The plaintiff in this action is entitled to recover as damages compensation for all such personal injury to him as was the necessary and proximate consequence of the alleged wrongful act of the defendants, and for such other injury as was the direct and natural, though not the necessary consequence thereof, and which is specially alleged in his declaration. It is averred that, being a manufacturer, before the accident able to earn large sums of money, he was by the injury rendered unable to labor in and conduct his business. No objection was taken *76to the form of the allegation, and it is to be regarded as a sufficient statement that the injury had produced a diminution of capacity, either mental or physical or both. For the purpose of proving the extent of the injury, the plaintiff was permitted to introduce evidence to show his previous occupation as a manufacturer, the nature of the duties he was accustomed to perform, and that since the accident he was able to do very little that required mental application or physical labor; and it is now insisted that this evidence was improperly admitted. It is said that if the jury were permitted to take into consideration as an element of damage the loss of intellectual power and capacity of the plaintiff for business, the inquiry must of necessity include an estimate of the future profits of the business in which the plaintiff was or might thereafter be engaged; that such an estimate can furnish no safe basis for fixing the compensation, and must at best be conjectural and uncertain.

In general the profits of a future business are indeed too remote and uncertain to be relied on as an element in the estimate of damages. It does not follow that superior education, experience or ability in the management of business insures pecuniary success. The uncertainty of the continuance of health and life, with the taste and disposition for such pursuits, and especially the proverbial uncertainty of trade, preclude the making of any estimate which can have weight beyond the merest conjecture. If this evidence had been offered by the plaintiff with a view of increasing the damages on account of his wealth or peculiar skill as a manufacturer, or the large profits he would be able to realize in his future business, and it had been admitted for that purpose, the argument of the defendant would be entitled to further consideration. But it was offered only to show the extent of the personal injury by reason of the loss of mental vigor and endurance thereby occasioned. The diminution, whatever it was, could only be shown by evidence of strength before and weakness afterwards as manifested in the ordinary pursuits of the plaintiff. The presiding judge admitted it only for this restricted purpose, and carefully instructed the jury that it was admissible only in order to enable them te *77judge of the injury to his capacity, and that the action was for an injury to the man, and not for interfering with his business.

In all actions of this description, and particularly in those in which damages for mental suffering or loss of mental capacity are sought to be recovered, the difficulty of furnishing by evidence the means of measuring the extent of the injury, so that the jury may be able to award with any certainty a pecuniary equivalent therefor, is at once apparent; and in this difficulty the defendants find argument for the support of their objection. But the answer is, that the law does not refuse to take notice of such injury on account of the difficulty of ascertaining its degree.- In a variety of actions founded on personal torts, and in many where no positive bodily harm has been inflicted, the plaintiff is permitted to recover for injury to the feelings and affections, for mental anxiety, personal insult, and that wounded sensibility which follows the invasion of a large class of personal rights. The impossibility, in all such cases, of precisely appreciating in money mental suffering of this description is certainly as great as is suggested where the question is what shall be allowed for a permanent injury to mental capacity. The compensation for personal injury occasioned by the negligence or misconduct of others, which the law promises, is indemnity, so far as it may be afforded in money, for the loss and damage which the man has suffered as a man. Some of its elements may be bodily pain, mutilation, loss of time and outlay of money; but of more important consideration oftentimes is the mental suffering and loss of capacity which ensues. Of these several items of injury, if compensation is to be confined to those capable of accurate estimate, it will include but a small part, and must exclude all those injuries commonly regarded as purely physical; for the difficulty in ascertaining a pecuniary equivalent -for the last named is precisely the same and quite as great as any that have been suggested. In fact, it will be found impossible to fix a limit to injuries of a physical nature so as to exclude from consideration their effect on the mental organization of the sufferer. The intimate union of the mental and physical, the mutual dependence of each orga fixation —- if *78indeed, for any practical purpose in this regard, they can be considered as distinct — the direct and mysterious sympathy that exists whenever the sound and healthy condition of either is disturbed, render useless any attempt to separate them for the purpose indicated. It is obvious, upon a moment’s reflection, that the powers and usefulness of the limbs and senses in ministering to the necessities and pleasures of the individual are to a great extent to be measured by the knowledge, experience and taste which he possesses, and which are purely qualities of the mind. Take the case of an injury to the right arm of a skilful painter or musician, for example. To show the extent of his injury, the plaintiff produces evidence of the use he was able to make of the arm before and after the accident. From such evidence alone could the jury judge of the plaintiff’s loss. Such proof is constantly resorted to without objection in these cases. And still the chief value of the limb to its possessor consists in its skilful use, as controlled and directed by the cultivated taste and education of the plaintiff; and the chief loss to him is the loss of the power to make these purely intellectual endowments available for his pleasure or benefit. Or suppose the injury be to one of the five senses. Can any rule be adopted which shall limit the damages to that portion of the injury suffered which may be called only bodily ?

There is a class of injuries, especially those which affect the brain and nervous system, to which this case seems to have belonged, where, by common observation, the most satisfactory symptom and proof of the physical injury is to be found in the weakness and derangement of the intellectual faculties. Upon the whole, then, upon principle we can see no error in the admission of the evidence, with the accompanying instructions. In the main it must always be left to the discretion of the jury to give such reasonable damages in these cases as in their opinion will afford compensation for the entire injury which the plaintiff proves he has sustained, subject to that - power which remains in tne court to set aside the verdict in those cases where the damages awarded are so excessive as to warrant the inference that some passion or prejudice or other improper consider tians influenced them.

*79We find two authorities in the supreme court of the United States, which go further than the necessities of this case require in support of the doctrines relied on. The first is the case of Wade v. Leroy, 20 How. 43. The declaration alleged that the plaintiff was injured by a blow upon the head, and in consequence of the wound his brain was affected and his memory and understanding impaired; that he was detained thereby and had been hindered and prevented for a long period from attending to his affairs, and lost and was deprived of great gains. The plaintiff offered to prove at the trial that before and at the time of the injury he was largely engaged in the business of distilling turpentine, and that after the accident he could not safely attend to any business. To this the defendant objected, on the ground that the declaration did not contain any specification of such business, or of its nature or extent, or any statement that the plaintiff was obliged to and did relinquish the same. The judges of the circuit court were divided in opinion upon the admissibility of the evidence, but it was held by the court admissible. Campbell, J., said that the evidence conduced to prove that the plaintiff before the time of the injury had been concerned in conducting a business that required a degree of mental and bodily vigor, and that his time was of some pecuniary value; or that he had suffered a loss of some profit; and would certainly assist a jury to determine that the plaintiff had sustained an injury of no slight character. These were the direct and necessary consequences of the injury. This decision was cited and approved by Nelson, J., in Nebraska City v. Campbell, 2 Black, 590. See also Canning v. Williamstown, 1 Cush. 451; Baldwin v. Western Railroad, 4 Gray, 333; Sedgw. on Dam. (3d ed.) 587.

The cases in New York not only sustain the grounds iflpon which we place this decision, but some of them go further than the true rule of damages in such cases would seem to require. Lincoln v. Schenectady &c. Railroad, 24 Wend. 434. Ransom v. New York Erie Railroad, 15 N. Y. 415. Tilley v. Hudson River Railroad, 24 N. Y. 471. Judgment on the verdict.