*372*1004The defendant, A.P.B., appeals from the issuance and extension of a G. L. c. 258E harassment prevention order (c. 258E order) in the District Court. He claims that the evidence was insufficient to support the issuance of the ex parte order and the order after notice. We agree and vacate the order that entered at the hearing after notice.1

Background. The parties, who were students at the same college, had previously had a romantic relationship. By March, 2017, their on-again, off-again relationship had ended. At this time, the plaintiff, R.S.,2 began receiving an increasing number of text messages and other messages through various social media websites.

*373She asked A.P.B. to stop messaging her and eventually blocked his telephone number and "Twitter" social media account. A.P.B. then reached out to friends of R.S. Thereafter, R.S. received messages that she described as "linked to [A.P.B.'s] name" as well as messages from what she called "fake accounts" and some that were "sexually aggressive."3 R.S. contacted a mutual friend of the parties and asked him to ask A.P.B. to "stop." R.S. continued to receive messages from more fake accounts, causing her to file a police report with the college police department.

Ex parte hearing. On October 16, 2017, R.S. applied for an abuse prevention order pursuant to G. L. c. 209A. In support of her request, R.S. filed an affidavit that recounted the parties' on and off relationship. In her affidavit, R.S. wrote that "[d]ue to [A.P.B.'s] persist[e]nce through his messages and graphic language, he has instilled fear in me." At the ex parte hearing, the judge asked R.S. a series of questions. He asked, "You were nervous about [the messages] but you weren't afraid at that point?" R.S. answered, "No." The judge then asked whether there had been "any problems with abuse or was [A.P.B.] being too physical with you or anything" during the relationship. She again answered, "No." The judge then asked, "[A]re you feeling like he is harassing you or do you feel like he is abusing you?" and before R.S. responded, the judge stated, "This needs to be a harassment order. This is not a -- abuse is defined as harming, threatening to harm you physically or placing you in fear of imminent harm. That's not what you're telling me. But you are telling me that you're afraid of him because he is harassing you with the volume of contact and the content of those contacts." R.S. replied, "Yes, the content." The judge did not issue a domestic abuse prevention order pursuant to G. L. c. 209A. Instead he issued a harassment c. 258E order.4

*1005Hearing after notice. On October 24, 2017, a different judge held an evidentiary hearing on R.S.'s request for an extension of the c. 258E order. A.P.B. appeared with counsel. R.S. appeared *374pro se and testified in narrative form, answering questions interposed by the judge. A detective lieutenant from the college police department was also present. R.S. recounted much of what was set forth in her affidavit concerning her receipt of social media and text messages. After blocking A.P.B. from her accounts on these sites in the spring of 2017, she continued to receive messages, as did some of her friends.5

R.S. testified that she thereafter received messages on her "Snapchat" account6 with three variations of A.P.B.'s name: "[A.P.B.] 123," "[A.P.B.] 96," and "[A.P.B.] 82."7 None of these messages were abusive, malicious, or intimidating. At the end of the summer of 2017, she received a Snapchat message from someone whom she believed was A.P.B.'s eleven year old brother. There was no evidence of the content of this message. A.P.B. also messaged another friend of R.S. claiming he found something that belonged to R.S. R.S. asked the friend to tell A.P.B. to leave R.S. alone.

Upon her return to school in the fall of 2017, R.S. described receiving "a[d]ds" on her Snapchat account from people she did not know. Most of the names8 included the number 59, a number that had no significance to her. R.S. replied to one of these messages, asked if they were coming from A.P.B., and asked for the messages to stop. The response was "just send me some nudes ... send me pics." When R.S. asked who the messages were from, the sender responded, "the guy who wants to fuck you senseless." She asked if it was A.P.B. After some additional messaging the sender said, "[A.P.B.] gave me your Snap, though. I'm trying to fuck." R.S. asked to be left alone and the response was, "You sure you're good? You don't want to have any fun? Yes or no, final *375answer."

Thereafter R.S. received a Snapchat "add" from "Matty P 559" with a message that read, "heard [R.S.] send[s] nudes for money." It continued, "what are you doing? A couple of nudes each, no ones [sic] got to know.... If you don't answer, I'm going to send you nudes." She then received a picture of a leg.

Before she contacted the college police, R.S. reached out to a mutual friend asking for help in stopping the messaging. R.S. testified that the friend said, "It's been, like, two years. [A.P.B.] admitted to doing it a few times, but he claims he hasn't done it in a while ...." "It" was never defined.

*1006The detective lieutenant testified that the college police were investigating the case and that "anybody, basically, can create a user name. They just create a new email address and they get this user name ...." She acknowledged that it was very difficult to actually track who sends these types of messages.9

At the conclusion of the hearing, A.P.B. argued, as he does here, that there was insufficient evidence of three acts of harassment and no evidence of "cruelty, hostility, or revenge that would allow the court to extend the order." The judge extended the order for one year.

Standard of review. We review a c. 258E order to determine whether a fact finder could conclude "by a preponderance of the evidence, together with all permissible inferences, that the defendant had committed [three] or more acts of willful and malicious conduct aimed at a specific person committed with the intent to cause fear, intimidation, abuse or damage to property and that [did] in fact cause fear, intimidation, abuse or damage to property" (quotation and citation omitted). Gassman v. Reason, 90 Mass. App. Ct. 1, 7, 55 N.E.3d 997 (2016). "[T]here are two layers of intent required to prove civil harassment under c. 258E: the acts of harassment must be wilful and '[m]alicious,' the latter defined as 'characterized by cruelty, hostility or revenge,' and they must be committed with 'the intent to cause fear, intimidation, abuse or damage to property.' " O'Brien v. Borowski, 461 Mass. 415, 420, 961 N.E.2d 547 (2012), quoting G. L. c. 258E, § 1.

*376Discussion. 1. Messages from A.P.B. The plaintiff must demonstrate, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the defendant committed three or more acts of harassment within the meaning of G. L. c. 258E, § 1. See Van Liew v. Stansfield, 474 Mass. 31, 36-37, 47 N.E.3d 411 (2016). R.S. testified that she received three messages that included A.P.B.'s name, all of which related to the status of their relationship. A.P.B. was persistent in trying to contact R.S., but none of those messages established harassment. Moreover, there was no evidence that the messages were sent by A.P.B. willfully or maliciously "each with the intent to cause fear, intimidation, abuse, or damage to property" (quotation omitted), Seney v. Morhy, 467 Mass. 58, 63, 3 N.E.3d 577 (2014), and which did in fact cause R.S. fear, intimidation, abuse, or damage to property. It is understandable that R.S. may have felt aggravated or annoyed by these messages. She testified that she was not in fear, however, and the evidence was insufficient to find that these messages constituted acts of harassment.

2. Messages from fake accounts. R.S. also received messages from accounts that she called fake accounts, but which she believes were sent by A.P.B. Many of these messages included the number "59." There was no evidence about the significance of this number, and none of the addresses bearing A.P.B.'s name included this number.10 In addition, these fake accounts did not include A.P.B.'s name or any variation thereof. While circumstantial proof may be sufficient to prove that someone sent harassing messages, *1007here, the messages with the "adds" are completely different in form and substance from the messages sent by A.P.B.11 Indeed, the detective lieutenant testified that "anybody, basically, can create a user name," acknowledging that it was very difficult to actually track who sent these types of messages. When asked, R.S. confirmed that she was "speculating" that A.P.B. sent these messages.

In many ways, these fake account messages are akin to an anonymous letter. Indeed, where a witness has received a letter and cannot identify the writer's handwriting or signature, evidence that the writer identified himself as a particular individual is not sufficient to authenticate the letter as being from the defendant.

*377Commonwealth v. Purdy, 459 Mass. 442, 449, 945 N.E.2d 372 (2011). Moreover, although "e-mails and other forms of electronic communication present their own opportunities for false claims of authorship, the basic principles of authentication are the same." Id. at 450, 945 N.E.2d 372. To determine whether there was sufficient evidence that these fake accounts were created by A.P.B., we look at the "[a]ppearance, contents, substance, internal patterns, or other distinctive characteristics" of the messages (citation omitted). Id. at 448, 945 N.E.2d 372. "Evidence that the defendant's name is written as the author of an e-mail or that the electronic communication originates from an e-mail or a social networking Web site ... that bears the defendant's name is not sufficient alone to authenticate the electronic communication as having been authored or sent by the defendant" (citation omitted). Commonwealth v. Gilman, 89 Mass. App. Ct. 752, 758-759, 54 N.E.3d 1120 (2016). See Commonwealth v. Meola, 95 Mass. App. Ct. 303, 314, 125 N.E.3d 103 (2019).

Here, the names on the fake accounts bear no resemblance to those accounts that A.P.B. acknowledged were his. They do not contain his name or any variation of his name. Also, the tone, tenor, and content of the messages from A.P.B. are in stark contrast to the fake account messages at issue here. A.P.B.'s messages are reflective of an effort to revive a relationship that R.S. admits was on again, off again. By contrast, the fake account messages contain sexual innuendo and vulgarity, something noticeably absent from A.P.B.'s messages. Here, R.S. was unable to bridge the evidentiary gap concerning these messages.

Because we determine that the evidence of who sent the fake account messages was insufficient to conclude it was the defendant, and the messages admittedly sent by A.P.B. were not harassing, we need not reach the other claims raised by A.P.B.

Conclusion. The c. 258E harassment prevention order entered on October 24, 2017, is vacated. The appeal from the ex parte c. 258E order entered on October 16, 2017, is dismissed as moot. See V.M. v. R.B., 94 Mass. App. Ct. 522, 527, 114 N.E.3d 1015 (2018).

So ordered.