*296 This case involves a violation of the State sanitary code (code) by the defendant, Kenneth R. Couture, for operating a business without obtaining a food establishment permit from *297 the plaintiff, the board of health of Northbridge (board). See G. L. c. 111, § 127A ; 105 Code Mass. Regs. §§ 590.000 (2010). A judge of the Housing Court entered judgment pursuant to a jury verdict on special questions. 1 The *100 jury found that Couture violated the code by not obtaining a permit and that he failed to abide by the board's January 15, 2015, order requiring him to obtain one. See Solimene v. B. Grauel & Co., KG , 399 Mass. 790 , 800, 507 N.E.2d 662 (1987), quoting Commonwealth v. Licciardi , 387 Mass. 670 , 675, 443 N.E.2d 386 (1982) ("The answers to the questions or issues submitted are considered a special verdict consisting of 'a statement of facts the jury have found from which the judge determines the appropriate judgment' "). The judge, acting as the finder of fact on the question of the number of days that Couture was in violation, imposed a fine of $ 7,500. She also ordered him to cease and desist from serving beverages to the public until he obtained the proper permit.

Couture appeals, claiming that the board presented insufficient evidence he violated the code, the code did not apply to him, and the fine imposed was not supported by the evidence. We affirm. 2

Background . In 2014, Couture began operating a bowling alley business in Northbridge (town) known as Sparetime Recreation. He bought bottled beverages from a Pepsi distributor and sold them to his customers. In addition, he made coffee on the premises and served it, together with cream and sugar, to a senior bowling league.

On September 6, 2014, the town health inspector conducted a routine inspection of the bowling alley and observed that Couture was selling soda and bottled juice without a food establishment permit (permit). Couture asked the inspector to leave before she could complete her inspection. The inspection report stated that "the owner must apply for and pay for the annual permit from the [board] to sell food." Couture had previously held a permit when he operated the bowling alley from 1998 to 2002, but when he *298 resumed operation in 2014 he did not obtain a permit. 3

By letter dated October 1, 2014, the board notified Couture that he needed to apply for and obtain a permit to continue selling prepackaged foods and beverages. The board enclosed an application, notified Couture that the issue would be discussed at an upcoming meeting of the board, and requested his attendance at the meeting. By letter dated January 15, 2015, the board notified Couture that an inspection revealed that a cooler was being used to sell soda, water, and juice, and that coffee was being served at the bowling alley without a permit. The letter notified Couture that he was required to obtain a permit as a "limited retail food establishment" with an annual permit fee of one hundred dollars. The letter concluded by notifying Couture that the board had voted to give him fourteen days to submit the permit application and that a reinspection would take place thereafter. Other than complaining to the chairman of the board about the one hundred dollar fee, Couture took no action. He never applied for a permit.

*101 Discussion . 1. The regulations . Chapter X of the code, as authorized under G. L. c. 111, § 127A (Chapter X), sets forth "Minimum Sanitation Standards for Food Establishments." 105 Code Mass. Regs. § 590.000 (2010). Chapter X incorporates the Federal 1999 Food Code (1999 food code), published by the United States Department of Health and Human Services, except for "those provisions ... which are specifically stricken or modified by [Chapter X]." The definitions set forth in Chapter X "shall be in addition to or a substitution for the same definition in [the 1999 food code] section 1-201.10 entitled Definitions." 105 Code Mass. Regs. § 590.002(B) (2010).

Chapter X's stated purpose, as adopted from the 1999 food code, is "to safeguard public health and provide to consumers food that is safe, unadulterated, and honestly presented." 105 Code Mass. Regs. § 590.002(A) (2010). 1999 food code § 1-102.10. To that end, "[a] person may not operate a food establishment without a valid permit to operate issued by the regulatory authority." 105 Code Mass. Regs. § 590.002(A). 1999 food code § 8-301.11. To obtain such a permit, a person must submit to the board a written application on a form provided by the board. 105 Code Mass. Regs. § 590.012(B) (2011).

*299 At the time of this action, Chapter X defined a food establishment as "an operation that stores, prepares, packages, serves, vends, or otherwise provides food for human consumption ... [s]uch as a restaurant; ... market; ... vending location; [or] institution ... and ... [t]hat relinquishes possession of food to a consumer directly." 105 Code Mass. Regs. § 590.002(B) (2010). It included operations that are "conducted in a mobile, stationary, temporary, or permanent facility or location; where consumption is on or off the premises; and regardless of whether there is a charge for the food." 105 Code Mass. Regs. § 590.002(B).

We pause to note that Chapter X was amended in 2018 (2018 regulations). See 105 Code Mass. Regs. §§ 590.000 (2018). The 2018 regulations replace "in their entirety" the definitions in the Federal 2013 Food Code. 105 Code Mass. Regs. § 590.001(C)(1) (2018). In addition, the 2018 regulations explicitly exclude from the definition of food establishment "[a]n establishment that offers only prepackaged foods that are not time/temperature control for safety foods." 105 Code Mass. Regs. § 590.001(C)(1) (2018). Couture asserts by means of a letter submitted pursuant to Mass. R. A. P. 16 (l), as appearing in 386 Mass. 1247 (1982), that the 2018 regulations, which were adopted after the briefing in this case, should be applied here. However, while curative or remedial changes intended to provide clarification may be applied retroactively, "regulatory[ ] changes of substance apply only to events that occur after the change's effective date." Figueroa v. Director of the Dep't of Labor & Workforce Dev ., 54 Mass. App. Ct. 64 , 70, 763 N.E.2d 537 (2002). Here, the 2018 change in the regulation's definition of a food establishment is substantive in nature, and not merely a clarification. Consequently, the new definition cannot be applied retroactively to potentially exempt Couture's sales from regulation in this case. 4

*102 Chapter X does not provide a definition of "food." Accordingly, in the present case we look to the definition set forth in the 1999 food code, which defines food as "a raw, cooked, or processed edible substance, ice, beverage, or ingredient used or intended for use or for sale in whole or in part for human consumption[.

*300 ]" 1999 food code § 1-201.10(B)(27). See 105 Code Mass. Regs. § 590.002(B) (2010). Couture does not contest that he sold food. Instead, he argues that he did not operate a food establishment because he was selling prepackaged items and therefore was not required to obtain a permit. To support his argument, he contends that a literal reading of Chapter X would lead to an "unreasonable" or "absurd result." We disagree.

Here, the evidence supported the jury's finding that Couture was selling food for human consumption in violation of State and Federal regulations in effect at the time the violations occurred. "In reviewing whether the evidence was sufficient to support a jury verdict, the appellate court adopts the view of the evidence most favorable to the plaintiff." Kitner v. CTW Transp., Inc ., 53 Mass. App. Ct. 741 , 749, 762 N.E.2d 867 (2002), citing Young v. Atlantic Richfield Co ., 400 Mass. 837 , 841, 512 N.E.2d 272 (1987), cert denied, 484 U.S. 1066 , 108 S.Ct. 1029 , 98 L.Ed.2d 993 (1988). A jury verdict should not be disturbed where "a jury could reasonably have arrived at their verdict from any of the evidence that the plaintiff presented." Dartt v. Browning-Ferris Indus., Inc. (Mass.) , 427 Mass. 1 , 16, 691 N.E.2d 526 (1998), citing Labonte v. Hutchins & Wheeler , 424 Mass. 813 , 821, 678 N.E.2d 853 (1997). Indeed, the application of the regulation in this case accomplishes its intended purpose of safeguarding public health.

2. The fine . Chapter X provides that any person found to have violated the regulations "shall ... be fined not more than $ 100 for the first offense and not more than $ 500 for a subsequent offense." 105 Code Mass. Regs. § 590.019 (2000). It further states that a person found to have violated an order issued in accordance with the regulations shall be fined in the same amount, except that "[e]ach day's failure to comply with an order shall constitute a separate offense." 105 Code Mass. Regs. § 590.019 (2000). To do otherwise would "render the [regulation] ineffective to the point where [an individual in violation] might find it more viable to accept the fine rather than correct the condition. Such a result would be at odds with the statutory mandate to construe" the regulation's stated purpose of safeguarding public health. Commonwealth v. Racine , 372 Mass. 631 , 637, 363 N.E.2d 500 (1977). The "substantial magnitude" of the penalty provision "is a strong indication of the degree and extent to which the [board] felt that violations ... should be punished." Id . at 638 , 363 N.E.2d 500 .

Couture argues, in essence, that the judge abused her discretion in assessing a fine of $ 7,500 because there was no evidence to support the claim of noncompliance with the regulations or, in the alternative, the evidence established violations on no more than *301 two days. Accordingly, Couture claims the fine is arbitrary. 5 His *103 first argument, that the evidence did not support a finding of noncompliance, is premised on an incorrect reading of the regulations as discussed supra .

As to the number of days of the violation, the evidence permitted a finding that Couture was subject to fines in the amount of up to $ 600 for violating the regulations on two separate instances as set forth in the inspection reports from September 6, 2014, and November 22, 2014, as well as fines in an amount between $ 28,700 and $ 143,100 for violating the board's order for 287 days beginning January 30, 2015 (the compliance deadline set forth in the board's order) and November 13, 2015 (the first day of trial).

Indeed, Couture testified about the ongoing sale of beverages and service of coffee. He stated, "We buy Pepsi," and, "During the day we give free coffee to the ladies -- the senior leagues." He sold water, as he explained, because "the water from the town is -- it's very rusty tasting, so the customers are looking for ... clean water."

The primary purpose of code enforcement, as is the case here, is to protect the public health and safety, rather than to punish past violations. See Commonwealth v. Hadley , 351 Mass. 439 , 444, 222 N.E.2d 681 (1966). The judge had a full range of sanctions available to her, including fines. See Housing Court Standing Order 1-04, note 26 (2004). Couture's claim that the fine is arbitrary is belied by the record. Indeed, the fine imposed by the judge was well below the lowest range of fines proposed by the board and authorized by law. 6 As such, we conclude that the judge did not abuse her *302 discretion. 7 ^, 8

Judgment affirmed .