In 1970, the defendant was convicted of murder in the second degree on an indictment charging him with murder in the first degree in the death of Robert Nute.1 The case is here on the defendant’s appeal pursuant to G. L. c. 278, §§ 33A-33G.2 Richards alleges that (1) the judge’s instructions to the jury effectively precluded a reasonable juror from returning a verdict of manslaughter or acquittal by reason of self-defense rather than murder, and (2) the judge’s failure to direct a finding of not guilty on so much of the indictment as charged murder in the second degree was error since there was insufficient evidence of malice aforethought.3 We conclude that there was no error with respect to the denial of the defendant’s motion for a required finding, but we believe that the jury instructions, read as a whole, created a danger of grave prejudice or a substantial likelihood that a miscarriage of justice had occurred, and therefore, pursuant to our § 33E power, we reverse and order a new trial.

*398We summarize only the facts relevant to the issues before us on appeal. The government produced evidence that on the night of February 14, 1970, the defendant was present with his wife, her brother, and his wife, at Frankie Lane’s bar in Hanson. Robert Nute was also present at the bar. With him were his brother, Jimmy Nute, and two friends. After the bar closed, the defendant and his companions left the bar and entered their automobile, which was parked in the bar’s parking lot. As Robert Nute and a companion entered the parking lot, the defendant got out of the automobile and shot at the men, fatally wounding Nute.

The defense indicated that Robert Nute and his companion were approaching the defendant’s automobile when the defendant got out of the automobile. A fight broke out between the men, and, in the course of the fight, Nute was shot. There was some evidence that the defendant was heard telling Nute and his companion to “[ljeave us alone, we’re not doing anything.” On the basis of the evidence, the judge instructed the jury on the crimes of murder in the first degree, murder in the second degree, and voluntary manslaughter,4 as well as on self-defense.

Instructions to the jury. The defendant asks us to use our power pursuant to § 33E to grant him a new trial because he claims the instructions may well have precluded a reasonable juror from considering manslaughter or acquittal by reason of self-defense as possible verdicts. Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510 (1979). See Mullaney v. Wilbur, 421 U.S. 684 (1975); Commonwealth v. McInerney, 373 Mass. 136 (1977); Commonwealth v. Rodriguez, 370 Mass. 684 (1976).

Although the defendant did not take exception to any of the instructions at trial, “G. L. c. 278, § 33E . . . operates *399as a type of ‘safety valve’ by ensuring review as to all aspects of the cases regardless of the absence of claim of error.” Commonwealth v. Brown, 376 Mass. 156, 168 (1978). “The broad scope of the review which this court is required to make under G. L. c. 278, § 33E, in a capital case is not limited to questions based on exceptions saved during the course of the trial.” Commonwealth v. Hall, 369 Mass. 715, 736 (1976). “It is also settled that, in any case tried before our decision in Commonwealth v. Rodriguez, supra, ‘this court will review the constitutional adequacy of the instructions to the jury as to the burden of proof . . . where the evidence adequately raises the issues of self-defense or provocation, even though the defendant addressed no objections or exceptions to that issue.’” Commonwealth v. Fitzgerald, 380 Mass. 840, 842 (1980), quoting from Commonwealth v. Collins, 374 Mass. 596, 599 (1978).5

The defendant does not dispute the fact that the judge instructed the jury that the Commonwealth has the burden of proving each element of the crime charged beyond a reasonable doubt. Rather, he claims that this instruction was, in effect, negated by the judge’s instructions on malice, the main disputed issue at trial. Richards claims that the malice instructions raise “serious questions about the accuracy of [the] guilty verdicts.” Commonwealth v. Stokes, 374 Mass. 583, 589 (1978), quoting from Hankerson v. North Carolina, 432 U.S. 233, 241 (1977). See Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510 (1979); DeJoinville v. Commonwealth, 381 Mass. 246 (1980); Connolly v. Commonwealth, 377 Mass. 527 (1979). We view the instructions, in their entirety, to determine the “probable impact, appraised realisti*400cally . . . upon the jury’s factfinding function.” United States v. Wharton, 433 F.2d 451, 457 (D.C. Cir. 1970).

In the instructions on malice,6 the judge told the jurors that “a person must be presumed to intend to do that which *401he voluntarily and willfully does, and that he must intend all the natural, probable and usual consequences of his acts,” and that “if one assaults another intentionally and knowingly with . . . [deadly force], the act is malicious within the meaning of the law.” He further instructed the jurors that “[i]f a killing follows from a natural intent to kill, malice aforethought is implied, [and] unless the circumstances are such as to reduce the crime to manslaughter, the crime is murder.” The judge also told the jurors that malice could be rebutted by adequate provocation; that to reduce the killing to manslaughter “the killing must be accounted for by actions which . . . excited to passion, rather than the cruelty of malice”; that malice “is not disproved by showing that the accused had no personal ill will against the victim”; that if the jurors found there was no malice in the killing and that there was adequate provocation they “would be warranted in finding it [provocation] was sufficient to reduce the crime of murder to the crime of manslaughter.” After four hours of deliberation, the jury came back with questions, asking for “[clarification of second degree murder,” “[clarification on voluntary manslaughter,” and “[l]egal definition of malice.” In the supplementary instructions,* **7 the jurors were told again that “if a killing fol*402lows from an actual intent to kill, malice aforethought is implied, and unless the circumstances are such as to reduce the crime to manslaughter then the crime is murder.” The jurors were reinstructed that “[t]o constitute manslaughter the killing must be accounted for by actions which manifest the frailties and infirmities of human nature.”

The language of the instructions as a whole raises questions about the integrity of the jury’s implicit finding of malice aforethought. In context, the only reasonable inference a juror could draw from the instructions as a whole was that it was the defendant who had to disprove malice. None of the instructions indicated to the jurors that the use of the gun did not make the finding of malice aforethought man*403datory. We have tolerated the use of the presumption of malice language only in cases where it is clear that, in the context in which it is used, the presumption is not mandatory. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Fitzgerald, 380 Mass. 840 (1980); Gibson v. Commonwealth, 377 Mass. 539 (1979); Commonwealth v. McInerney, 373 Mass. 136 (1977). We have upheld presumption of malice instructions where language in the rest of the charge effectively negates any burden-shifting, see, e.g., Commonwealth v. Repoza, 382 Mass. 119 (1980); Commonwealth v. Hughes, 380 Mass. 596 (1980); Commonwealth v. McInerney, supra, and we have upheld instructions employing presumption of malice language in cases in which the issue of malice was not disputed, see Commonwealth v. Lee, 383 Mass. 507 (1981). This case does not fit any of these categories.

Here the jurors focused on the only issue in dispute: the presence or absence of malice. Therefore, the use of the presumption of malice, coupled with expressions such as “unless rebutted,” or “accounted for,” or “disproved,” also used in connection with the malice instruction, “strongly implied, if . . . not directly impose[d], a burden of proof [i.e., persuasion] on the defendant.” Connolly v. Commonwealth, 377 Mass. 527, 533 (1979). See Commonwealth v. Collins, 374 Mass. 596 (1978).

The only inference a reasonable juror could have drawn from the instructions as a whole, was that, if the jury found the defendant had used a dangerous weapon, it was the defendant’s obligation to disprove the presumption of malice. To the extent that the judge told the jurors that the Commonwealth had the burden of proof on every element of the crime in one part of the instructions, and in another part of the instructions implied that malice had to be disproved or rebutted, the instructions do not clearly place on the Commonwealth the duty to prove the presence of malice beyond a reasonable doubt. The fact that some of the instructions were correct is not determinative in this case, since “we cannot know whether the jury were guided by the correct or the incorrect portion of the instructions.” United States v. *404Green, 405 F.2d 1368, 1370 (D.C. Cir. 1968), aff’d, 424 F.2d 912 (D.C. Cir. 1970), cert, denied, 400 U.S. 997 (1971). “Because [the Richards] jury may have interpreted the judge’s instruction^] as constituting either a burden-shifting presumption ... or a conclusive presumption . . ., and because either interpretation would have deprived the defendant of his right to the due process of law . . . the instruction^] given in this case [were] unconstitutional.” Sandstrom v. Montana, supra at 524.

Although the malice portion of the instructions is sufficient to warrant reversal, we also discuss certain portions of the instructions on self-defense, as they also have a bearing on our decision to exercise our power under § 33E. In the course of discussing self-defense, the judge told the jury that self-defense “implies the use of necessary force for the purpose of protecting one’s person. And the use of excessive force to injure or kill one’s assailant is, of course, prohibited, and it destroys the defense of self defense.” These instructions “left it to the jury to accept wholly or to reject wholly self-defence as an excuse for the killing.” Commonwealth v. Kendrick, 351 Mass. 203, 211 (1966). “The jury, however, should have been instructed further, upon the assumption that the deceased was the original assailant, that if the use of the [gun] by the defendant as a means of averting harm to himself was unreasonable and clearly excessive in light of the existing circumstances, they could conclude that the defendant himself became the attacker and, since death resulted from his use of excessive force, he would be guilty of manslaughter.” Id. Thus, the charge is deficient in this respect.

Additionally, other language in the charge concerning self-defense included finding language similar to that which we held required reversal in Commonwealth v. Rodriguez, 370 Mass. 684, 691 (1976). For example, the judge charged that “some of the evidence, relates to the defense of self defense. Of course, this depends entirely ... on what you find the facts to be.” He later instructed the jury that they were called upon to determine “was [the defendant] acting *405in self defense,” and, another time, “whether or not he acted in self defense.” The jurors were also instructed “[Y]ou may find the defendant not guilty, if you find that he didn’t commit the offense here, or if you find that he acted in self defense.”

An instruction allowing the jury to find or not to find that the defendant acted in self-defense combines two errors. First, it implies that there is a burden of proof on that issue on the defendant. Second, the “finding” language “does not describe precisely what degree of persuasion is required.” Connolly v. Commonwealth, 377 Mass. 527, 533-534 (1979). Such language suggests that the jury must find, by a preponderance of the evidence, at least, that the defendant’s reliance on self-defense was proper. However, “[i]t is enough for acquittal that there be a reasonable doubt whether the defendant acted in proper self-defense.” Id. at 534. See Notaro v. United States, 363 F.2d 169, 176 (9th Cir. 1966).

All in all, “these instructions must have left the jury badly confused. . . . [T]he error[s] in the charge . . . threatened so dramatically to reduce the Commonwealth’s required ‘quantum of proof [Connolly, supra at 538], as to create a substantial risk of a miscarriage of justice.” Commonwealth v. Wood, 380 Mass. 545, 548-549 (1980). Further, these instructions, read as a whole, preclude serious consideration by the jury of the propriety of returning a verdict of manslaughter. Of course, “a clear miscarriage of justice has occurred if [the defendant] was guilty of manslaughter but is now serving the penalty for murder,” United States v. Frady, 636 F.2d 506, 512 (D.C. Cir. 1980), cert, granted, 453 U.S. 911 (1981).8 We therefore reverse and order a new trial.

*406Other issues. At the close of the Commonwealth’s case, the defendant moved for directed verdicts of acquittal on so much of the indictment as alleged murder in the first degree and in the second degree. The motions were denied, and the defendant now claims that the denial of his motions as to the charge of murder in the second degree was error depriving him of due process of law. Viewing the evidence introduced up to the time the Commonwealth rested its case, Commonwealth v. Borans, 379 Mass. 117, 134 (1979), and applying the well-established test of “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt,” Commonwealth v. Latimore, 378 Mass. 671, 677 (1979), quoting from Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979), we conclude that there was sufficient evidence to warrant submitting the case to the jury on the question whether the defendant acted with malice aforethought. The jurors could find that the defendant got out of his automobile, approached the men in the parking lot armed with a gun, and shot one of them with intent to inflict serious injury. That evidence is sufficient to support a finding of malice aforethought. Since “there was . . . evidence from which the jury could infer malice, it was not error for the judge to refuse to limit the jury verdicts to either one of not guilty or one of guilty of manslaughter.” Commonwealth v. McInerney, 373 Mass. 136, 140 (1977). See Commonwealth v. Huot, 380 Mass. 403 (1980); Commonwealth v. McGuirk, 376 Mass. 338, 345 (1978), cert, denied, 439 U.S. 1120 (1979); Commonwealth v. Campbell, 375 Mass. 308, 311-312 (1978).

Other issues raised by the defendant are unlikely to recur in the same context at his new trial, and therefore we need not reach them. Commonwealth v. Haas, 373 Mass. 545, 564 (1977).

The judgment is reversed, the verdict is set aside, and the case is remanded to the Superior Court for a new trial.

So ordered.

(dissenting, with whom Braucher and Lynch, JJ., join). There should be a reversal only on a showing of grave prejudice or substantial likelihood that a miscarriage of justice has occurred. Commonwealth v. Grace, 381 Mass. 753, 758-759 (1980). The court has reversed a conviction in this case because the trial judge used language in his charge on malice condemned by the United States Supreme Court nine years after this trial. In Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510, 524 (1979), the Court registered its disapproval of jury instructions which tend to create a presumption of malice and thereby to shift to the defendant the burden of proof on such a substantive element. However, “whether a defendant has been accorded his constitutional rights depends upon the way in which a reasonable juror could have interpreted the instruction.” Sandstrom, supra at 514. There is no reversible error, however, if the charge read as a whole, makes clear that the Commonwealth must shoulder the burden of proof on every element of the crime. Commonwealth v. Medina, 380 Mass. 565, 578 (1980). On four occasions, at least, in his instructions, the judge emphasized the Commonwealth’s burden of proof on every substantive issue. No more should be expected of a judge. See Commonwealth v. Medina, supra at 577 n.5. The judge said that: “unless malice is shown by circumstances attending the killing, it is manslaughter. . . . [Mjalice is an indispensable ingredient of the crime of murder.” Nowhere did he even suggest that the defendant bore the burden of disproving malice. See Commonwealth v. Fitzgerald, 380 Mass. 840, 844-845 (1980); Commonwealth v. McInerney, 373 Mass. 136, 148-149 (1977).

The other basis for the reversal was the instruction on self-defense which the court sees as violating the tenets of Commonwealth v. Rodriguez, 370 Mass. 684 (1976), decided six years after this trial. However, there has been no violation of Rodriguez. The judge referred to the unlawfulness of the killing as one substantive element, proof of which must be borne by the Commonwealth. See and compare Commonwealth v. Cobb, 379 Mass. 456, 467 (1980). *408In his supplemental instructions, he told the jury that absence of legal justification for the killing must be proved by the government.

In fine, I fail to perceive that the “over-all impact” of the charge in its entirety permitted the jury to think for one minute that the defendant had any burden to prove any element of the crimes with which he was charged. See Commonwealth v. Sellon, 380 Mass. 220, 232 (1980). Accordingly, I would affirm the judgment of conviction.