Ketterle v. Ketterle
Ketterle v. Ketterle
Opinion of the Court
Central to this dispute about the division of marital assets is the husband’s 2001 Nobel Prize for Physics.
The husband has appealed, claiming (1) the wife received a disproportionate share of the assets; (2) the $83,000 the judge assigned to the husband out of the 2001 Nobel Prize proceeds, which was his share after taxes and his gift to his mentor of one-half of the prize money,
We conclude that (1) the judge did not abuse her discretion in her over-all division of assets, including her consideration of the Nobel Prize’s impact on his ability to acquire future income and assets; (2) the judge’s crediting of the husband with $83,000 in Nobel Prize proceeds was not clearly erroneous; and (3) the judge did not err in ordering the husband to pay the imminent college costs of the oldest child, but did err in ordering the husband to pay the future college costs of the two younger children.
Facts. The plaintiff, Gabriele Ketterle (wife), and the defendant, Wolfgang Ketterle (husband), were married on September 20, 1985, in Germany. This seventeen-year marriage was the first for both parties. They had three children, born March 6, 1986; October 25, 1988; and September 28, 1992.
As found by the judge, the husband was a tenured full professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), whose total wages from MIT were $179,160.98 in 2001. His health was also excellent. The wife worked part-time as a teacher’s aide earning $7,317.98 in 2001. Although her physical health was fine, her mental health was “fragile.” In August, 2001, she was committed for a time to McLean Hospital because of a
The judge found “much to admire in the conduct of both [parties] as spouses and as parents.” The husband’s brilliance and hard work made the family financially secure. “The wife’s total commitment to child rearing and tending to the home permitted the husband to pursue his career,” which involved “very long hours at his laboratory.” The wife also came to the United States from Germany to enhance her husband’s career despite her “lack of fluency in English and . . . familiarity with . . . American culture.”
The judge identified five basic marital assets: the former marital home in Brookline (equity of $578,000), the husband’s new home (equity of $70,000), the after-tax proceeds from the Nobel Prize (this totaled either $83,000 or $166,000 depending on whether the mentor’s share is included or excluded), the husband’s retirement/pension funds (approximately $ 183,000
The judge awarded the marital home to the wife, and the retirement/pension funds and the after-tax Nobel Prize proceeds to the husband.
According to the judge’s calculations, she gave the wife either sixty-eight percent or sixty-two percent of the assets, depending on how the mentor’s share of the award is considered.
The parties were given joint legal custody of the three children with, as the parties agreed, the oldest and youngest children residing primarily with the wife and the middle child residing with the husband. The husband was ordered to pay monthly child support of $2,500 to the wife and monthly alimony of $2,000.
The judge also found that it was “equitable to assign responsibility for college expenses to the husband now,” as the wife “has no realistic ability to pay for college expenses,” and “the husband has a liquid asset (the Nobel prize money) which he can prudently invest for college for the oldest child, now age 16.”
Discussion. The husband objects to the “disproportionate”
There is no question that the judge here expressly considered all the appropriate factors. She also exercised her discretion to give more weight to some factors than others, particularly the ability to acquire future income and assets.
The judge’s findings on the wife’s inability to acquire future income and assets are well-supported, given the wife’s limited vocational skills and mental illness. In regard to the husband, the judge emphasized not only the Nobel Prize but also the husband’s lucrative retirement plan. There is no dispute regarding the valuation of the retirement plan. We also discern no error in the judge’s determination that the Nobel Prize, in combination with the husband’s brilliance, work ethic, good health, and relative youth (he was forty-four years old at the
The husband also contends that the judge created a seventy-six percent to twenty-four percent split of assets, not the sixty-eight percent to thirty-two percent split that she intended. He argues that there were only two assets: the house and the retirement plan, because all of the Nobel Prize money was offset by his liabilities. We conclude, however, that the judge’s crediting him with $83,000 out of the Nobel Prize proceeds was not clearly erroneous, as the prize proceeds have remained under his exclusive control since their receipt, and even when the taxes and the mentor’s share are subtracted,
Cf. Kindregan & Inker, Family Law and Practice § 40:16, at 42 (“The court should also decide who caused the liabilities, for what purpose, who benefited and whether they were caused justifiably”).
The husband was also awarded the right to give $83,000 of
The husband also objects to the judge’s assignment to him of the college expenses of the three children, contending that these expenses should be addressed shortly before each of the children prepares to enter college. “[A]s a general rule, support orders regarding the future payment of post-high school educational costs are premature and should not be made.” Passemato v. Passemato, 427 Mass, at 54. L.W.K. v. E.R.C., 432 Mass. 438, 452, 453-454 (2000). Cabot v. Cabot, 55 Mass. App. Ct. 756, 762 (2002). Lang v. Koon, 61 Mass. App. Ct. 22, 25 (2004). Support orders are meant to address the current and not the future needs of children. Bush v. Bush, 402 Mass. 406, 410 (1988). “The limited circumstances that do justify orders for future educational expenses have involved children with special needs or profligate parents.” Lang v. Koon, 61 Mass. App. Ct. at 25, citing Passemato v. Passemato, 427 Mass, at 54-55; see Taverna v. Pizzi, 430 Mass. 882, 886 (2000). No argument has been made that either of these exceptions applies here.
The trial judge nonetheless concluded that it was “equitable to assign responsibility for college expenses to the husband now.” She determined that the wife would not be able to pay for college expenses and that the husband “has a liquid asset (the Nobel prize money) which he can prudently invest for college for the oldest child,” who was a junior in high school at the time of the trial and who has subsequently been admitted to attend Stanford University.
For the two younger children, aged thirteen and ten at the time of the trial, we conclude that the order was premature. As college is now imminent for the oldest child, see Cabot v. Cabot, 55 Mass. App. Ct. at 765; Lang v. Koon, 61 Mass. App. Ct. at 26 n.11; American Law Institute, Principles of the Law of Family Dissolution: Analysis and Recommendations § 3.12, comment b, illustration 1 (2002), and the judge’s reasoning is otherwise sound in assigning to the father the responsibility for the oldest child’s college expenses, we affirm the judge’s order to the husband to pay the oldest child’s college expenses.
So ordered.
The husband won the Nobel Prize for Physics for his work on Bose-Einstein condensates. “Bose-Einstein condensation has been described as making atoms behave like the photons in a laser beam,” rather than move about in their normal state, where they “flit around randomly.” 2001 Nobel Prizes, MIT Technology Review, March, 2002, at 15. The condensates have near and long-term applications: “One technological application that promises to bear fruit in the near term is using the condensates to create super-accurate atomic clocks or to make ultra-precise measurements of forces like rotation and gravity. Even further down the road are possible applications in quantum computing and nanotechnology.” Ibid.
In about 1990, the husband and his mentor, David Pritchard, started working together at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) on Bose-Einstein condensation. In 1993, in order to keep the husband at MIT, Pritchard took the “extraordinary” step of turning the entire project — “equipment, students and grants” — over to the husband. 2001 Nobel Prizes, MIT Technology Review, March, 2002, at 15.
The husband’s retirement assets consist of a 401k account and a defined benefit pension plan. At the time of the divorce, there was $109,401.92 in the 401k plan, in which MTT matched the husband’s contribution dollar for dollar. The husband’s interest in the defined benefit plan was $73,649.89 at the time of the divorce. The projected worth of the defined benefit plan by the year 2023, when the husband becomes 65 years old, was $684,409.
The judge carved out for purposes of division the equity in the husband’s new home and the wife’s bank account, treating them as essentially a wash. This was because the parties earlier had equally divided a joint bank account, each taking $97,000. The husband used his share mostly to purchase and furnish his new home and the wife saved most of her share in her bank account.
The judge excluded the mentor’s share from the marital estate, so she deemed the split to be sixty-eight percent to thirty-two percent. As explained, infra at 763-764, the split was actually sixty-two percent to thirty-eight percent, as the share allocated to the mentor should have been included on the husband’s side of the ledger. The husband nonetheless argues that the split was seventy-six percent to twenty-four percent because he claims all of the Nobel Prize money was offset by debts. The debts he identifies, however, are essentially the taxes owed on the prize and his obligation to his mentor.
The husband has not appealed the awards of alimony or child support. The wife has not appealed any part of the judge’s decision.
The husband’s argument that the judge did not properly consider the husband’s contribution to the marriage is without support in the record. She just weighed his contribution differently than he did.
The judge did not give any significant weight to the prospects of either the husband or the wife inheriting from their parents. She also found that the wife was “estranged from her parents.”
These are the debts the husband references.
Unclear from the record is whether the husband has, to date, given his mentor the $83,000.
She makes this clear when she allows the transfer only “hand in glove” with her assignment of the house to the wife, and when she rejects the husband’s claims that he is “cash-poor.”
This fact, and an arrangement between father and child to pay for college, was represented at oral argument.
The husband has also vaguely objected to the termination of the parent
Concurring Opinion
(concurring). I concur in the decision in all respects but write separately to address only the subject of college costs, an issue that we see arising with some frequency of late. This is due in no small part to the fact that, at the same time that a college education has become an ever more necessary career predicate, the costs of providing one have simply skyrocketed. Even intact families of some financial means who wish to provide this opportunity often find themselves hard pressed to pay for college tuition, room, and board out of current income; those who have not otherwise saved for it may willingly tap other marital assets such as the equity in their homes or mutually incur other marital debt.
The difficulty is greatly magnified when the issue is confronted by divorcing couples, not all of whom are able, or willing, to sort it out for themselves. When, as here, divorcing couples of considerable means and education, who apparently intend their children to receive a college education, cannot agree upon how to divide marital property and apportion ongoing obligations, let alone the matter of paying for college, their unresolved and often intractable disputes are laid before Probate and Family Court judges. These judges do their best to resolve such disputes in as global, long-term, workable, and stabilizing a fashion as possible for all concerned. Deferring until the time college is on the doorstep the decision who will pay for all or part of it often undercuts this salutary effort and renders expensive future litigation to settle the question terribly likely. In the interim, with the marital assets already divided and a
I concur in the result reached here because, in the circumstances, the judge’s resolution of the college cost issue did not in certain respects comport with settled case law by which we are constrained. That the judge tried to address the issue, however, was quite understandable. The judge’s order as to the two younger children was structured as being, in essence, in the nature of a child support order. To the extent that payment of college costs is viewed as child support, G. L. c. 208, § 28, and the cases construing it limit to “current” need any support amount awarded. Child support (available for college-bound dependent children over the age of eighteen) is generally deemed prematurely awarded as to a child much under that age for whom college is not yet on the horizon. Cf. American Law Institute (ALI), Principles of the Law of Family Dissolution: Analysis and Recommendations § 3.12 (2002).
We have cited with favor the American Law Institute’s commentary suggesting that it is appropriate to fashion child support orders in a manner consistent with that which the noncustodial parent should reasonably have been expected to contribute had the child lived with him. Brooks v. Piela, ante 731, 737 n.8 (2004).
Reference
- Full Case Name
- Gabriele Ketterle v. Wolfgang Ketterle
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- Published