**480 This is a contract action by a law firm to collect an outstanding legal fee from a former client. The plaintiff, Frederic N. Halstrom, as assignee of Halstrom Law Offices, P.C. (HLO), brought this action for legal fees against Michael J. Grace, a former HLO employee, and Marilyn P. Dube, as representative of the estate of David O. Hicks, a former HLO client, for the payment of certain legal fees allegedly owed by Hicks to HLO under a contingent **481 fee agreement. A Superior Court judge allowed the defendants' motion for summary judgment, concluding that Halstrom's claim for fees was time barred by the statute of limitations applicable to contract actions set forth in G. L. c. 260, § 2. 4 We affirm.

Background . We summarize the facts found by the motion judge, supplementing them where necessary with undisputed facts in the record.

In 2007, Hicks retained HLO to serve as counsel in a medical malpractice action in the Superior Court. The contingent fee *629 agreement between Hicks and HLO regarding that litigation, executed on December 7, 2007, included the following discharge provision:

"If the client wishes to discharge the Law Firm, the client shall, in this event, be liable to the Law Firm for a fee at the hourly rate of Three Hundred Fifty Dollars ($ 350.00) per hour, as substantiated by a Notarized Statement of Hours, provided by the Law Firm to the client."

Grace, then an employee of HLO, performed most, if not all, of the legal work on the case, but neither he nor HLO recorded Grace's hours contemporaneously.

HLO terminated Grace on June 25, 2010, while Hicks's medical malpractice case was pending. Hicks, notified of Grace's departure, elected to have Grace continue to represent him in the medical malpractice action. Grace and HLO were notified of Hicks's election in writing on July 1, 2010. On July 2, HLO transferred Hicks's file to Grace at his new firm, Denner Pellegrino, LLP (Pellegrino), and shortly thereafter Hicks entered into a second contingent fee agreement regarding his medical malpractice action with Pellegrino. 5 In August 2013 and July 2015, HLO asked Grace to provide it a statement of the hours he spent on Hicks's medical malpractice action while in HLO's employ; Grace was not cooperative. On August 17, 2015, Halstrom, as assignee of HLO, brought suit against Grace in the Superior Court in an effort **482 to compel Grace's cooperation. 6 In his complaint in that action, Halstrom noted that "the statutes of limitations are running on Halstrom's rights" against numerous former clients for legal fees owed in accordance with HLO's contingent fee agreement.

Halstrom commenced the present contract action in the Superior Court on July 7, 2016, seeking "an amount exceeding $ 30,000.00 for legal services rendered" from Hicks's estate (count I) and stating that because Hicks's attorney's fees for the underlying medical malpractice action are capped by statute, Hicks's estate has a cause of action against Grace "and anyone else who has already received payment for legal fees" in connection with the underlying action (count II). Thereafter, the defendants moved for summary judgment on the ground that Halstrom commenced the action beyond the six-year statute of limitations applicable to contract actions. Halstrom opposed the motion, arguing that his 2015 action against Grace tolled the limitations period because the action "made it abundantly clear that it was a lawsuit to begin vindicating HLO's right to attorneys' fees" and "formally served as the commencement of its claim against [Hicks] for attorneys' fees." 7 Halstrom argued in the *630 alternative that the defendants (1) are estopped from asserting the statute of limitations as a defense because they waited too long to act on the defense, (2) are barred from asserting the defense by the equitable doctrine of laches, or (3) waived the statute of limitations defense.

After a hearing, the judge issued a written decision concluding that HLO's contract claim was in fact time barred and that Halstrom's various equitable arguments lacked merit. On appeal, Halstrom argues that the statute of limitations began to run either on July 6, 2015, when Grace ignored HLO's second request for a statement of hours, or on November 13, 2012, when Hicks, Grace, and Pellegrino settled the underlying medical malpractice action, received the settlement check, and failed to **483 pay HLO its outstanding legal fees. 8 He also restates his tolling, estoppel, waiver, and laches arguments.

Discussion . We review a grant of summary judgment de novo to determine whether, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Mass. R. Civ. P. 56 (c), as amended, 436 Mass. 1404 (2002). See Homeowner's Rehab, Inc. v. Related Corp. V SLP, L.P. , 479 Mass. 741 , 750, 99 N.E.3d 744 (2018). Viewing the record in the light most favorable to Halstrom, we conclude that the motion judge properly entered judgment in favor of the defendants because Halstrom's action was barred by the statute of limitations applicable to contract actions set forth in G. L. c. 260, § 2 (contract actions shall be commenced "only within six years next after the cause of action accrues").

1. Statute of limitations . Ordinarily an attorney's cause of action for legal fees accrues no later than the date his or her services are terminated unless the parties enter into a new, enforceable agreement concerning the payment of outstanding fees. Jenney v. Airtek Corp. , 402 Mass. 152 , 154, 521 N.E.2d 388 (1988), citing Eliot v. Lawton , 7 Allen 274 , 276, 89 Mass. 274 (1863) (statute of limitations starts to run for attorney's services in handling case when action is terminated). See Taft v. Shaw , 159 Mass. 592 , 593, 35 N.E. 88 (1893) (statute of limitations for past services triggered by conclusion of attorney's employment); Powers v. Manning , 154 Mass. 370 , 377, 28 N.E. 290 (1891) (statute of limitations commences to run on attorney's claim for past services at time of discharge).

The plain language of HLO's fee agreement compels the same **484 result. The pertinent discharge provision unmistakably *631 provides that if the client discharges HLO, then the client will be liable to HLO for work performed by HLO at a prescribed rate. Therefore, whether we apply the usual rule restated in Jenney , 402 Mass. at 154 , 521 N.E.2d 388 , or confine our analysis to the plain language of HLO's fee agreement makes no meaningful difference -- HLO's cause of action against Hicks for legal services accrued no later than July 1, 2010, the date that HLO was notified that Hicks had elected to terminate HLO's services.

We are not persuaded by Halstrom's argument that the statute of limitations began to run either on July 6, 2015, when Grace ignored HLO's final request for a statement of hours, or on November 13, 2012, when Hicks, Grace, and Pellegrino settled the underlying medical malpractice action, received the settlement check, and failed to pay HLO its outstanding legal fees.

As to the first argument, Grace's refusal to cooperate with HLO has no bearing on when HLO's cause of action for legal fees against Hicks accrued. Grace was not a party to HLO's contingent fee agreement with Hicks, and despite Halstrom's protestations to the contrary, Grace's cooperation was not required for Halstrom to initiate an action against Hicks within the applicable statute of limitations. As the motion judge pointed out, Mass. R. Civ. P. 11 (a), as amended, 456 Mass. 1401 (2010), does not require that Halstrom have an exact damages figure before filing suit to recover on the fee agreement, only that "to the best of his knowledge, information, and belief there is a good ground" to support the suit.

As to the second argument, the fact that a contingency contemplated in HLO's fee agreement with Hicks -- settlement -- eventually came to pass also has no bearing on when HLO's cause of action for legal fees against Hicks accrued, because Hicks's discharge of HLO terminated HLO's right to recover on the contingent fee agreement. See Malonis v. Harrington , 442 Mass. 692 , 696-697, 816 N.E.2d 115 (2004) (discharge terminated attorney's right to recover on contingent fee contract); Hug v. Gargano & Assocs., P.C. , 76 Mass. App. Ct. 520 , 525, 923 N.E.2d 1065 (2010) (termination of attorney's engagement ends attorney's right to recover on contingent fee agreement). Indeed, "[t]he general rule in Massachusetts is that, on discharge, an attorney has no right to recover on the contingent fee contract, but thereafter, the attorney may recover the reasonable value of his services on a theory of quantum meruit." Malonis , supra at 701, 816 N.E.2d 115 , and cases cited. HLO sought to avoid that **485 result here by including a discharge provision in its fee agreement that purported to establish the value of HLO's services, but that provision as written does not affect our statute of limitations analysis. If HLO had conditioned its entitlement to fees on Hicks's recovery in the underlying medical malpractice suit, then Halstrom's argument that the statute of limitations began to run when Hicks received his settlement check might be persuasive; but HLO did not do that. It is to the terms of that provision that HLO is now bound.

In short, in accordance G. L. c. 260, § 2, Halstrom had until July 1, 2016, to bring his contract action against Hicks. That Halstrom missed the deadline "by a few days" is inconsequential -- his claim is time barred nevertheless.

2. Halstrom's equitable arguments . Halstrom's remaining arguments do not require lengthy comment. Halstrom's contention that his August 2015 action against Grace "in pursuit of [attorney's] fees" tolled the six-year limitations period on his contract action against Hicks *632 is patently devoid of merit. Equitable tolling is to be "used sparingly," and the circumstances where tolling is available are exceedingly limited. Shafnacker v. Raymond James & Assocs., Inc. , 425 Mass. 724 , 725-726, 728-729, 683 N.E.2d 662 (1997) (statute of limitations on investor's negligence and breach of fiduciary duty claims against brokers was not equitably tolled by investor's filing of arbitration claim; proper procedure would have been for investor to file complaint within limitations period and have action stayed pending result of arbitration), citing Andrews v. Arkwright Mut. Ins. Co. , 423 Mass. 1021 , 1022, 673 N.E.2d 40 (1996) (available for excusable ignorance or where defendant affirmatively misled plaintiff), and Irwin v. Department of Veterans Affairs , 498 U.S. 89 , 96, 111 S.Ct. 453 , 112 L.Ed.2d 435 (1990) (available where plaintiff "has actively pursued his judicial remedies by filing a defective pleading during the statutory period"). Halstrom's 2015 suit against Grace, which essentially sought Grace's cooperation with HLO's requests for statements of the hours he spent on certain cases while in HLO's employ, does not fit within any of the standard exceptions that permit equitable tolling. There is no evidence that Halstrom was ignorant of the applicable statute of limitations or the facts giving rise to the limitation period's commencement; in fact, his filings in the 2015 lawsuit support the contrary conclusion. In addition, there is no evidence that either of the defendants misled Halstrom or otherwise lulled Halstrom into delaying action on his claim for **486 fees. See Adamczyk v. Augat, Inc. , 52 Mass. App. Ct. 717 , 724, 755 N.E.2d 824 (2001) (statute of limitations not equitably tolled where defendant made no affirmatively misleading statements to lull plaintiffs into not asserting claims).

Halstrom also argues that the defendants should be estopped from asserting the statute of limitations defense because they "knew, or at least believed, all along" that the applicable statute of limitations would run out on or before July 1, 2016, and still they "let more than two years of intense litigation go by utterly unnecessarily." He argues in the alternative that the defendants possibly waived the statute of limitations defense by failing to assert it before moving for summary judgment and that the motion judge could not have concluded that they had not waived the defense as a matter of law because the record was not developed on that point.

Neither argument is persuasive. Halstrom does not contest that the defendants timely asserted the statute of limitations as an affirmative defense in their answer. Cf. Merrimack College v. KPMG LLP , 480 Mass. 614 , 632, 108 N.E.3d 430 (2018) (omission of affirmative defense from answer generally constitutes waiver of that defense); Sharon v. City of Newton , 437 Mass. 99 , 102, 769 N.E.2d 738 (2002) (same). Rather, Halstrom argues that the defendants should have acted on the defense in the form of a motion to dismiss before moving for summary judgment. Halstrom's position is without merit. Our rules of civil procedure "do not compel parties to assert pleaded defenses in pretrial motions within an arbitrary time period." Trinity Church in the City of Boston v. John Hancock Mut. Life Ins. Co. , 399 Mass. 43 , 56, 502 N.E.2d 532 (1987) (failure of defendants to act on statute of limitations defense until immediately prior to trial was not waiver of defense and did not estop defendants from raising that defense where it was clearly stated in answers from onset of litigation). Certainly, "[f]or any number of legitimate reasons a party might wait until well into the litigation, or *633 until trial, to file a motion based on a duly-pleaded defense -- including the desire to obtain discovery, the knowledge that a defense will depend on a triable issue of fact, or simple considerations of strategy." Id. We echo the motion judge in concluding that neither estoppel nor waiver is supported by this record. 9

Conclusion . We agree with the motion judge that Halstrom's **487 claim for fees was time barred by the statute of limitations applicable to contract actions set forth in G. L. c. 260, § 2. The judgment of the Superior Court is affirmed.

So ordered .