On May 23, 1982, Massachusetts Property Insurance Underwriting Association (MPIUA) issued to Sandra Thomas and the defendant John Person a “Homeowners” insurance policy providing coverage for one year. The policy provided liability coverage “[i]f a claim is made or a suit is brought against any insured for damages because of bodily injury or property damage to which this coverage applies.” However, *752the policy excluded from liability coverage “bodily injury or property damage . . . which is expected or intended by the insured.”

On July 31, 1982, Person shot Thomas in the neck and killed her. Person was tried for murder, and, although he maintained throughout the trial that the gun discharged by accident, he was convicted of murder in the second degree. Person’s appeal is pending in the Appeals Court.

Before Person’s criminal trial, Troy Norrington, a defendant in the present action and Thomas’s next of kin, sole heir, and administrator of Thomas’s estate, brought in the Superior Court a wrongful death action against Person. Norrington’s complaint alleged that Person “negligently, or willfully, wantonly and recklessly, or by gross negligence,” shot Thomas. MPIUA successfully moved to intervene in that action, alleging that the shooting was intentional and that, for that reason, there was no insurance coverage.2 After Person’s conviction, and in reliance on it, MPIUA filed this declaratory judgment action in the Superior Court seeking a declaration that Thomas’s death was caused by Person’s intentional act and that, therefore, MPIUA has no obligation either to attempt a settlement of the wrongful death action or to indemnify Person for any judgment against him in that case. A judge of the Superior Court ordered that the two actions be consolidated.

Thereafter, MPIUA moved for summary judgment in this, the declaratory judgment, action, on the ground that, as a result of Person’s conviction, Person and Norrington are precluded by the doctrine of collateral estoppel from “relitigating the issue of fact of whether or not Person intended to shoot and kill Sandra E. Thomas, as this fact has been determined at a previous criminal trial.” Without ruling on MPIUA’s motion,3 the judge made an interlocutory report to the Appeals *753Court, essentially seeking a determination concerning the proper disposition of the motion for summary judgment. We allowed MPIUA’s application for direct appellate review. We hold that, although the doctrine of collateral estoppel could be applied to preclude Person from relitigating issues decided in his criminal trial, collateral estoppel cannot be applied so as to preclude Norrington from litigating such issues. Therefore, MPIUA’s motion for summary judgment must be denied.

Until today, this court has adhered to the rule that “a defendant convicted of [a] crime is entitled to retry the question whether he actually committed the crime, when that issue arises in a civil proceeding to which the Commonwealth is not a party; and the criminal judgment is not even evidence against him on the merits of the case.” Minasian v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 295 Mass. 1, 3 (1936). Of course, under that rule, not only Person, but . Norrington as well, would be entitled to litigate in a subsequent civil action issues decided in Person’s criminal trial. However, as we have announced today in Aetna Casualty & Sur. Co. v. Niziolek, ante 737, 742 (1985), we no longer follow that rule. Now, “a party to a civil action against a former criminal defendant may invoke the doctrine of collateral estoppel to preclude the criminal defendant from relitigating an issue decided in the criminal prosecution.” Id. Thus, in civil litigation between MPIUA and Person, collateral estoppel could be applied to preclude Person from relitigating issues decided in his criminal trial. It does not follow, however, that Norrington’s position is no better than Person’s.

Before applying collateral estoppel to preclude a party from relitigating an issue, a court must answer affirmatively three questions: “Was the issue decided in the prior adjudication identical with the one presented in the action in question? Was there a final judgment on the merits? Was the party against whom the plea is asserted a party or in privity with a party to the prior adjudication?” Bernhard v. Bank of Am. Nat'l Trust & Sav. Ass’n, 19 Cal.2d 807, 813 (1942). See Montana v. United States, 440 U.S. 147, 153 (1919); Fidler v. E.M. Parker Co., 394 Mass. 534, 539 (1985). We assume, without deciding, that, for collateral estoppel purposes, the issue decided by the *754jury in the criminal case was identical to the issue on which the existence of insurance coverage depends. See Quincy Mut. Fire Ins. Co. v. Abernathy, 393 Mass. 81, 85 (1984). We also assume, again without deciding, that, although an appeal from Person’s conviction is presently pending in the Appeals Court, Person’s conviction constitutes a final judgment for collateral estoppel purposes. Thus, all the requirements for issue preclusion against Person, and the first two requirements for issue preclusion against Norrington, have been met. We conclude, however, that issue preclusion cannot be applied against Norrington, because he was neither a party nor in privity with a party to the criminal case.

“It is a violation of due process for a judgment to be binding on a litigant who was not a party or a privy and therefore has never had an opportunity to be heard.” Parklane Hosiery Co. v. Shore, 439 U.S. 322, 327 n.7 (1979). A nonparty to a prior adjudication can be bound by it “only were [the nonparty’s] interest was represented by a party to the prior litigation.” Mongeau v. Boutelle, 10 Mass. App. Ct. 246, 249-250 (1980). At Person’s criminal trial, Person in no sense represented the interests of Norrington (or of Thomas, with whom Norrington was in privity). “[I]t creates no privity between two parties that, as litigants in two different suits, they happen to be interested in proving or disproving the same facts.” Sturbridge v. Franklin, 160 Mass. 149, 151 (1893). Nor did the prosecution represent Norrington’s interests. Furthermore, Norrington had no opportunity to participate in the criminal case. See McCarthy v. Daggett, 344 Mass. 577, 580 (1962).

Clearly, then, Norrington should not be precluded from attempting to show in his wrongful death action against Person that Person did not expect or intend the shooting and the resultant death. See Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 85 illustration 10 (1982);4 New England Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Null, *755554 F.2d 896, 901 (8th Cir. 1977); Clemmer v. Hartford Ins. Co., 22 Cal. 3d 865, 877 (1978); Burd v. Sussex Mut. Ins. Co., 56 N.J. 383, 397 (1970); Utica Mut. Ins. Co. v. Cherry, 45 A.D.2d 350, 354 (N.Y. 1974), aff’d, 38 N.Y.2d 735 (1975); State Farm Fire & Casualty Co. v. Pildner, 40 Ohio St. 2d 101, 103-104 (1974). See also Aid Ins. Co. (Mut.) v. Chrest, 336 N.W.2d 437, 440-441 (Iowa 1983) (criminal defendant’s guilty plea not preclusive against nonparty to criminal prosecution even though, under Iowa law, guilty plea has preclusive effect against criminal defendant in subsequent civil litigation, see Ideal Mut. Ins. Co. v. Winker, 319 N.W.2d 289, 295 [Iowa 1982]); Rullo v. Rullo, 121 N.H. 299, 300-301 (1981); Garden State Fire & Casualty Co. v. Keefe, 172 N.J. Super. 53, 59-60 (1980). But see Travelers Indem. Co. v. Walburn, 378 F. Supp. 860, 862-865 (D.D.C. 1974); Aetna Life & Casualty Ins. Co. v. Johnson, 673 P.2d 1277, 1280-1281 (Mont. 1984); New Jersey Mfrs. Ins. Co. v. Brower, 161 N.J. Super. 293, 299 (1978); State Farm Fire & Casualty Co. v. Reuter, 299 Or. 155, 163-168 (1985).

That conclusion, however, does not resolve this case. If, in his wrongful death action, Norrington succeeds in establishing that Person did not expect or intend to shoot Thomas, Norrington presumably will seek to recover against MPIUA, and, as we have often stated, the right of the injured party to have recourse to the indemnity promised by the insurer rises no higher than the right of the insured. See, e.g., Cassidy v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 338 Mass. 139, 143 (1958); Goldstein v. Bernstein, 315 Mass. 329, 332 (1943); Klefbeck v. Dous, 302 Mass. 383, 384 (1939). Nevertheless, we conclude that, even though MPIUA could invoke collateral estoppel against Person, MPIUA cannot invoke that doctrine against Norrington.

In keeping with the aforementioned rule, Norrington’s substantive right to indemnity from MPIUA is no greater than Person’s right; that is, neither Norrington nor Person has a right to indemnity if Person expected or intended Thomas’s *756injury. But that does not mean that, because MPIUA could invoke issue preclusion against Person, it can also invoke issue preclusion against Norrington. Issue preclusion is a rule designed to “relieve parties of the cost and vexation of multiple lawsuits, conserve judicial resources, and, by preventing inconsistent decisions, encourage reliance on adjudication.” Allen v. McCurry, 449 U.S. 90, 94 (1980). Allowing the application of issue preclusion against the insured, but not against the injured person, does no violence to the substantive principle that an injured party succeeds only to the insured’s rights against the insurer. In the criminal case, Person had his day in court. Norrington, however, has had no opportunity to litigate the question whether Person expected or intended to shoot Thomas. Fairness requires that he be given that opportunity. By not applying issue preclusion to Norrington, we place no undue burden on MPIUA. MPIUA has not previously been required to litigate the critical coverage question. It seeks only to enjoy the benefit of a finding in a case to which it was not a party.

MPIUA is not entitled to summary judgment. If, in his wrongful death action, Norrington establishes Person’s liability, and if Norrington establishes that Person did not expect or intend to injure Thomas, then Norrington will be entitled to a judgment declaring that Thomas’s death is covered by MPIUA’s insurance policy. We remand this case to the Superior Court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

So ordered.