This case cpncerns whether dimensional, parking and loading space requirements of the Medford zoning ordinance (ordinance) can be applied to several construction projects planned by Tufts College.1 After a trial on a complaint brought in the Land Court by Tufts under G. L. c. 240, § 14A (1990 ed.), a judge of that court decided that the ordinance requirements could not, for the most part, be validly applied to Tufts’ projects consistent with G. L. c. 40A, § 3, second par., as inserted by St. 1975, c. 808, § 3 (generally referred to as the Dover amendment).2 Medford appealed. The Appeals Court, relying on Medford’s interpretation of the ordinance requirements and concessions made by Medford, determined that the judgment should be modified to permit application to Tufts’ projects of some of the provisions. 33 Mass. App. Ct. 580 (1992). We granted further appellate review. We agree with the Appeals Court that modification of the judgment is appropriate.

*755The projects as to which there remains controversy3 are a 96,000 square foot addition to the Wessell Library (Wessell), Tufts’ undergraduate library, and a multi-level parking garage which is planned on the site of an existing building on the southern side of Boston Avenue. The garage will provide parking spaces initially for 290 vehicles with an ability to be expanded to 530 spaces. Both projects will be located in the core, or Hill, area of Tufts’ campus, on land zoned by Med-ford for “Apartment-2 Residential” use. Tufts also sought a determination that requirements of the ordinance could not be applied to future, as yet unspecified, projects in the core area of its campus.

The requirements of the ordinance that remain at issue provide for: (1) a front-yard setback dependent on the size of the building and calculated by a formula (§ 6.3.5 [c]); (2) one loading space (twelve feet in width and thirty feet in length) for each 50,000 square feet of new construction (§§ 5.3, 10.41 and 10.45);4 and (3) one parking space for each 750 square feet of new construction which must be lo-*756coted either on the same lot as the new construction or within 200 feet thereof (§§ 5.3, 10.2 and 10.24). The ordinance defines the term “lot” as a duly recorded parcel of land which is commonly owned and has definite boundaries and is not divided by a street (§ 3.30).5

Application of these requirements to the Wessell addition would require Tufts to provide 130 new parking spaces on the Wessell lot (or within 200 feet thereof). Assuming that the ordinance could be construed as treating each building on the campus as occupying a separate lot, see note 5 supra, the Land Court judge interpreted the parking requirement as necessitating “postage stamp” parking lots adjoining each project Tufts might undertake in the core area of its campus. The judge considered this requirement to be incompatible with the character of the Tufts campus. In the judge’s opinion, the proposed Boston Avenue garage provided a reasonable solution to the parking problem faced by Tufts, but it was not a solution permitted under the ordinance. The judge also concluded that Wessell did not need two additional loading spaces. He therefore ruled that provisions of the ordinance requiring off-street parking and loading spaces “did not rise to the level of ‘reasonable regulations’ within the meaning of G. L. c. 40A, § 3, and, accordingly, [were] inapplicable to Tufts’ use of its land in Medford.”

The ordinance also requires a fifty-foot setback from Boston Avenue for the new parking garage (§ 6.3.5 [c]). Tufts proposes a thirty-foot setback for the garage. “The evidence was to the effect that there is no absolute physical impediment to constructing a garage of the planned dimensions with a setback of fifty feet, but the cost will be increased because of the sharply rising slope of the land behind the *757garage and because of the need that will be created to support the foundation of another building, a power plant, situated on the same hillside. No estimate of the expected cost increase was put in evidence . . . .” 33 Mass. App. Ct. at 585. The Land Court judge, who took a view of the campus, noted that the topography of the land at the proposed garage site might warrant the grant of a variance under G. L. c. 40A, § 10, from the setback requirement. Based on a need for a solution to a serious parking problem facing Tufts, and apparently assuming that the garage might not be built if the setback requirement was enforced, the judge concluded that full setback would unreasonably interfere with the use of Tufts’ land. He declared, therefore, that the setback requirement could not be enforced. Finally, the judge extended his conclusion that the various requirements of the ordinance that were in contention could not be applied to any future construction that might be undertaken by Tufts in the core area of the campus, and, in a postjudgment order (entered on Tufts’ request), the judge defined the area of Tufts that he considered to constitute the “core campus.”

1. The Dover Amendment. We first discuss generally applicable legal principles. The Dover Amendment bars the adoption of a zoning ordinance or by-law that seeks to prohibit or restrict the use of land for educational purposes. However, a proviso to the statute authorizes a municipality to adopt and apply “reasonable regulations” concerning bulk, dimensions, open space and parking, to land and structures for which an educational use is proposed. The whole of the Dover Amendment, as it presently stands, seeks to strike a balance between preventing local discrimination against an educational use, see Newbury Junior College v. Brookline, 19 Mass. App. Ct. 197, 205 (1985), and honoring legitimate municipal concerns that typically find expression in local zoning laws. This case requires us to address that balance in practical terms.

Local zoning requirements adopted under the proviso to the Dover Amendment which serve legitimate municipal purposes sought to be achieved by local zoning, such as promot*758ing public health or safety, preserving the character of an adjacent neighborhood, or one of the other purposes sought to be achieved by local zoning as enunciated in St. 1975, c. 808, § 2A, see MacNeil v. Avon, 386 Mass. 339, 341 (1982), may be permissibly enforced, consistent with the Dover Amendment, against an educational use. See Radcliffe College v. Cambridge, 350 Mass. 613 (1966); The Bible Speaks v. Board of Appeals of Lenox, 8 Mass. App. Ct. 19, 31 (1979) (a building inspector may properly deny permits to an educational institution for a structure that does not comply with “reasonable regulations”). See also Southern New England Conference Ass’n of Seventh-Day Adventists v. Burlington, 21 Mass. App. Ct. 701, 710 (1986) (local zoning law protecting wetlands applied to property protected by Dover Amendment). The Radcliffe College case suggests that a local zoning provision that requires an educational institution to adapt plans for the use of its land may be enforced, so long as the provision is shown to be related to a legitimate municipal concern, and its application bears a rational relationship to the perceived concern. On the other hand, a zoning requirement that results in something less than nullification of a proposed educational use may be unreasonable within the meaning of the Dover Amendment. See Radcliffe College v. Cambridge, supra at 619 (concluding that a parking requirement could be applied, but suggesting that future application might be unreasonable if the result would require the educational institution to provide more parking spaces “than could in reason be deemed necessary to take care of the cars brought to the [area] by the use made of it by the college”).6

*759What we have said thus far suggests that the question of the reasonableness of a local zoning requirement, as applied to a proposed educational use, will depend on the particular facts of each case. Because local zoning laws are intended to be uniformly applied, an educational institution making challenges similar to those made by Tufts will bear the burden of proving that the local requirements are unreasonable as applied to its proposed project. The educational institution might do so by demonstrating that compliance would substantially diminish or detract from the usefulness of a proposed structure, or impair the character of the institution’s campus, without appreciably advancing the municipality’s legitimate concerns.7 Excessive cost of compliance with a requirement imposed on an educational institution, without sig*760nificant gain in terms of municipal concerns, might also qualify as unreasonable regulation of an educational use. We reject the suggestion that only local zoning requirements drafted specifically for application to educational uses are reasonable within the scope of the Dover Amendment. Nothing in that statute mandates the adoption of local zoning laws which are tailored specifically to educational uses. See Report, supra at 26 (observing that ideally regulations should be specifically adapted to educational uses). Similarly, proof that a local zoning law could accomplish its purpose if it were drafted in terms other than those chosen will not suffice to establish that the municipality’s choice of regulation is unreasonable.8 See Moss v. Winchester, 365 Mass. 297, 299 (1974).

The Appeals Court observed in this case that the Dover Amendment is intended to encourage “a degree of accommodation between the protected use . . . and matters of critical municipal concern . . . .” (citations omitted). 33 Mass. App. Ct. at 584. We agree with this observation, but add that such an accommodation cannot be achieved by insisting that an educational institution seek a variance to obtain permission to complete its project.9 Radcliffe College v. Cambridge, supra at 619, citing Russell v. Zoning Bd. of Appeals of Brookline, 349 Mass. 532, 535 (1965). Additionally, a court may consider a municipality’s proper concession, such as was made here in the course of litigation, that a particular re*761quirement of its zoning law is unreasonable as applied to a proposed educational use. Apart from any concession, the remaining requirements of the local zoning law, if otherwise reasonable, would still apply. Doliner v. Town Clerk of Mil-lis, 343 Mass. 10, 15 (1961) (zoning by-law provisions treated as separable). Attorney Gen. v. Dover, 327 Mass. 601, 608 (1951). We now consider application of the ordinance’s requirements to Tufts’ projects in light of these principles and the Appeals Court’s modification of the Land Court judgment.

2. Wessell addition, a. Parking. The Appeals Court modified the judgment by deleting therefrom language that declared the ordinance’s parking requirements inapplicable to the Wessell addition. As the basis for so doing, the Appeals Court agreed with Medford’s contention that the ordinance’s definition of the term “lot,” see note 5 supra, could be construed as treating discrete areas of Tufts’ core campus, bounded by streets, as single commonly owned lots. Under this interpretation, the proposed Boston Avenue garage and Wessell would occupy the same lot. The parking that will be provided by the garage (a minimum of 290 spaces) more than satisfies the ordinance’s requirement that Tufts, in conjunction with the Wessell addition, provide a minimum of 130 new parking spaces on the lot containing Wessell.

A court should construe a local zoning requirement “in a manner which sustains its validity,” Doliner v. Town Clerk of Millis, supra at 15, if this can be done without straining the common meaning of the terms employed. Framingham Clinic, Inc. v. Zoning Bd. of Appeals of Framingham, 382 Mass. 283, 290 (1981). Hall v. Zoning Bd. of Appeals of Edgartown, 28 Mass. App. Ct. 249, 254 (1990). The ordinance’s definition of lot logically applies to the part of the Tufts campus in which Wessell is situated and the parking garage will be located.10

*762Based on this interpretation, Tufts has not shown that the parking requirements of the ordinance are unreasonable as applied to the Wessell addition. It was properly found in the Land Court that there is a serious parking problem on Tufts’ core campus and on public streets adjacent thereto. Parking, as it affects physical conditions on and around an educational use, is a legitimate municipal concern and a proper subject of local zoning regulation. Radcliffe College v. Cambridge, supra at 617 & n.4. Compliance by Tufts with the parking requirements of the ordinance “would not require a greater number of spaces than could in reason be deemed necessary to take care of the cars brought to the [area] by the use made of it by, the college.” Id. at 619. While Tufts might prefer to defer addressing the parking problem, the ordinance’s requirements can be satisfied by the construction of the parking garage, a use of Tufts’ land recommended to the college by its consultants and found to be reasonable by the Land Court judge. We therefore agree with the Appeals Court that the requirements concerning parking are reasonable as applied to Tufts’ campus, and that Medford can require Tufts to construct the Boston Avenue parking garage (or some equivalent which satisfies the ordinance’s requirements) as a condition to building the Wessell addition.

b. Loading spaces. The Land Court judge concluded that deliveries to Wessell would not be sufficient in number to justify the two additional loading spaces required by the ordinance. He determined, therefore, that the loading space requirements of the ordinance could not reasonably be applied to the Wessell addition. The Appeals Court revised this por-*763tian of the judgment because of “the ease with which compliance [with the loading space requirements can be] achieved.” 33 Mass. App. Ct. at 586. Tufts contends that the notion of “ease of compliance” is foreign to Dover Amendment jurisprudence. We disagree.

On this aspect of the appeal, the Appeals Court simply expressed, in different terms, the principle that the burden of proving a local zoning requirement unreasonable under the Dover Amendment falls on the educational institution challenging the requirement. When compliance will involve no significant cost or other hardship to an educational institution, and does not interfere to any appreciable extent with the institution’s plans, the institution has failed to make out a case that the requirement, as applied, is unreasonable.11

3. Parking garage. The Appeals Court also deleted the portion of the judgment that declared the ordinance’s setback requirement inapplicable to construction of the Boston Avenue garage. As noted, the evidence was that the parking garage could be constructed with the fifty-foot setback required by the ordinance, but that compliance with the ordinance would increase the cost of the project. No estimate of the amount of the increase was put in evidence by Tufts. Med-ford, on the other hand, demonstrated that Boston Avenue, a major public way, has only one traffic lane in each direction and is heavily travelled, particularly at rush hours. The fifty-foot setback will permit vehicles easier access to the garage, reducing congestion and enhancing safety. With no particularized evidence in this case as to the cost and difficulty of compliance that can be measured against Medford’s legitimate concerns as to traffic congestion and safety,-the Land *764Court judge lacked an appropriate basis for the conclusion that Tufts had proved the setback requirement unreasonable as applied to construction of the parking garage. 33 Mass. App. Ct. at 585.12

4. Future projects. We also agree with the Appeals Court’s decision to modify the judgment by deleting therefrom language declaring that Medford cannot apply ordinance requirements to future construction projects in the core area of Tufts’ campus or to future projects similar to Wessell, Olin, or the parking garage. Whether requirements of a local zoning law aré reasonable cannot be decided in the abstract. The central question is whether application of the requirements to a specific project in a particular setting furthers legitimate municipal concerns to a sufficient extent to warrant requiring an educational institution, a use granted special protected status by the Dover Amendment, to alter its development plans. As the Appeals Court correctly stated, this “is essentially a fact-based determination, one that cannot properly be made for possible future construction projects not detailed in the evidence.” 33 Mass. App. Ct. at 583.

Tufts argues nonetheless that the Appeals Court’s deletion from the judgment of references to future, speculative projects is inconsistent with the scope of G. L. c. 240, *765§ 14A,13 the statute that confers authority on the Land Court to pass on the validity of local zoning requirements. This argument misconstrues the nature of the showing an educational institution must make to prevail when seeking a determination under G. L. c. 240, § 14A, as to the reasonableness of applying a local zoning law to its property.

A local zoning law that improperly restricts an educational use by invalid means, such as by special permit process, may be challenged as invalid in all circumstances. In this case, for example, the Land Court judge properly declared invalid the site plan and special permit requirements of the ordinance as to present and future, unspecified projects on the Tufts campus. The Bible Speaks v. Board of Appeals of Lenox, supra at 32-33. The Appeals Court correctly did not disturb this aspect of the judgment. The other requirements of the ordinance (parking, setback and dimensional regulations) challenged by Tufts do not facially discriminate against educational uses and are presumptively valid under the proviso to the Dover Amendment. The relief sought by Tufts pursuant to G. L. c. 240, § 14A, was a determination that, as applied, *766the regulations were unreasonable. As has been said, like certain other kinds of challenges to the applicability of a local zoning law, this relief presents a question that can be properly resolved only by reference to specific facts. See Sinn v. Selectmen of Acton, 357 Mass. 606, 610 (1970) (validity of exemption of all municipal uses from use regulations “can be determined only by examining its application in particular cases”); Aronson v. Sharon, 346 Mass. 598, 603 (1964) (whether by-law is sustainable exercise of municipality’s police powers or a deprivation of private property without compensation “often depends upon the facts of the particular case”). See Southern New England Conference Ass’n of Seventh-Day Adventists v. Burlington, 21 Mass. App. Ct. 701, 710 (1986). There the Appeals Court declined to rule whether boundary established by wetlands by-law was valid as applied to the church’s land, stating: “In the absence of any evidence bearing on the issue of the lawfulness of the application of the by-law to set the wetlands boundary, any attempt at decision on this record would require speculation and would be unfair to one party or the other.” The Appeals Court properly concluded that the Land Court’s rulings embodied in the judgment as to future, unspecified, projects of Tufts lacked a proper factual foundation, and that such projects were not an appropriate subject for relief pursuant to G. L. c. 240, § 14A.

5. Disposition. The judgment is amended, in numbered paragraph 2, by striking the words, “and any other future structures or additions which may be similarly situated,” and by striking numbered paragraphs 3, 4, and 5. The judgment is also amended to declare that the parking requirements of the ordinance are not invalid, and that as applied to Wessell these requirements can be met by construction of the requisite number of spaces in the proposed Boston Avenue parking garage or by an equivalent solution which satisfies the requirements. As so amended, the judgment is affirmed. The order defining the phrase “core campus” is vacated.

So ordered.

(concurring in part and dissenting in part). Statute 1950, c. 325, § 1, entitled “An Act prohibiting discriminatory zoning by-laws and ordinances,” amended G. L. c. 40, § 25, a predecessor of G. L. c. 40A, § 3, by adding the following words: “No by-law or ordinance which prohibits or limits the use of land for any church or other religious purpose or which prohibits or limits the use of land for any religious, sectarian or denominational educational purpose shall be valid.” In Attorney Gen. v. Dover, 327 Mass. 601 (1951), the court held that a town of Dover zoning by-law prohibiting the erection, alteration, or use of a building in a residential district for a sectarian educational use was invalid under St. 1950, c. 325, § 1. That act subsequently became known as the Dover Amendment. The Bible Speaks v. Board of Appeals of Lenox, 8 Mass. App. Ct. 19, 27 n.10 (1979). Statute 1950, c. 325, § 1, was susceptible of an interpretation that would invalidate any zoning ordinance or by-law (regulation) that would have imposed on a sectarian, educational use any requirement concerning bulk and height of structures, yard size, lot area, setback, open space, building coverage or parking area. Indeed, that construction appears to have been urged by the plaintiff, and accepted by the Land Court judge, in Radcliffe College v. Cambridge, 350 Mass. 613, 614 (1966) (“The college claims to be exempt from art. VII, § 2 [an ordinance requiring off-street parking], by reason of G. L. c. 40A, § 2, as amended through St. 1959, c. 607, § 1, which provides ‘that no ordinance or by-law which prohibits or limits the use of land for any church or other religious purpose or for any educational purpose which is religious, sectarian, denominational or public shall be valid”).

By St. 1975, c. 808, § 3, the Legislature struck out G. L. c. 40A and inserted a new chapter 40A in its place. The new c. 40A provides in relevant part, “No zoning ordinance or by-law shall . . . prohibit, regulate or restrict the use of land or structures for religious purposes or for educational purposes on land owned or leased by the commonwealth or any of its agencies, subdivisions or bodies politic or by a religious *768sect or denomination, or by a nonprofit educational corporation; provided, however, that such land or structures may be subject to reasonable regulations concerning the bulk and height of structures and determining yard sizes, lot area, setbacks, open space, parking and building coverage requirements.” That provision, were it to be construed without reference to the proviso, would present the same ambiguity that was present in the Dover Amendment, St. 1950, c. 325, § 1. Absent the proviso, the language of the statute could fairly be construed to mean that any requirement as to bulk and height of structures, yard size, lot area, setback, open space, building coverage or parking area, imposed on parcels of land devoted to religious or educational uses, is unauthorized. The obvious purpose of the proviso is to make clear that such requirements, if not intentionally or in practical effect discriminatory against the protected uses, and if rationally related to the purposes of zoning regulations enumerated in St. 1975, c. 808, § 2A, are authorized, valid, and enforceable without reference to the use to which a particular parcel is put.1-2

*769Nothing in G. L. c. 40A suggests that the Legislature intended to discriminate in favor of religious and educational uses. Yet, if the court is right in concluding that, in certain circumstances, a trial judge or appellate court must exempt a parcel, which is devoted to a protected use, from zoning regulations that are binding on parcels devoted to all other uses, such discrimination results. Surely, if parcels not committed to protected uses must comply with zoning regulations concerning off-street parking, setback of buildings, lot area and the like, regardless of the difficulty of compliance, but an educational institution is exempt if it demonstrates that “compliance would substantially diminish or detract from the usefulness of a proposed structure, or impair the character of the institution’s campus, without appreciably advancing the municipality’s legitimate concerns,” or that compliance would result in “excessive cost . . . without significant gain in terms of municipal concerns,” as the court states, ante at 759-760, discrimination occurs of a type that is the reverse of the discrimination targeted by the Dover Amendment.

General Laws c. 40A, § 3, is clear. No zoning ordinance or by-law may “prohibit, regulate or restrict the use of land or structures for . . . educational purposes on land owned or leased by . . . a nonprofit educational corporation” like Tufts College, but “such land or structures may be subject to reasonable regulations [that is, reasonable regulations, although not mandated, are authorized, and such land or structures are subject to them] concerning the bulk and height of structures and determining yard sizes, lot area, setbacks, open space, parking and building coverage requirements.” Nothing in chapter 40A authorizes a judge or a court to declare facially reasonable non-discriminatory regulations inapplicable to a particular parcel, or to exempt a particular parcel from them, whenever the judge or court, acting as a master planner, decides that the “application of the requirements to a specific project in a particular setting *770[would not] further [] legitimate municipal concerns to a sufficient extent to warrant” application and enforcement of the regulations. Ante at 764.

The challenged requirements of the ordinance in this case are reasonable. They do not discriminate against statutorily protected land uses either by expressed intention or in practical operation. The ordinance is use-neutral. Furthermore, the ordinance is rationally related to legitimate municipal zoning objectives. No one appears to contend otherwise. In my view, contrary to the thrust of the court’s opinion, the court would have no right to declare the challenged requirements inapplicable to the Tufts College property. For that reason, and not for the reasons articulated by the court, I am satisfied that the challenged requirements apply in this case. Accordingly, to the extent that the court orders numbered paragraphs 3, 4 and 5 struck from the judgment, thereby achieving that result, I concur with the order. However, because the order striking language from paragraph 2 of the judgment is premised incorrectly, I believe, on the idea that future applicability of the challenged regulations must depend on facts yet to be developed and on a “balancing” of the extent of the imposition on the use represented thereby compared to municipal concerns, I dissent from the court’s order insofar as it strikes language from paragraph 2 of the judgment.

Appendix.

HOUSE - No. 5009

“1. Dover Amendment. It is unfortunate that the present state of the law is such that some communities may have legitimate doubts about the validity of regulations which would impose reasonable controls on institutions presently covered by the Dover amendment. The Department would encourage the use of such control where essential to the well-being of the adjacent neighborhood, and where the regulation will not seriously jeopardize the mission of the protected institutions. Thus, the Department proposes to clarify the present language so as to achieve the aims of the general court in passing the original amendment while at the same time precluding unwise restrictions on the power of the communities to regulate the land use activities of churches and educational institutions. The pro*771posed language, for example, would specifically authorize the imposition of reasonable regulations concerning density or intensity of occupancy, bulk and height [of] structures, yards and setbacks, as well as limitations upon the location of assessory uses which traditionally have tended to be detrimental to adjacent property. Ideally, this should be accomplished by adopting regulations specifically designed to apply to uses protected by the Dover Amendment located in otherwise restricted zones, thus avoiding the problem of attempting to apply the same bulk regulations to the protected uses as ordinarily apply to other permitted uses in the zone. For example, instead of attempting to apply residential dimensional regulations to churches or schools located in a residential zone (See, Sisters of the Holy Cross v. Town of Brookline, 347 Mass. 486 [1964]) the by-law or ordinance should establish dimensional regulations specifically applicable to churches or schools located in such zones.”