The defendants appeal from a judgment entered in the Housing Court of the City of Boston declaring that the defendants violated c. 15, § 9 (a), of the Boston Ordinances of 1975 (c. 15), and Boston Rent Board Regulation 11, § 12(A) (Regulation 11), by unlawfully increasing the rent charged to the plaintiffs, tenants in rent-controlled apartments. The defendants also claim error in the judge’s award of treble damages, costs, and attorneys’ fees, pursuant to c. 15, § 9 (a), to those members of the plaintiff class who had paid the unlawful increase. The plaintiff class, as cross appellants, appeal from that aspect of the judgment which denied their claim for multiple damages under G. L. c. 93A, § 9 (1). The plaintiff Scofield appeals from the denial of her individual claims for damages resulting from the defendants’ refusal to allow her to remain as a tenant at will following the expiration of her lease. See G. L. c. 186, § 18. The appeals were transferred here on our own motion. We affirm the judgment as to the class action, and reverse as to the individual Scofield claim.3

*971. Prior Proceedings.

Scofield instituted this class action in May, 1977, seeking injunctive and declaratory relief, as well as monetary damages.* **4 In June, 1977, the Housing Court judge certified the class5 and enjoined the defendants from demanding, collecting, or pursuing any legal remedies against the plaintiffs to collect an increase in their rent. Subsequently, the judge found the defendants Berman & Sons, Inc. (Berman & Sons), and William J. Allen in contempt of court for violating the injunction.

In January, 1979, following extensive discovery, the plaintiffs moved for partial summary judgment on their class claims. See Mass. R. Civ. P. 56 (a), 365 Mass. 824 (1974). Following hearings on the motion, the judge granted summary judgment and damages to the plaintiff class.6 A trial on Scofield’s individual claims then was held before the judge. In November, 1981, the judge denied Scofield’s individual claims and ordered the entry of final judgment in accordance with his earlier rulings on the summary judgment motion. At the parties’ request, the *98judge made supplemental findings of fact and entered an amended judgment from which both parties appealed.

2. Class Action Claims.

A. Facts. The defendant Berman & Son is the managing agent of apartment buildings involved in these actions. The defendant William J. Allen is the property manager for Berman & Sons. The defendants Martin S. Berman and Lila Gross are general partners of Berman Central Realty, a Massachusetts limited partnership and owner of the properties. The apartments occupied by the plaintiffs were, at all relevant times, subject to c. 15 of the ordinances.

In 1975, the plaintiffs Scofield and Berren signed form leases with the defendants for a term of one year and from year to year thereafter unless terminated by either party as provided for by the lease. The form lease contained the following clause (hereinafter clause 33), which provided: “[I]f during the term of this lease or any extension or renewal thereof, rent control laws or laws regulating rents remain in effect or become applicable to the demised premises, and the Lessor is authorized or permitted to increase the maximum rent for the demised premises, then the rent to be paid by the lessee hereunder, commencing with the effective date of such authorization or permission shall be the maximum rental so authorized or permitted.”

On November 24, 1976, the Boston rent board (Rent Board) authorized a general rent adjustment for housing subject to rent control in Boston. Regulation 11, § 12A, of the Rent Board, promulgated on December 16, 1976, to implement the general adjustment, provided in relevant part as follows: “Subject to the provisions of this Regulation the new maximum rent as established by this regulation may not be charged until the expiration of any lease or tenancy existing on the effective date of this Regulation, or unless the tenant is given the option of terminating the tenancy under a provision of the lease agreement.”

The office manager of Berman & Sons called the Rent Board to inquire about the forthcoming adjustment. She was advised that the adjustment would take effect on January 1, 1977, and that only leases containing a “rent control clause” could im*99mediately implement the increase. Otherwise, a landlord could not implement the adjustment until the termination of the existing leases.

The defendants decided that clause 33 of their lease form was a valid rent control clause, and, accordingly, sent notices to their tenants in January and February, 1977, advising them that the authorized rent increase took effect as of January 1, 1977.7 Several tenants in the apartments in issue refused to pay the increase, and the Rent Board advised certain tenants that the increase was unlawful. Scofield and another tenant informed Berman & Sons that an employee at the Rent Board had told them that clause 33 was invalid. A Rent Board compliance investigator also informed Berman & Sons by letter that their rent control clause was invalid and that, if they had any questions, they should call him. Subsequently, the defendants commenced small claims actions against at least twenty tenants who had not paid the increase. The defendants also .sent them notices to quit for nonpayment of rent. Some of the tenants agreed to pay the increase after being sued.8

B. Regulation 11. The judge found that Regulation 11 was validly promulgated pursuant to the Rent Board’s enabling legislation, which allowed the board to make regulations effecting general rent adjustments and to condition such adjustments so as to “remove hardships or to correct other inequities.” See c. 15, §§ 2 (a), 5 (a), 6 (b). Moreover, the judge concluded that *100Regulation 11 provided an equitable solution to the problem of tenants who might not be able to afford the 11% increase, by delaying implementation of the adjustment until the expiration of the lease unless it contained an opt-out provision.

The defendants maintain that the judge erred in concluding that Regulation 11 was validly promulgated. The defendants argue that c. 15 enables the Rent Board only to establish a general adjustment of the maximum rent. It is a well-settled principle that a regulation is to be judged by the same standard as a statute, ordinance, or by-law. See Druzik v. Board of Health of Haverhill, 324 Mass. 129, 138 (1949). “All rational presumptions are made in favor of the validity of [the] enactment.” Id. Furthermore, an agency has much flexibility in interpreting a statute which it is charged with enforcing. Grocery Mfrs. of Am., Inc., v. Department of Pub. Health, 379 Mass. 70, 75 (1979). When the agency is vested with broad authority, as is the Rent Board, to promulgate regulations which fulfil the purposes of its enabling legislation, such a regulation is not considered invalid if it relates reasonably to the objectives of that enabling legislation. See Consolidated Cigar Corp. v. Department of Pub. Health, 372 Mass. 844, 855 (1977). Thorpe v. Housing Auth. of Durham, 393 U.S. 268, 280-281 (1969).

In St. 1969, c. 797, as amended by St. 1970, c. 863, § 1, the Legislature declared “that a serious public emergency [exists] in the city of Boston . . . which emergency continues to be marked by a substantial shortage of rental housing accommodations; that, unless residential rents continue to be regulated and controlled and unless evictions of tenants are regulated and controlled, such emergency . . . will produce serious threats to the public health, safety and general welfare of the citizens of [Boston].” The statute further provided that to improve such an emergency shortage of rental housing, the city may, by ordinance, control the rents of certain housing. See id. at c. 863, § 2. The ordinance, which was enacted by the city council as c. 15, provided in § 5 (a) that the Rent Board “shall, by order or regulation . . . make such individual or general adjustments ... of the maximum rent ... as may *101be necessary to remove hardships or to correct other inequities. ” Chapter 15 further provided that the Rent Board may promulgate regulations to establish a general adjustment of maximum rent “subject to such conditions ... as the board shall determine.” Id. at § 6 (b).

Based on the foregoing provisions we conclude that the judge correctly held that Regulation 11 relates reasonably to the objectives of the statute and the ordinance. Cf. McGrath v. Mishara, 386 Mass. 74, 76, 81-82 (1982). Implicit in the Rent Board’s power to establish a general rent adjustment is the authority to set certain conditions on when and how rent increases are to take effect. Cf. Flynn v. Cambridge, 383 Mass. 152, 158 (1981) (grant of express power to municipality carries with it all unexpressed, incidental powers necessary to effectuate express authority); 3 C. Sands, Sutherland Statutory Construction § 64.02 (4th ed. 1974). By requiring that the adjustment not take effect until the end of the current lease unless the tenant has the option to terminate the lease agreement, Regulation 11 reasonably accommodated the competing equities of both landlord and tenant.

The judge also denied the defendants’ claim that Regulation 11 violated the contract clause of the United States Constitution by retroactively applying to deprive them of rights under a contract that was executed before the effective date of the regulation. See art. 1, § 10, cl. 1, of the United States Constitution.9 The defendants claim this to be error and argue also that the judge should have decided that a retroactive application of the regulation would constitute a deprivation of property without due process of law.

By the terms of the defendants’ lease agreement, the lessor was not entitled to a rent increase unless “authorized or permitted” to adjust the rent under the “rent control laws . . . regulating rents . . . [in] the demised premises. ” This provision clearly provides that any adjustment would be subject to the Rent Board’s approval. It is anomalous for the defendants now to *102argue that Regulation 11 deprived them of rights under their lease agreement. In any event, Regulation 11 did not deprive the defendants of their right to receive a rent increase. Under Regulation 11, the defendants could have obtained the increase immediately if their lease had contained the opt-out provision, otherwise the regulation merely deferred the implementation of the increase until current leases expired.10 Previously, we implicitly approved forestalling the immediate implementation of rent increases, based on a decision by the Boston rent control administration which used language almost identical to the wording of Regulation 11. See McGrath v. Mishara, supra at 76, 81, 83.

C. Multiple damages. The judge ruled that, given the absence of an opt-out provision, clause 33 of the lease did not satisfy Regulation 11. Thus, he ruled the defendants were precluded from charging the rent adjustment until the expiration of the leases. By demanding and, in some cases, receiving the unlawful increases from the plaintiffs prior to this time, the defendants violated c. 15 of the ordinance. See c. 15, § 9 (a).11 The judge found, as matter of law, that, based on the undisputed facts, the defendants failed to take “practicable precautions” against the occurrence of a § 9 (a) violation. Thus, the judge *103ruled that the defendants were liable to each member of the plaintiff class who had paid the increase, the greater of $100, or three times the amount of illegal rent received, plus reasonable attorneys’ fees.

The defendants contend that the judge erred in granting the plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary judgment pursuant to c. 15, § 9 (a). Under § 9 (a), the defendants argue, a material issue of fact existed concerning whether the defendants acted wilfully or failed to take practicable precautions against the occurrence of a violation of the ordinance.12

Summary judgment “shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Mass. R. Civ. P. 56 (c), 365 Mass. 824 (1974). Once the moving party sustains the burden of proving the absence of a material issue of fact, the opposing party may not rely on his pleadings or general denials, but must “set forth specific facts” to show there is a genuine, triable issue. See Community Nat’l Bank v. Dawes, 369 Mass. 550, 554 (1976). Mass. R. Civ. P. 56 (e). We draw inferences from the facts contained in the materials which accompany a motion for summary judgment in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion. However, neither “vague allegations and conclusory statements, nor assertions of inferences not based on underlying facts will suffice” to sustain the claims in favor of, or against, granting the motion. See First Nat’l Bank v. Slade, 379 Mass. 243, 246 (1979).

Multiple damages and attorneys’ fees and costs can be awarded under c. 15, § 9 (a), if the defendants fail to show that *104their violation of the ordinance was “neither willful nor the result of failure to take practicable precautions against the occurrence o/the violation” (emphasis supplied). A violation of the ordinance occurs when a landlord “demands, accepts, receives, or retains . . . rent in excess of the maximum lawful rent” (emphasis supplied). Id.

The essential factual allegations presented by the plaintiffs’ complaints, affidavits, and other materials supporting their motion were not refuted. The record shows that the defendants were placed on notice that their rent control clause was invalid. However, they refused to investigate the correctness of this claim. The defendants not only refused to do anything at this juncture to determine the legality of their increase; they engaged in further violations of c. 15 by continuing to demand that they receive the increase, and by retaining the overcharges already received. Thus, even if we assume that the defendants’ averments showed the existence of a triable, factual issue concerning their failure to take practicable precautions in initially implementing the rent increase, the defendants have not demonstrated an issue of material fact with respect to their continuing violations of c. 15 by demanding, receiving, and retaining the unlawful increases after being placed on notice that this conduct was illegal.

We construe “practicable precautions” to mean those precautions which a reasonable person in the defendants’ position would take to guard against violating c. 15. A genuine factual issue must be demonstrated by “sufficient evidence supporting the claimed factual dispute ... to require a jury or judge to resolve the parties’ differing versions of the truth at trial.” First Nat’l Bank v. Cities Serv. Co., 391 U.S. 253, 288-289 (1968). Accord, Hahn v. Sargent, 523 F.2d 461, 464 (1st Cir. 1975), cert. denied, 425 U.S. 904 (1976). No such evidence was presented here. We thus conclude that the judge acted correctly in granting the plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary judgment. Cf. Nunez v. Superior Oil Co., 572 F.2d 1119, 1124 (5th Cir. 1978) (judge warranted in deciding on summary judgment motion that party acted reasonably or unreasonably, even if conclusion involves mixed question of fact and law); *105Hahn v. Sargent, supra at 468 (party against whom summary judgment sought not entitled to trial merely because state of mind is essential element in cause of action; party must still show ability to produce evidence sufficient to reach jury on his claim). Compare Noyes v. Quincy Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 1 Mass. App. Ct. 723, 726-727 (1979) (summary judgment should not have entered where undisputed facts showed triable issue concerning defendants’ knowledge or wilfulness in violating G. L. c. 93A).

D. Prejudgment interest. The plaintiffs contend that the defendants’ retention of the rent overcharge entitled them to a separate award of prejudgment interest under G. L. c. 93A, § 9.13 The plaintiffs claim that the retained unlawful rents constituted a violation of both Regulation 11 and G. L. c. 93A, § 2 (c),14 and the continued deprivation of this money warrants compensation in the form of prejudgment interest. The plaintiffs propose that we imply, in G. L. c. 93A, § 9, the authority of courts to award prejudgment interest as part of the damages in a consumer’s claim so as to facilitate the statute’s objective of promoting reasonable settlements between the parties. See International Fidelity Ins. Co. v. Wilson, 387 Mass. 841, 857 *106(1983).15 The difficulty with this argument is that, while the plaintiffs sought cumulative damages under c. 15 and G. L. c. 93 A, they did not raise specifically the claim of prejudgment interest before the judge. This issue is not properly before us, as it is raised for the first time on appeal. See Jones v. Wayland, 374 Mass. 249, 252 n.3 (1978). Assuming, however, that damages under G. L. c. 93A, § 9, can be computed as “interest” for loss of the use of money wrongfully detained, see Guenard v. Burke, 387 Mass. 802, 809 (1982), the question remains whether such damages should be cumulatively awarded.16

The judge, in his amended order, took cognizance of the McGrath v. Mishara, 386 Mass. 74 (1982), and Wolfberg v. Hunter, 385 Mass. 390 (1982), decisions and, in order to avoid cumulative damage recovery, allowed recovery only under c. 15. The amended order thus superseded his earlier order granting multiple damages to the plaintiffs pursuant to G. L. c. 93A, § 9 (1). On the basis of the Mishara and Wolfberg decisions, we conclude that separate damages may not be recovered under both c. 15 for the defendants’ unlawful demand for rent and G. L. c. 93A, based on the defendants’ unlawful retention of the amounts collected. The illegal acts involve the defendants’ conduct in demanding and, in some cases, receiving the unauthorized rent increase, in violation of both the ordinance and G. L. c. 93A. Thus, where the plaintiffs have sustained their claim to recover multiple damages, under c. 15, *107they are precluded from duplicate recovery based on claims alleging the same wrongful conduct under G. L. c. 93A. See Mishara, supra at 85. Although the plaintiffs may recover under whichever statute offers them the greater amount of damages for the defendants’ same wrongful conduct, see Mis-hara, supra at 84, there is no showing on this record that, if damages were set under c. 93A, they would have received a larger award. There was no error.

3. Scofield’s Individual Action.

A. Facts. Berman & Sons notified Scofield by letter dated June 27, 1977, that her current lease was to terminate August 31, 1977, in conformance with its terms. The letter further stated that Scofield could extend her tenancy for an additional year under the lease addendum which incorporated the rent increase approved by the Boston Rent Board. Because Scofield thought that she could not afford to pay the rent and decided to find subsidized housing, she chose not to sign the addendum. Instead, she requested permission to remain as a tenant at will and pay the new rent until she could find cheaper housing. At that time, Scofield could not provide Berman & Sons with an estimated date by which she could vacate her apartment. According to the procedure at Berman & Sons, a committee comprised of Martin Berman, Donna McCormack, William Allen, and another employee reviewed the tenant’s request to become a tenant at will. The committee denied Scofield’s request by means of a letter to her attorney, authored by Allen and dated July 14, 1977. In the letter Allen stated that he believed that the Housing Court’s order allowed him only to offer the new one-year lease at maximum rent, and that he expected Scofield either to sign the lease addendum or to notify him that she would vacate the apartment.17

B. Damages pursuant to G. L. c. 93A, § 9. In November, 1981, the judge issued his order on Scofield’s individual claims under G. L. c. 186, § 18, and G. L. c. 93A, following a one-day trial on these issues. The judge ruled that Scofield could *108not recover damages under G. L. c. 93A, since the statute, as it read prior to the 1979 amendment, required the consumer to show a loss of tangible real or personal property resulting from the unfair or deceptive act or practice. See Baldas sari v. Public Fin. Trust, 369 Mass. 33, 44-45 (1975). The judge found that Scofield had suffered no damages under G. L. c. 93A as a result of the defendants’ refusal to allow her to remain as a tenant at will.18

Scofield does not dispute the correctness of the judge’s ruling that she suffered no monetary damages under G. L. c. 93A. Instead, she claims that the defendants’ failure to satisfy her rightful claim under G. L. c. 186, § 18, once a formal written demand had been made, amounted to a loss of money or property under G. L. c. 93A. Scofield cites no case law to support this contention. Since her claim is based on G. L. c. 93A, § 9, prior to its 1979 amendment, we conclude that her claim is untenable because it does not allege an actual loss or deprivation of money or other property. See Baldas sari, supra at 45.

C. The “reprisal” claim. On Scofield’s claim under G. L. c. 186, § 18, the judge found that Scofield had proved by a preponderance of the credible evidence that one of the defendants’ principal motives in refusing her request to remain as a tenant at will in July, 1977, was her report of the defendants’ unlawful conduct to the Rent Board in 1977.19 In his later order for supplemental findings and entry of an amended judgment, the judge adopted other specific findings of fact, requested by Scofield, relevant to the defendants’ “motive.” There was no evidence that any tenant, other than Scofield, had been denied a request to occupy as a tenant at will. The judge found that *109there were seventeen other tenants of the defendants who had been granted tenancies at will and who were living under such agreements between September and December, 1977, and there was no record why thirteen of these tenants were granted tenant-at-will status. By April, 1978, several of these tenants had occupied as tenants at will for time periods ranging from nine to fifty months.20 Certain other members of the plaintiff class were given tenant-at-will status by the defendants in August, 1977, and by May, 1978, the defendants had adopted a policy of requiring all their tenants to utilize at-will agreements.

The judge, however, concluded that the defendants’ refusal to accord Scofield tenancy-at-will status was not a “reprisal” within the meaning of G. L. c. 186, § 18. The judge noted that the statute does not define “reprisal” except to provide that certain action, such as a substantial alteration in the terms of the tenancy or a termination of the tenancy within six months after the exercise of a tenant’s legal rights, raises a rebuttable presumption that such action is a reprisal. The judge found unpersuasive Scofield’s claim that Berman & Sons’ refusal to allow her to remain as a tenant at will amounted to a violation of the statute where the defendant had no legal obligation to extend this benefit to her. The judge noted that it was Scofield who refused the defendants’ offer to renew her lease. Scofield had no right to expect the defendants to accede to her request for a substantial alteration in the terms of her tenancy. Thus, the judge concluded that the defendants’ conduct did not constitute a reprisal against Scofield for her legally protected actions under G. L. c. 186, § 18, and therefore entered judgment in favor of the defendants on all Scofield’s individual claims.

Scofield claims that G. L. c. 186, § 18, should be construed to prohibit a landlord’s refusal, based on a tenant’s exercise of protected rights, to extend to that tenant a benefit that regularly has been accorded other tenants. The defendants contend that Berman & Sons’ refusal to allow Scofield to remain as a *110tenant at will was not a “reprisal” within the meaning of G. L. c. 186, § 18. The defendants correctly point out that no Massachusetts case has ever held, or implied, that a landlord’s refusal to grant a tenant’s request to occupy as a tenant at will constitutes a reprisal. But cf. 940 Code Mass. Regs. § 3.17 (6) (b) (1981) (unfair or deceptive practice under G. L. c. 93A for property owner to “retaliate in any manner against a tenant for exercising. . . any legal rights as set forth in c. 186, § 18”).

We begin our construction of G. L. c. 186, § 18, with the words of the statute, which must be given “their usual and ordinary meaning considered in light of the aim to be accomplished by the Legislature.” See Prudential Ins. Co. v. Boston, 369 Mass. 542, 546 (1976). General Laws c. 186, § 18, prior to its 1978 amendment, provided in pertinent part: “Any person . . . who threatens to or takes reprisals against any tenant of residential premises for reporting to . . . any . . . board having as its objective the regulation of residential premises a violation or a suspected violation of any health or building code or of any other municipal by-law or ordinance or state . . . law . . . which has as its objective the regulation of residential premises . . . shall be liable for damages . ...”

The legislative history of the statute demonstrates that the Legislature intended the law to apply to a broad range of factual situations wherein tenants are retaliated against for seeking to enforce protected rights under our housing laws. See 1969 Senate Doc. No. 1327. Although proposed drafts of the statute limited its coverage to tenants who reported sanitary or building code violations, see 1969 Senate Doc. No. 1139, § 127K, 1969 House Doc. No. 2926, the law, as enacted, applied to tenants who complained of violations of any “municipal ordinance or state law” which has “as its objective the regulation of residential premises.” G. L. c. 186, § 18. Clearly the ordinance involves the regulation of residential premises. The Legislature subsequently broadened the statute’s coverage to include tenants who participated in a tenants’ union, or similar organization, or who reported a violation of Federal law regulating residential premises. See St. 1972, c. 99, § 1. In 1973, the statute was amended again to apply to tenants who exercised *111their rights to be reimbursed for paying their landlord’s gas or electric bills. See St. 1973, c. 858, § 3 (inserting reference to G. L. c. 164, § 124D).21 The Legislature’s usage of broad language in the initial statute and its amended versions to describe activities protected against reprisal by a landlord, and its expansion of these protected activities in subsequent amendments, lead us to conclude that G. L. c. 186, § 18, protects a tenant who was retaliated against by a landlord for reporting violations of the rent control ordinances.

General Laws c. 186, § 18, prohibits a threatened or actual “reprisal” against a tenant for engaging in a protected activity. The ordinary meaning of a “reprisal” is “a retaliatory act.” Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary at 1,000 (1983). We construe G. L. c. 186, § 18, to utilize this broad definition tailored, however, to achieve the statutory objective of protecting those tenants who have been retaliated against by landlords due to their exercise of legal rights under the housing laws. Cf. Prudential Ins. Co., supra at 547 (courts must construe statute as written and a contingency for which no provision made does not warrant judicial legislation). We think that if the Legislature had intended “reprisal” to have a narrow meaning, it would have specified those acts which would constitute a reprisal, and it would not have provided, in a separate paragraph that “[t]he receipt of any notice of termination of tenancy ... or, of any substantial alteration in the terms of the tenancy within six months after the tenant has commenced, proceeded with, or obtained relief in such action . . . [or] made such report or complaint [relating to the building in which the tenant resides] shall create a rebuttable presumption that such notice ... is a reprisal against the tenant for [making such report or complaint].” G. L. c. 186, § 18, as appearing in St. 1978, c. 149, § 1. By its terms, the statute extends to “reprisals” *112other than those acts which give rise to the rebuttable presumption described in the latter paragraph.22 Cf. G. L. c. 239, § 2A.

It is indisputable that a lessor has no legal duty to permit a tenant to occupy the demised premises following the termination of her lease or tenancy, and may bring an action for summary process against the tenant who wrongfully holds over in the premises. See Gunsenhiser v. Binder, 206 Mass. 434, 437 (1910); G. L. c. 239, § 1. There is, however, considerable persuasive authority, from courts of other jurisdictions, which indicates that a lessor lawfully may not terminate a tenancy when that action is taken in retaliation for the tenant’s reporting violations of the housing laws.

In support of the principle that landlords may not seek to evict tenants for reporting violations of housing laws is the landmark case of Edwards v. Habib, 397 F.2d 687 (D.C. Cir. 1968), cert. denied, 393 U.S. 1016 (1969). The landlord in Edwards gave the tenant proper statutory notice to vacate her apartment soon after she reported sanitary code violations, and he obtained a judgment for possession of the premises. Id. at 688-689. Judge J. Skelly Wright noted that, under the District of Columbia housing code, a landlord has the right to evict a tenant with or without cause. Id. at 688. The need effectively to implement and enforce remedial legislation such as the housing and sanitary codes, however, impliedly prohibited landlords from evicting tenants from month to month in retaliation for their reporting code violations. Id. at 699-700. “The notion that the effectiveness of [such] legislation will be inhibited if those reporting violations of it can legally be intimidated is so fundamental that a presumption against the legality of such intimidation can be inferred as inherent in the legislation even *113if it is not expressed in the statute itself.” Id. at 701-702. In reversing the judgment for the landlord and remanding the case, the judge concluded that the tenant must prove the factual issue whether the landlord had an impermissible retaliatory purpose in evicting the tenant. Several jurisdictions have followed the Edwards policy of encouraging tenants to report violations of the housing laws by interpreting their retaliatory action statutes or other housing laws to prohibit landlords from seeking to dispossess tenants for exercising these legal rights. See, e.g., Schweiger v. Superior Court, 3 Cal. 3d 507, 517 (1970); Clore v. Fredman, 59 Ill. 2d 20, 27-28 (1974); Parkin v. Fitzgerald, 307 Minn. 423, 428-429 (1976); Delmat Corp. v. Kahn, 147 N.J. Super. 293, 299-300 (1977); Dickhut v. Norton, 45 Wis. 2d 389, 399 (1970). Cf. Silberg v. Lipscomb, 117 N.J. Super. 491, 496 (1971) (under N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2A:42-10.10 [West Supp. 1983]). Barela v. Superior Court, 30 Cal. 3d 244, 249 (1981). The salutary policy of the Edwards decision is applicable to the present case. Effective enforcement of the rent control laws is promoted when tenants are not inhibited in reporting suspected or actual violations of these laws by a fear of reprisal by landlords. We think that the Legislature may have anticipated that tenants would be deterred from disclosing landlords’ infractions of the housing laws due to a landlord’s largely unrestricted power to terminate tenancies at will. The enactment of G. L. c. 239, § 2A, also reflects a desire to protect tenants who report such violations under G. L. c. 186, § 18, from retaliatory terminations of their at-will tenancies.23

*114The efficacious implementation of rent control laws will not support a decision which would require a landlord to allow lessees to become tenants at will after the expiration of their lease. A landlord has the unfettered right to dictate the type of tenancy under which a tenant may occupy the premises, and lawfully may refuse to let any tenant rent on an at-will basis. However, when a landlord has an established policy of allowing lessees to remain as tenants-at-will following the termination of their leases, the landlord cannot lawfully refuse to apply that policy to a tenant because that tenant has reported the landlord’s violations of the rent control laws. Cf. Golphin v. Park Monroe Assocs., 353 A.2d 314, 315, 317-318 (D.C. 1976). In Golphin, the Court of Appeals decided that a tenant who was denied an at-will tenancy following the expiration of his lease, in contravention to the landlord’s established policy, could defend against a possession action by showing that the landlord’s refusal was in retaliation for his tenant-organizing activities. Id.24

We conclude, based on the findings of the judge, that the defendants’ refusal to allow Scofield to remain as a tenant at will following the expiration of her lease constituted a “reprisal” under G. L. c. 186, § 18, for her reporting the landlord’s unlawful rent increase to the Rent Board. A landlord who refuses to apply an established policy of permitting at-will tenancies to a tenant because of her efforts to enforce the laws violates the legislative intent that there be good faith and fair dealing between landlords and their tenants. The judge concluded that Scofield had proved, by a preponderance of the *115credible evidence, that “one of Berman’s principal motives” for refusing Scofield’s request was her reporting the unlawful increase to the Rent Board. Cf. Robinson v. Diamond Hous. Corp., 463 F.2d 853, 865 (D.C. Cir. 1972) (in possession action, fact finder may find for landlord who presents evidence that legitimate business reasons principally motivated decision to evict tenant). Accordingly, Scofield is entitled to recover from the defendants, jointly and severally,25 for their violation of G. L. c. 186, § 18, an amount equal to not less than one month’s rent nor more than three months’ rent, and reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs of the suit.26

4. Conclusion.

We remand this case to the judge of the Housing Court to enter an appropriate order on Scofield’s claim under G. L. c. 186, § 18, consistent with the principles expressed in this opinion. The judgment as to the class claim is affirmed.

So ordered.

(dissenting). I dissent only from that part of the opinion that concludes that the defendant landlord’s refusal to *116allow Scofield to remain as a tenant at will following the expiration of her lease constitutes a reprisal under G. L. c. 186, § 18, for her reporting the landlord’s unlawful rent increase to the Rent Board. Ante at 114. The majority correctly point out that the landlord had no obligation to extend to Scofield tenant-at-will status at the expiration of her lease. Although the landlord refused Scofield’s request for tenant-at-will status, she could have remained on the premises as a tenant at sufferance, lorio v. Donnelly, 343 Mass. 772 (1961). Without delving at length into the law of tenancies at sufferance under modem legislation (see King v. G & M Realty Corp., 373 Mass. 658, 663-664 [1977]), I conclude that this change of status was not significant enough to constitute a “reprisal” by the landlord. It is clear that as a tenant at sufferance she could have remained on the premises until the landlord took action to regain possession, King v. G & MRealty Corp., supra, and during the period of her occupancy she remained obligated to pay rent. G. L. c. 186, §3.1 conclude that no reprisal existed in such a situation, at least until the landlord issued a notice to quit or took some other affirmative step to regain possession.

All of the decisions cited in the majority opinion concerning other jurisdictions deal with evictions, and typically these decisions find retaliatory action to be a defense to proceedings instituted by the landlord to regain possession. The present case differs from those eviction cases in that the defendant landlord here took no affirmative action to dispossess the plaintiff of the apartment. For example, in Golphin v. Park Monroe Assocs., 353 A.2d 314 (D.C. 1976), the tenant, denied at-will status at the expiration of a lease, remained in the apartment and successfully defended an eviction proceeding. The court based its decision explicitly on the improper use of judicial process that occurs when a landlord brings eviction proceedings for retaliatory reasons. Id. at 317-318. I view this line of decisions from other jurisdictions as an indication of judicial reluctance to see the courts used as an instrumentality by landlords seeking illegal retaliation.