**488 *1197 This case requires us to consider whether employees, whose claim against their employer under the Wage Act, **489 G. L. c. 149, §§ 148, 150, resulted in a favorable settlement agreement and stipulation of dismissal, "prevailed" in their suit for purposes of an award of attorney's fees and costs under the Wage Act's fee-shifting provisions. 3 The defendants contend that the trial judge should have applied the test for determining prevailing party status under Federal fee-shifting statutes established by Buckhannon Bd. & Care Home, Inc . v. West Virginia Dep't of Health & Human Resources , 532 U.S. 598 , 121 S.Ct. 1835 , 149 L.Ed.2d 855 (2001) ( Buckhannon ). Because Buckhannon requires a prevailing litigant to obtain judicial approval or "imprimatur" of a private settlement, the defendants argue that the plaintiffs did not prevail. Id . at 605 , 121 S.Ct. 1835 . The plaintiffs disagree, arguing that, because we have previously decided that the Buckhannon test has no applicability to Massachusetts fee-shifting statutes, the correct standard to determine prevailing party status under the Wage Act is the "catalyst test." Under the catalyst test, if the plaintiff's lawsuit is a necessary and important factor in causing the defendant to grant a material portion of the requested relief, a settlement agreement, even without any judicial involvement, may qualify the plaintiff as a prevailing party for fee-shifting purposes. None of the parties disputes that the plaintiffs met the catalyst test; rather, the central issue is the threshold question of the proper test to apply to determine prevailing party status under the Wage Act. We hold that the catalyst test applies to Wage Act claims and that the trial judge correctly found that the plaintiffs satisfied that test in the instant case, and we therefore affirm the award of attorney's fees to the plaintiffs under the fee-shifting provisions of the Wage Act. 4

1. Facts and procedural history . The facts and procedural posture of this case are not contested. The plaintiffs are former employees of the defendants' dry cleaning business who brought suit in November 2014, claiming that the defendants failed to pay them approximately $ 28,000 *1198 in regular and overtime wages as **490 required by G. L. c. 149, §§ 148 and 150, and G. L. c. 151, §§ 1A and 1B. Both of these chapters confer a private right of action on an employee "aggrieved" by an employer's violation of their provisions. 5 They further provide that "[a]n employee so aggrieved who prevails in such an action shall be awarded treble damages ... and shall also be awarded the costs of the litigation and reasonable attorneys' fees." See G. L. c. 149, § 150 ; G. L. c. 151, § 1B. In their complaint, the plaintiffs claimed treble damages, as well as costs and attorney's fees. 6

Following an almost two-year period in which there was the entry and lifting of a default judgment against the defendants, discovery, and the filing of various pretrial motions, the case was scheduled for trial in November 2016. Several weeks before the trial date, the court referred the parties to mediation. As a result of mediation, the parties executed a memorandum of understanding in which they agreed to settle the case for $ 20,500, but reserved the issue of the plaintiffs' entitlement to attorney's fees for resolution by the court. The parties then executed a mutual release and settlement agreement that provided that it "is the result of a compromise and that nothing set forth herein constitutes an admission of wrongdoing or liability." Subsequently, the parties filed a stipulation with dismissal in court, agreeing that "[p]ursuant to the Memorandum of Understanding and ... Mutual Release and Settlement Agreement ... Plaintiffs may file a Motion for Costs and Attorneys' Fees," following determination of which the matter would be "dismissed with prejudice" and "all **491 rights of appeal ... waived." 7

In their motion for attorney's fees, filed in February 2017, the plaintiffs claimed approximately $ 40,000 in attorney's fees and $ 1,000 in costs. The defendants opposed the motion. The judge concluded that the catalyst test and not the Buckhannon test applied to Massachusetts fee-shifting statutes. Applying the catalyst *1199 test, the judge found that the parties' agreement, which amounted to approximately seventy percent of the plaintiffs' initially demanded monetary relief, resulted "in a practical benefit as a result of their attorneys' efforts." This made the plaintiffs "prevailing parties" for purposes of an award of attorney's fees and costs. The judge granted the plaintiffs' motion with respect to $ 16,153 in attorney's fees and the entire amount of costs. 8 This appeal followed.

2. Analysis . Whether a plaintiff is a "prevailing party" for purposes of a statutorily authorized award of attorney's fees "is an issue of law that we consider de novo." LaChance v. Commissioner of Correction , 475 Mass. 757 , 764, 60 N.E.3d 1157 (2016), quoting Newell v. Department of Mental Retardation , 446 Mass. 286 , 298, 843 N.E.2d 1084 , cert. denied, 549 U.S. 823 , 127 S.Ct. 158 , 166 L.Ed.2d 40 (2006). To determine whether the plaintiffs here were prevailing parties, the defendants argue that the trial judge should not have defaulted to the catalyst test, but rather should have considered whether, as required by Buckhannon , there was a "material alteration of the legal relationship of the parties" (citation omitted) and a "judicial imprimatur on the change." Buckhannon , 532 U.S. at 604-605 , 121 S.Ct. 1835 . The plaintiffs are correct, however, that we have expressly "rejected the application of Buckhannon ... and its progeny to fee requests under Massachusetts fee-shifting **492 statutes or other Massachusetts authority." Brown v. F.L. Roberts & Co ., 452 Mass. 674 , 689, 896 N.E.2d 1279 (2008), citing T & D Video, Inc . v. Revere , 450 Mass. 107 , 115 n.21, 876 N.E.2d 842 (2007). 9 Consequently, the question is not whether the Buckhannon test or the catalyst test applies, but whether the catalyst test or another, previously undefined test applies. If the catalyst test applies, we have nothing further to decide, because the defendants concede that the plaintiffs prevail under the catalyst test, and do not contest the amount awarded pursuant to that test. 10

We conclude, as did the motion judge, that there are only two well-defined alternatives for determining whether a negotiated settlement arising under a fee-shifting statute qualifies a litigant as a prevailing party: the catalyst test, which only requires the lawsuit "to be a catalyst for a defendant's voluntary change in conduct"; and the Buckhannon test, which states that the judge must take an additional step and "at least impose its judicial *1200 sanction on the agreed-upon material change in the legal relationship." Nogeiro v. Commissioner of the Dep't of Transitional Assistance , 72 Mass.App.Ct. 496 , 499, 893 N.E.2d 62 (2008). Although we have never expressly applied the catalyst test to determine prevailing party status under a State fee-shifting statute, we have, as previously stated, expressly rejected the alternative. In this case, we take the logical next step and conclude that the catalyst test applies in the context of determining prevailing parties under the Wage Act. We do so for the following reasons.

We begin with the "two major purposes" of statutory fee-shifting provisions: "First, they act as a powerful disincentive against unlawful conduct. Second, they often provide an incentive for attorneys to provide representation in cases that otherwise **493 would not be financially prudent for them to take on, and in that sense they help to assure that claimants who might not be able to afford counsel, or whose claims are too small to warrant an expenditure of funds for counsel, will be represented." Commonwealth v. Augustine , 470 Mass. 837 , 842, 26 N.E.3d 709 (2015). See Buckhannon , 532 U.S. at 623 , 121 S.Ct. 1835 (Ginsburg, J., dissenting) (rejection of catalyst test will "impede access to court for the less well heeled, and shrink the incentive ... created" by fee-shifting statutes enforced by private attorneys general). It is for these reasons that the Legislature included such provisions in select statutes such as the Massachusetts Civil Rights Act, G. L. c. 12 § 11I, and the Massachusetts consumer protection act, G. L. c. 93A, §§ 9 and 11, as well as the wage laws at issue here. See Augustine , supra (citing these and other statutes containing fee-shifting provisions).

The catalyst test promotes both purposes, and does so more vigorously than the Buckhannon test. See Albiston & Nielsen, The Procedural Attack on Civil Rights: The Empirical Reality of Buckhannon for the Private Attorney General, 54 U.C.L.A. L. Rev. 1087, 1121, 1130 (2007) ( Buckhannon discourages public interest organizations from representing plaintiffs in enforcement actions). In particular, the catalyst test provides for attorney's fees if a party's lawsuit was a "necessary and important factor" in causing the defendant to provide a material portion of the requested relief, but does not require litigation to a final judicial determination or other judicial imprimatur. Handy v. Penal Insts. Comm'r of Boston , 412 Mass. 759 , 765, 592 N.E.2d 1303 (1992). 11

The catalyst test thus recognizes that successful litigation may be reflected in settlements as well as court rulings, as settlements are often "the products of pressure exerted by [a] lawsuit." Id . Cf.

**494 DeSalvo v. Bryant , 42 P.3d 525 , 530 (Alaska 2002) (catalyst test, rather than Buckhannon , applies to determine prevailing party status under State fee-shifting statute because "[e]ven without formal judicial *1201 relief, many plaintiffs achieve the goals of their litigation"). Importantly, the catalyst test prevents an employer from escaping liability for attorney's fees by an "eleventh hour" settlement of a meritorious case. See Buckhannon , 532 U.S. at 636 n.10, 121 S.Ct. 1835 (Ginsburg, J., dissenting), quoting Vermont Low Income Advocacy Council v. Usery , 546 F.2d 509 , 513 (2d Cir. 1976) (Congress did not intend fee-shifting statute to be evaded by "eleventh hour" compliance). See also Albiston & Nielsen, supra at 1091, 1130 (presenting empirical evidence that Buckhannon increased occurrences of "strategic capitulation" in which "defendants faced with likely adverse judgments attempt to moot the case and to defeat the plaintiff's fee petition by providing the requested relief before judgment"). If such settlements did not result in the obligation to pay attorney's fees, there would be a disincentive to bring such cases in the first place, thereby leaving other unlawful conduct unaddressed and uncorrected. See id . at 1130. Consequently, the catalyst test best promotes the purposes of fee-shifting statutes by encouraging attorneys to take cases under such statutes to correct unlawful conduct and rewarding them accordingly when they do so. See Augustine , 470 Mass. at 842 , 26 N.E.3d 709 . See also Buckhannon , 532 U.S. at 623 , 121 S.Ct. 1835 (Ginsburg, J., dissenting) (explaining that catalyst test encourages enforcement by "private attorneys general").

The catalyst test also promotes the prompt settlement of meritorious cases, avoiding the need for protracted litigation, superfluous process, or unnecessary court involvement solely to "prevail" in a formalistic sense to ensure an award of attorney's fees and costs. Cf. Graham v. DaimlerChrysler Corp ., 34 Cal.4th 553 , 573, 21 Cal.Rptr.3d 331 , 101 P.3d 140 (2004), as modified (Jan. 12, 2005) (catalyst test, rather than Buckhannon , applies to determine prevailing party status under State fee-shifting statute in part because catalyst test encourages judicial economy). It also provides a disincentive for defendants to stretch out cases and delay settlement for strategic advantage, as they would only be increasing the legal fees they would ultimately be required to pay. See Buckhannon , 532 U.S. at 639 , 121 S.Ct. 1835 (Ginsburg, J., dissenting) ("the longer the litigation, the larger the fees"). See also Albiston & Nielsen, supra at 1130 ("qualitative data" suggests that shift from catalyst to Buckhannon test has made settlement more difficult and prolonged litigation).

The statutory language, structure, purpose, and history all confirm that the catalyst test is the correct standard to apply to the **495 Wage Act. The Legislature specifically included fee-shifting provisions in the Wage Act to ensure its "rigorous enforcement" by private parties. Lipsitt v. Plaud , 466 Mass. 240 , 247, 994 N.E.2d 777 (2013). As small amounts were often at stake, and employees otherwise lacked the resources to hire counsel, the fee-shifting provisions were deemed necessary to serve the act's purpose, which was "to prevent the unreasonable detention of wages" by "unscrupulous employers" (citation omitted). Id . at 245, 994 N.E.2d 777 . The fee-shifting provisions thus provide both a necessary incentive for attorneys to take such cases and a powerful disincentive for employers to withhold the wages in the first place. Prompt resolution of such cases is also highly valued as the timely payment of wages is a critical component of the Wage Act. See id . at 251, 994 N.E.2d 777 ("Legislature's intent behind the Wage Act that employees receive timely payment of wages" [citation omitted] ). For this reason, it is especially important to encourage settlement of such cases, and to provide attorney's fees for such settlements. Thus, all the rationales discussed above supporting the application of the catalyst test to *1202 fee-shifting statutes in general directly apply to the Wage Act. 12

The timing of the passage of the private right of action and accompanying fee-shifting provisions of the Wage Act provides further confirmation. The fee-shifting provisions of the Wage Act were enacted before Buckhannon , at a time when the catalyst test was the standard that courts applied under Federal fee-shifting statutes. 13 More specifically, at that time, we recognized that the catalyst test allowed a negotiated settlement to confer prevailing **496 party status. 14 We therefore discern no reason why the Legislature would have thought another standard was appropriate for Massachusetts fee-shifting statutes when it enacted the fee-shifting provisions of the Wage Act. 15 See Commonwealth v. Mogelinski , 466 Mass. 627 , 646, 1 N.E.3d 237 (2013) ("We presume that the Legislature enacts legislation with an aware[ness] of the prior state of *1203 the law as explicated by the decisions of this court" [citation omitted] ).

For all the foregoing reasons, we conclude that a plaintiff prevails for purposes of an award of attorney's fees under the Wage Act when his or her suit satisfies the catalyst test by acting as a necessary and important factor in causing the defendant to provide a material portion of the relief demanded in the plaintiff's complaint. Here, the criteria of the catalyst test are met because, as the trial judge correctly found, the plaintiffs' lawsuit caused the defendants to provide approximately seventy percent of the plaintiffs' monetary demands, which is clearly a material portion. Because the plaintiffs prevailed for purposes of an award of attorney's fees the Wage Act, we affirm the award.

3. Award of appellate attorney's fees and costs . A party that prevails on a Wage Act claim "is statutorily entitled to recover reasonable appellate attorney's fees and costs with respect to the **497 claims on which he prevailed." Fernandes v. Attleboro Hous. Auth ., 470 Mass. 117 , 132, 20 N.E.3d 229 (2014). The party must have made the request for appellate attorney's fees in its brief. Fabre v. Walton , 441 Mass. 9 , 10, 802 N.E.2d 1030 (2004). Because the plaintiffs made such a request in their briefing, they may file a request for appellate attorney's fees and costs with this court in accordance with the procedure described in Fabre , supra .

4. Conclusion . For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial judge's award of attorney's fees to the plaintiffs.

So ordered .