is that under the old law the right to collect the damage had to be exercised through the employer, the subrogee of the claim, whereas, under the law as amended, the right may be exercised by the injured employee personally.” (Emphasis added.)

In neither of the above quoted sections is there any suggestion that the right to recover compensation actually paid or due is limited to those employers who are blameless, or innocent of any action which might have caused the injury. Furthermore, nothing in the sections creates a classification of employers into those who are at fault and those who are not. Any attempt by this Court to create such a classification would amount to judicial statutory amendment.

As we said in Board of Commissioners of Port of New Orleans v. City of New Orleans, 223 La. 199, 65 So.2d 313, “ * * * the compensation statute specifically grants to the employer * * * the right to bring suit against the third person tort-feasor to recover any amount zvhich he has paid or has become obligated to pay as compensation to the dependent. The employer, in other words, is unqualifiedly authorised to assert, to the extent of obtaining indemnification for the compensation for which he is obligated to pay, the cause of action that arose originally in favor of the employee from the third person’s actionable negligence.” This language as italicized was quoted with approval in Thomas v. Matthews Lumber Company of Mansfield, 253 La. 1, 215 So.2d 832.

*336As .heretofore shown in the dissenting opinion of Justice Barham handed down on the original hearing, “Our state courts and the federal courts have apparently believed that City of Shreveport v. Southwestern Gas & Electric Co., 145 La. 680, 82 So. 785, was authority in Louisiana for the view that concurrent negligence imputed to the employer was not a bar to recovery from a third party. Day v. National-U. S. Radiator Corporation, 117 So.2d 104 (La.App. 1st Cir. 1960), reversed on other grounds, 241 La. 288, 128 So.2d 660; Andrus v. Great American Insurance Company, 161 So.2d 113 (La.App. 3rd Cir. 1964), writs refused. See also International Paper Co. v. Arkansas & Louisiana Missouri Ry. Co., 35 So.2d 769 (La.App. 2nd Cir. 1948); United Gas Corp. v. Guillory, supra [206 F.2d 49 (La. 5th Cir. 1953)], and General Electric Co. v. Cuban American Nickel Co., supra [396 F.2d 89 (La. 5th Cir. 1968)].” The- legislature has never amended the statute to-effect an overruling of this jurisprudence.

As we read the original majority opinion, that holding is not based on the language of the statute or on our jurisprudence, but, instead, on concepts of equity and/or socioeconomic reasons.1 If the views expressed are valid, a change in the 3aw,is essential so as to have it comport therewith.,. But this is not a matter for the Court; it addresses itself solely to the legislative department of our government.

From time to time the courts of,this State have referred in various ways to the right conferred by the statute. Some of the earlier cases call it a “right of subrogation” but in Board of Commissioners of Port of New' Orleans v. City of New Orleans, supra, this Court held that it is'nOt, properly speaking, a subrogation. At other time's in the opinions it has been called a “right of indemnification” or “reimbursement.” Some State and Federal appellate opinion's have referred to it as “a kihd of subrogation” or “in the nature of a legal subrogation .”2 But it matters not by what name the right is called — whether it be a subro*338gation,' in the nature of a subrogation, ’or' a right of reimbursement, Or whatever— the ■ right is an absolute one' and ' is not limited by the statute.

For the reasons assigned, the opinion of the Court of Appeal for the Third Circuit is reinstated and made the judgment of this Court.

ON REHEARING

(dissenting).

I respectfully dissent.

This js a tort suit. The liability of-the defendant (“Michigan Millers”) depends upon fault. As both the trial and intermediate courts found, the driver-employee of the plaintiff before us (“Ashy”) was contributorily negligent with regard to the accident in which his' có-e'mployee passenger, Vidrine, was injured. '

Ashy, which paid compensation to Vidrine, seeks to recover the compensation so paid from Michigan Millers on the ground of its insured’s fault.- Despite the admitted' fact that Ashy (by imputation of its driver^ employee’s actions) .is contributorily negligent, we allow Ashy to recover in this-tort: suit. ' ■ . •

I suggest that,- under principles of Louisi--' ana tort law, this result is wrong. Plaintiffs who are contributorily negligent are denied recovery in a tort suit.'

In allowing recovery, the majority relies upon the provisions of La.R.S. 23:1101-1103 (a redaction of a 1920 act), which, permit an injured employee to recover damages from a third person when the circumstances have created in such person “a legal liability-to pay damages in respect thereto”. ’ La. R.-S. 23:1101. The samé: statutory ■ provisions likewise permit ah employer to recover from such third person amounts he has paid or become obligated to-pay to afi injured employee as a result of the accident.

I respectfully suggest that the 1920 legislature never intended to abrogate fundamental tort law by permitting a negligent employer to recover- from -a third person *340compensation-indemnification, where the employer’s own fault was a contributory cause of the injuries and damages for which recovery is sought.

Just as the statutory provision (La.R.S. 23:1101) does not authorize an employee to recover damages from the third person when the employee himself is at fault, so it does not authorize an employer at fault to profit by its own fault and be indemnified for compensation benefits paid to an injured employee because of the employer’s fault. In neither case does the statutory language exclude recovery when the respective plaintiff (employee or employer) is cóntributorily negligent; in both cases, in my opinion, this bar to recovery is implied, because in neither case does the third person have a “legal liability to pay damages in respect” to the accident. La.R.S. 23:1101.

I should note that the 1920 provisions incorporated in the 1950 Revised Statutes have at least since 1933 been interpreted by this court as providing an independent right-cause of action in the employer to recovery in tort, independent of any rights of the injured employee to recovery in tort. Board of Commissioners, etc. v. City of New Orleans, 223 La. 199, 65 So.2d 313 (1963).

I am thus unable to subscribe to the majority’s view that, although the basis of the defendant’s (Michigan Millers) liability is fault under Civil Code Article 2315, nevertheless the fault of the present plaintiff (Ashy) does not bar recovery in the present suit, though it would in all other tort actions.

I respectfully dissent.

(dissenting).

I do not believe that a court should lend its aid to one guilty of unlawful conduct. Reason dictates and justice demands that the fault of Ashy should bar recovery in the present suit, the same as in toft actions.