GenOn Mid-Atlantic, LLC, et al. v. MDE, et al., Nos. 883, 884 & 885, September Term, 2019. Opinion by Nazarian, J.

ADMINSTRATIVE LAW — QUASI-JUDICIAL AGENCY DISCRETION

The agency’s permitting decisions were not arbitrary and capricious where the agency followed existing federal regulations to set compliance deadlines for coal-powered steam electric power plant point sources instead of holding regulations in abeyance until further rulemaking is held. Circuit Court for Charles County, Case No. 08-CV-18-872 Circuit Court for Montgomery County, Case No. 454414V Circuit Court for Prince George’s County, Case No. CAL18-31471

REPORTED

IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

OF MARYLAND

Nos. 883, 884, 885

September Term, 2019 _________________________

CONSOLIDATED CASES ______________________________________

GENON MID-ATLANTIC, LLC, ET AL.

v.

MARYLAND DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT, ET AL. ______________________________________

Nazarian, Reed, Truffer, Keith R. (Specially Assigned),

JJ. ______________________________________

Opinion by Nazarian, J. ______________________________________ Pursuant to Maryland Uniform Electronic Legal Materials Act (§§ 10-1601 et seq. of the State Government Article) this document is authentic.

Suzanne Johnson Filed: October 28, 2020 2020-10-28 15:30-04:00

Suzanne C. Johnson, Clerk “The rabbit-hole went straight on like a tunnel for some way, and then dipped suddenly down, so suddenly that Alice had not a moment to think about stopping herself before she found herself falling down a very deep well.”1

GenOn Mid-Atlantic, LLC, NRG Chalk Point, LLC, and GenOn Chalk Point, LLC

(collectively “GenOn”) operate three coal-powered steam electric generating power plants

in Maryland. Burning coal produces pollutants, and GenOn needs a permit for each plant

from the Maryland Department of the Environment (the “Department”) to discharge

pollutants into Maryland’s waters. GenOn applied for renewed permits to replace permits

that were expiring. The Department analyzed the applications under existing federal

environmental regulations and issued permits that, everyone agrees, comply with these

regulations in force at the time of issuance.

Why, then, are we here? Well, the federal regulations in place at the time the permits

were issued were promulgated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency

(“EPA”) during an earlier presidential administration, and the current EPA had expressed

an intention to revisit the applicable federal regulation (and, to acknowledge the elephant

in the room, loosen them). At the time the case arose, the EPA had not actually begun the

rulemaking process that is required to act on that intention, but GenOn asked the

Department to issue permits with terms that reflected the (later, hypothetical) compliance

deadlines at which the EPA had hinted but, again, had not yet begun the process of

adopting. 2 After the Department issued permits consistent with the regulations existing at

1 Lewis Carroll, Alice in Wonderland (Colonial Press). 2 Since oral argument, the EPA has issued a final rule (the “2019 Rule”), to take effect December 14, 2020, revising the effluent limitation guidelines (“ELGs”) governing the time, GenOn sought judicial review in the circuit courts of the plants’ respective

counties, and contended that each permit was arbitrary and capricious because the

Department did not await or anticipate the not-yet-revised regulations or give GenOn

additional opportunities to show they couldn’t comply with the deadlines in the existing

regulations. The courts affirmed the Department’s permitting decisions, GenOn appeals,

we consolidated the appeals, and we affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Statutory Framework.

Generally speaking, the federal Clean Water Act (“the Act”) prohibits the

“discharge of any pollutant by any person” into our “navigable waters.”

(a), 1362(7), (12) (2018); see Md. Dept. of Env’t v. Anacostia Riverkeeper,

(2016). Some businesses, like GenOn’s coal-powered plants, seek authority

from the EPA to discharge pollutants into the water. See Md. Dept. of Env’t v. Cnty.

Comm’rs of Carroll Cnty.,

, 184–85 (2019). Through the National Pollution

Discharge Elimination System (“NPDES”), the EPA is authorized to issue (or to delegate

to state environmental agencies to issue) discharge permits. But that authority, once

granted, isn’t unfettered—the permits contain restrictions “on the type and quantity of

pollutants that can be released” in order to serve the purpose of the Act. Anacostia

Riverkeeper,

(quoting S. Fla. Water Mgmt. Dist. v. Miccosukee Tribe, 541

discharges of bottom ash transport water and flue gas desulfurization (“FDG”) wastewater. Steam Electric Reconsideration Rule,

(Oct. 13, 2020) (to be codified at 40 C.F.R. pt. 423). The new rule shall be considered “issued” as of October 27, 2020, followed by a 120-day period for judicial review.

, 102 (2004)); see

(2018).

The EPA has the power to delegate its permitting authority to a state so long as the

state establishes “a parallel permitting program” as required under the Act. Carroll Cnty.,

; see

(b). The EPA has done this in Maryland, and the

permitting authority is the Department. Anacostia Riverkeeper,

; see Md.

Code (1987, 2014 Repl. Vol.), § 9-253 of the Environment Article (“EN”); see COMAR

26.08.04.01. Permits are valid for fixed periods of five years or less, subject to renewal.

(b)(1)(B); EN § 9-328(b). The Act also contains an “anti-backsliding”

prohibition that forbids later permits from containing more lenient conditions than their

predecessors.

(o); see Carroll Cnty.,

.

The Act defines “water quality standards” that set limits on the concentration of

pollutants in water for public use. Carroll Cnty.,

; see

(c)(2)(A) (2018). To achieve the Act’s water quality standards, permits place

restrictions on pollutants. “Effluent limitation[s]” are “any restriction established by a State

or the Administrator on quantities, rates, and concentrations of chemical, physical,

biological, and other constituents which are discharged . . . into navigable waters . . . .”

(11). The Department incorporates effluent limitation guidelines (“ELGs”)

into the permits it issues. See

(2019). ELGs, in turn, address different

classes of pollutants.

(b). Instead of targeting the quantity of pollutants

pushed into our waters by dischargers, ELGs focus on the technology the discharger uses

to clean the types of pollutants discharged into the environment.

3 GenOn’s coal-fired power plants produce two types of pollutants that are at issue

here: flue gas desulfurization (“FGD”) wastewater and bottom ash transport water. Coal-

fired power generating units produce flue gas, which contains “large quantities of

particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides,” that would be released into the

atmosphere unless they were cleaned first. Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards

for the Steam Electric Power,

, 67,846 (Nov. 3, 2015) (codified at 40

C.F.R. pt. 423). The units are equipped with air pollution control systems that clean the air

and remove sulfur dioxide. However, FGD systems produce wastewater that contains

pollutants, including “chemical precipitation, biological treatment, and evaporation.”

Effluent Limitations Guidelines, 80 Fed. Reg. at 67,846. Bottom ash transport water

contains heavy ash particles that fall to the bottom of coal-fired furnaces. Normally, the

bottom ash is cooled in a water-filled hopper that produces two byproducts, the ash itself

and the transport water. Id. Technology exists for bottom ash to be cleaned and produce

zero discharge. Id.

The relevant ELGs require GenOn to use the highest standard of technology it can

reasonably acquire, the “best available technology” (“BAT”), to limit the environmental

impact of pollutants. The EPA (or here, the Department) determines the BAT for a

particular industry by assessing a number of factors:

Factors relating to the assessment of best available technology shall take into account the age of equipment and facilities involved, the process employed, the engineering aspects of the application of various types of control techniques, process changes, the cost of achieving such effluent reduction, non- water quality environmental impact (including energy requirements), and such other factors as the [Department]

4 deems appropriate.

(b)(2)(B) (2018). The BAT standard is “more stringent” than others, and

“reflect[s] the intention of Congress to use the latest scientific research and technology in

setting effluent limits, pushing industries toward the goal of zero discharge as quickly as

possible.” Kennecott v. EPA,

(4th Cir. 1985).

B. The EPA Remarks On Steam-Powered Electric Plants.

On November 3, 2015, the EPA issued a final rule establishing the ELGs for coal-

burning steam plants such as GenOn’s (the “2015 Final Rule”). Effluent Limitations

Guidelines, 80 Fed. Reg. at 67,838. In its preamble, the Rule states that “[s]team electric

power plants contribute the greatest amount of all toxic pollutants discharged to surface

waters by industrial categories regulated under the Act.” Id. Citing the health risks to

minority and low-income communities housed near these plants, the EPA stated that the

2015 Final Rule was intended to “establish[] the first nationally applicable limits on the

amount of toxic metals and other harmful pollutants that steam electric power plants are

allowed to discharge in several of their largest sources of wastewater.” Id. The 2015 Final

Rule imposed stricter limitations on FGD wastewater and required the elimination of

pollutants from bottom ash transport water. Effluent Limitations Guidelines, 80 Fed. Reg.

at 67,894–96 (listing new standards for mercury, selenium, arsenic, and total dissolved

solids in the discharge of FGD wastewater and allowing “no discharge of pollutants in

bottom ash transport water”).

The 2015 Final Rule was challenged, ultimately unsuccessfully, in cases

consolidated in the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit. See Clean Water

5 Action v. EPA,

(5th Cir. 2019). On April 25, 2017, the EPA (now under a

new administration) announced in a letter that it planned to reconsider the 2015 Final Rule,

and it postponed the effective date of the 2015 Final Rule “pending judicial review” before

the Fifth Circuit. Postponement of Certain Compliance Dates,

(Apr.

25, 2017) (codified at 40 C.F.R. pt. 423). A few months later, on September 18, 2017, the

EPA issued a final rule lifting the stay and postponing the compliance dates for some types

of wastewater (the “2017 Postponement Rule”). Postponement of Certain Compliance

Dates,

,494–500 (Sept. 18, 2017) (codified at 40 C.F.R. pt. 423). But

, which contains the relevant deadlines for implementation of the 2015

Final Rule, had not been revised at the time the permits were issued.3

C. The Department’s Permits To GenOn.

GenOn, through the separate LLCs named in the caption of this case, operates three

steam electric power plants in Maryland: Chalk Point Generating Station in Prince

George’s County, Morgantown Generating Station in Charles County, and Dickerson

Generating Station in Montgomery County. GenOn needs permits from the Department to

discharge wastewater in Maryland’s waterways. See

(a). The permits

contain ELGs controlling the technology GenOn must use for FGD and bottom ash

transport water. See Effluent Limitations Guidelines, 80 Fed. Reg. at 67,838.4

3 EPA submitted a proposed rule modifying the standards in the 2015 Final Rule, and its proposed rule has just been finalized. Steam Electric Reconsideration Rule, 85 Fed. Reg. at 64,650. The public comment period for this new rule, the 2019 Rule, ran from November 22, 2019–January 21, 2020. Id. 4 “[F]lue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater means any wastewater generated specifically from the wet flue gas desulfurization scrubber system that comes into contact

6 GenOn applied to renew each plant’s permit, and on July 5, 2017, the Department

issued a tentative determination. The tentative determinations were drafts and stated as

much. The drafts indicated that the 2015 Final Rule “required new standards to be

met . . . ‘as soon as possible’ beginning November 1, 2018, but no later than December 31,

2023.” They noted that the EPA had issued a letter on April 12, 2017 “announc[ing] a

decision to reconsider the terms of the new regulations and implement[ing] a stay on the

deadlines in the [2015 Final Rule].” The drafts stated that the letter created “uncertainty as

to whether the standards required . . . [would] be altered and what deadlines [would]

ultimately be applicable.” The Department’s drafts then outlined the changes to the

wastewater standards required under the 2015 Final Rule and noted that “should the actual

limitation be adjusted in a final rule,” the Department would reopen the permit. (emphasis

added). Compliance would be required by the dates set forth in

(k) and

(g), or no later than November 1, 2020, the updated deadline for FGD wastewater and

bottom ash transport water. Also, the discharger had an option to submit a detailed report

requesting a permit modification “within twelve months of the date when the [2015 Final

Rule] bec[ame] effective again.”

The draft permits underwent a public comment period. GenOn submitted a two-

page letter stating that it approved of “the approach that [the Department] ha[d] taken in

[the draft] permit regarding language concerning” FGD and bottom ash transport water and

with the flue gas or the FGD solids . . . .” Effluent Limitations Guidelines, 80 Fed. Reg. at 67,893. “[B]ottom ash means the ash, including boiler slag, which settles in the furnace or is dislodges from furnace walls.” Id.

7 that waiting for further rulemaking would serve the EPA’s “intention to avoid any actions

to meet limits that may change as a result of further rulemaking.”5 The Sierra Club, along

with other environmental groups,6 submitted comments arguing that GenOn could and

should meet the delayed November 1, 2020 deadline. They provided a detailed expert

opinion by Dr. Ranajit Sahu to support their contention that GenOn had the capacity to

meet the guidelines.7 GenOn didn’t specify whether it could meet the ELGs or not in its

comments (or in its original application materials), and it raised no objections about

feasibility.

The Department issued its final determinations renewing GenOn’s permits on July

27, 2018. In the final permits, the Department required GenOn’s plants to meet ELG

requirements for FGD wastewater and bottom ash transport water no later than November

1, 2020.8

D. Circuit Court Review.

GenOn sought review of the Department’s July 27, 2018 final determination in the

circuit courts for Prince George’s County, Charles County, and Montgomery County, the

5 GenOn submitted substantively similar comments for all three permits. 6 Sierra Club, Environmental Integrity Project, Chesapeake Climate Action Network, Chesapeake Physicians for Social Responsibility, Clean Water Action, and Patuxent Riverkeeper all joined in the comments. 7 Dr. Sahu stated in his opinion that [GenOn] “could install technically-proven treatment” to the wastewater to meet the 2015 Final Rule’s guidelines. 8 For FGD wastewater only, the Department provided an option for GenOn to comply no later than December 31, 2023, if it “elected to comply with the voluntary effluent limitation guidelines at 40 C.F.R. 423.13(g)(3)(i).” GenOn has not indicated any intention to meet voluntary FGD guidelines.

8 counties where GenOn operates their plants. Each circuit court determined that the relevant

records contained substantial evidence supporting the Department’s permitting decisions

and that the Department’s decisions to issue the final permits were not arbitrary or

capricious.

Here is the timeline of critical events:

Date Event Nov. 3, 2015 The EPA issued 2015 Final Rule. Apr. 25, 2017 The EPA stayed 2015 Final Rule. July 5, 2017 The Department issued draft permits for GenOn’s plants, public comment period opened after drafts were published. Sept. 18, 2017 The EPA issued 2017 Postponement Rule. Sept. 26-28, 2017 Public hearings on draft permits held. Oct. 5-6, 2017 GenOn submitted written comments to the Department; Environmental groups submitted written comments; Public comment window closed. July 27, 2018 The Department issued final determinations. Sept. 10, 2018 GenOn filed for judicial review in the Circuit Courts for Prince George’s County, Montgomery County, and Charles County. May 23, 2019 Prince George’s County issued order denying GenOn’s petition. June 5, 2019 Montgomery County issued order denying GenOn’s petition. June 23, 2019 Charles County issued order denying GenOn’s petition.

GenOn appeals all three decisions, and we consolidated the appeals. We supply

additional facts as necessary below.

II. DISCUSSION

GenOn raises two issues that we rephrase. First, were the Department’s final

determinations, both grounded in the 2015 Final Rule and 2017 Postponement Rule,

arbitrary and capricious? Second, did the Department’s final determinations lack

substantial evidence in the record?

9 Judicial review of administrative actions begins in the circuit court. See Md. Rule

7-201 et seq. On appeal, though, an appellate court “looks through the circuit

court’s . . . decision[] . . . and evaluates the decision of the agency.” Kor-Ko Ltd. v. Md.

Dept. of Env’t,

(2017) (quoting People’s Counsel for Balt. Cnty. v. Suria,

, 682 (2007)). As such, we review the Department’s decision to issue the renewed

permits directly. Md. Dept. of Env’t v. Cnty. Cmm’rs of Carroll Cnty.,

(2019). “[W]here an ‘organic statute’ authorizes judicial review without a contested case

hearing and does not set forth a standard of review[,]” we apply the substantial evidence

and arbitrary and capricious standards of review. Kor-Ko,

(quoting Md.

Dept. of Env’t v. Anacostia Riverkeeper,

(2016)).

When we review an agency’s factual findings, we assess whether substantial

evidence in the record supports the agency’s finding.

An appellate court reviewing for

substantial evidence asks “whether a reasoning mind reasonably could have reached the

factual conclusion the agency reached.” Anacostia Riverkeeper,

(quoting

Najafi v. Motor Vehicle Admin.,

(2011)). We defer to the agency’s fact-

finding and any inferences that the record supports.

We review in the light most

favorable to the agency and we grant the agency “great deference regarding factual

questions involving scientific matters in its area of technical expertise.”

We apply the arbitrary and capricious standard to matters falling within the agency’s

discretion. Carroll Cnty.,

. This standard too is “extremely deferential”:

To determine whether the agency’s actions were “arbitrary and capricious,” we consider whether the agency ‘relied on factors which Congress has not intended it to consider, entirely failed

10 to consider an important aspect of the problem, offered an explanation for its decision that runs counter to the evidence before the agency, or is so implausible that it could not be ascribed to a difference in view or the product of agency expertise.

Anacostia Riverkeeper,

(quoting Nat. Res. Def. Council v. EPA,

(2d Cir. 2015)). We must be satisfied from the record that the agency “examined

the relevant data and articulated a satisfactory explanation for its action.”

(cleaned up)

(quoting Nat. Res. Def. Council,

).

All told, then, our review of the Department’s permitting decisions follows three

steps:

Whether by statute or by common law, courts look for three things when reviewing a quasi-judicial decision: (1) were the findings of fact made by the agency supported by substantial evidence in the record made before the agency; (2) did the agency commit any substantial error of procedural or substantive law in the proceeding or in formulating its decision; and (3) did the agency act arbitrarily or capriciously in applying the law to the facts—in essence, whether a reasoning mind could reasonably reach the conclusion reached by the agency from the facts in the record. With respect to the findings of fact, judicial review is highly deferential. With respect to determining legal error, it is much less so.

Kor-Ko, 451 Md. at 411–12 (quoting Md. Bd. of Pub. Works v. K. Hovnanian’s Four

Seasons, LLC,

, 514 n.15 (2012)). Permitting decisions involve conclusions

of law, requiring reviewing courts to consider the agency’s expertise in the field:

An agency decision based on regulatory and statutory interpretation is a conclusion of law. Even when reviewing an agency’s legal conclusions, an appellate court must respect the agency’s expertise in its field. When an agency interprets its own regulations or the statute the agency was created to administer, we are especially mindful of that agency’s

11 expertise in its field.

Kor-Ko,

(quoting Carven v. State Ret. & Pension Sys.,

(2010)). Judicial review of the Department’s final determinations ordinarily “shall be on

the administrative record before the [Department] and limited to objections raised during

the public comment period.” Potomac Riverkeeper, Inc. v. Md. Dept. of Env’t,

(2018).

A. The Department’s Final Determinations Were Not Arbitrary And Capricious.

GenOn argues that the Department failed to consider an “important aspect of the

problem” in its permitting decisions, see Anacostia Riverkeeper,

, when it

didn’t follow the “EPA’s guidance that the regulated industry should not be bound to

effluent limitations that were soon to change.” The Department responds that the

compliance date included in the final permits was the default compliance date required

under the operative EPA regulations and that GenOn’s arguments rely improperly on a

legally ineffectual regulatory preamble. We hold that the permitting decisions were not

arbitrary and capricious.

These permits implicate a mixture of federal and state statutes and regulations.

“[T]he interpretation of an agency rule is governed by the same principles that govern the

interpretation of a statute.” Kor-Ko,

(quoting Carven,

). The

Court of Appeals recently summarized the rules governing statutory interpretation in cases

involving an agency’s permitting decisions:

When interpreting statutes, we seek to ascertain and implement the will of the Legislature. Our first step toward that goal is to

12 examine the text. If the language of the statute is unambiguous and clearly consistent with the statute’s apparent purpose, our inquiry as to legislative intent ends ordinarily and we apply the statute as written, without resort to other rules of construction. If ambiguities are found, other indicia of legislative intent are consulted, including the relevant statute’s legislative history, the context of the statute within the broader legislative scheme, and the relative rationality of competing constructions.

(emphasis added) (quoting Harrison-Solomon v. State,

, 265–66

(2015)). We give the words in the statute their ordinary meaning.

(quoting Scheve v.

Shudder, Inc.,

(1992)). “[W]e begin ‘with the plain language of the

statute, and ordinary, popular understanding of the English language dictates interpretation

of its terminology.’” Blackstone v. Sharma,

(2018) (quoting Schreyer v.

Chaplain,

(2010)). We don’t “read statutory language in a vacuum, nor

do we confine strictly our interpretation of a statute’s plain language to the isolated section

alone.” Johnson v. State,

(2020).

We apply these same principles when interpreting agency regulations:

We [] do not read [regulatory] language in a vacuum, nor do we confine strictly our interpretation of a [regulation’s] plain language to the isolated section alone. Rather, the plain language must be viewed within the context of the [regulatory] scheme to which it belongs, considering the purpose, aim, or policy of the [agency] in enacting the [regulation]. We presume that the [agency] intends its enactments to operate together as a consistent and harmonious body of law, and, thus, we seek to reconcile and harmonize the parts of a [regulation], to the extent possible consistent with the [regulations] object and scope.

Lockshin v. Semsker,

, 275–76 (2010). “[W]e are especially mindful of [an]

agency’s expertise in its field” when considering an agency’s own regulations. Kor-Ko,

13

(quoting Carven,

). “When the construction of an

administrative regulation rather than a statute is in issue, deference is even more clearly in

order.”

(quoting Md. Transp. Auth. v. King,

(2002)). We accord agencies

deference in interpreting their own regulations because of their expertise in their regulatory

space:

[A]gency rules are designed to serve the basic needs of the agency, are promulgated by the agency, and are utilized on a day-to-day basis by the agency. A question concerning the interpretation of an agency’s rule is as central to its operation as an interpretation of the agency’s governing statute. Because an agency is best able to discern its intent in promulgating a regulation, the agency’s expertise is more pertinent to the interpretation of an agency’s rule than to the interpretation of its governing statute.

Kor-Ko, 451 Md. at 412–13 (quoting King,

).

Moreover, our examination of legislative intent “contemplates ‘the consequences

resulting from one construction rather than another.’” Johnson,

(quoting

Blaine v. Blaine,

(1994)). We avoid any interpretation that would lead to

illogical or absurd results. Goshen Run Homeowners Assoc., Inc. v. Cisneros,

(2020).

1. The ELGs in the 2015 Final Rule and the Department’s permits remain valid, and the 2017 Postponement Rule is not an indefinite stay.

GenOn argues that, “[s]ince 2017, the EPA has consistently maintained that the

regulated industry not be subject to the new 2015 ELG limits until the EPA completes

another round of rulemaking.” It argues further that the Department ignored the EPA’s

“guidance” when it set the November 1, 2020 deadline in its final permits. The Department

14 responds that the plain language of the 2015 Final Rule and the 2017 Postponement Rule

supports its final permits to GenOn and contends that GenOn conflates preamble language

with the body of the regulations to support its arguments. As we explain, we agree with the

Department.

The difference in the two positions reflects the difference between how things

actually were at the relevant time and how GenOn wanted them to be. It wasn’t pure

wishcasting on GenOn’s part—the EPA had expressed an intention to modify the

regulations, foreshadowed the direction it intended to take, and just now has issued a new

rule. All the same, the rules GenOn wanted didn’t exist. The EPA’s 2015 Final Rule was

enacted on November 3, 2015 and its provisions, including the provisions relevant to this

case, were in effect when the permit was issued. 80 Fed. Reg. at 67,838. The rule provided

updated ELGs, forming stricter rules over coal plants’ handling of FGD wastewater and

bottom ash transport water. The 2015 Final Rule stated that these new, stricter ELGs would

become effective “as soon as possible” within a set date range unless the Department

established a different date after receiving the necessary information from the discharger:

The phrase “as soon as possible” means November 1, 2018, unless the permitting authority establishes a later date, after receiving information from the discharger, which reflects a consideration of the following factors: (1) Time to expeditiously plan (including to raise capital), design, procure, and install equipment to comply with the requirements of this part. (2) Changes being made or planned at the plant in response to: (i) New source performance standards for greenhouse gases from new fossil fuel-fired electric generating units . . . ;

15 (ii) Emission guidelines for greenhouse gases from existing fossil fuel-fired electric generating units . . . ; or (iii) Regulations that address the disposal of coal combustion residuals as solid waste . . . . (3) For FGD wastewater requirements only, an initial commissioning period for the treatment system to optimize the installed equipment. (4) Other factors as appropriate.

Effluent Limitations Guidelines, 80 Fed. Reg. at 67,894 (codified at

(t)

(2016)) (emphasis added).

GenOn argues, though, that the EPA expressed an intention to revisit the 2015 Final

Rule, and the Department should have considered the EPA’s intent in setting the deadline

for compliance under the “other factors” catch-all in

(t)(4). In support,

it cites preamble language from the administrative stay and the 2017 Postponement Rule.

But the plain language doesn’t indicate any intent to defer compliance indefinitely and does

not have any legal effect in any event.

In April 2017, the EPA issued a notice staying the 2015 Final Rule. Postponement

of Certain Compliance,

. The notice indicated in its supplementary

background information that “the Administrator announced his decision to reconsider the

Rule” and that “the Agency [found] that justice require[d] it to postpone the compliance

dates of the Rule that ha[d] not yet passed, pending judicial review.”

In making the

decision to stay the 2015 Final Rule, the EPA indicated that it was considering “the capital

expenditures that facilities incurring costs under the Rule will need to undertake in order

to meet” the updated ELGs.

The stated effect of the stay, again in the supplemental

16 information, was to “preserve the regulatory status quo with respect to wastestreams

subject to the Rule’s new, and more stringent, limitations and standards, while the litigation

is pending and reconsideration is underway.”

But the EPA lifted the administrative stay five months later when it issued the 2017

Postponement Rule on September 18, 2017. Postponement of Certain Compliance Dates,

. And critically, the 2017 Postponement Rule lifting the stay preserved

the 2015 Final Rule instead of nullifying it or modifying it substantively, as GenOn

suggests. And rather than extending compliance deadlines out to 2023, as GenOn would

like, the 2017 Postponement Rule pushed compliance deadlines for FGD wastewater and

bottom ash transport water to November 1, 2020:

The phrase ‘as soon as possible’ means November 1, 2018 (except for purposes of § 423.13(g)(1)(i) [FGD wastewater] and (k)(1)(i) [bottom ash transport water] . . . , in which case it means November 1, 2020), unless the permitting authority establishes a later date, after receiving information from the discharger . . . .

Postponement of Certain Compliance Dates, 82 Fed. Reg. at 43,500. Nothing in the revised

regulatory language indicated that the 2015 Final Rule is invalid. To the contrary, it made

no other substantive changes to the 2015 Final Rule. Instead, it provided a delay in the date

range for compliance but not an indefinite deferral or a reinstatement of the administrative

stay.

Still, GenOn cites language from the preamble to the 2017 Postponement Rule and

argues that this preamble conveys the EPA’s intent to conduct another rulemaking and

postpone all compliance until then.

. But EPA’s then-unrequited intent

17 doesn’t affect our analysis of these permits. Our review of a regulation ends ordinarily

where the plain language of a statute or regulation is unambiguous. Kor-Ko,

. Where the plain meaning of a statute is unambiguous, we do not need to venture to

other sources or indicia to glean intent. See

(articulating that our inquiry ends where the

plain language is unambiguous and that ambiguity requires review of other indicia); see

also Chesapeake Ranch Club, Inc. v. Garczynski,

(1987) (stating

that where the statutory language was unambiguous, “it was unnecessary that the trial court

refer to the preamble”). And “although a preamble may be resorted to in aid of the

construction of a statute if its meaning is doubtful, it forms no part of the statute,” Clarke

v. Cnty. Comm’rs for Carroll Cnty.,

(1973), and it certainly shouldn’t be

read to undercut the substance of the regulation it introduces.

Here, the plain meaning of the operative regulation is unambiguous—“as soon as

possible” means November 1, 2020 for FGD wastewater and bottom ash transport water,

unless the permitting authority chooses a later date based on the materials filed by the

discharger. Postponement of Certain Compliance Dates, 82 Fed. Reg. at 43,500.

Accordingly, the only change to the 2015 Final Rule in the 2017 Postponement Rule is the

November 1, 2020 compliance date for the wastestreams relevant here. This delay, along

with the administrative lifting of the stay, preserved the 2015 Final Rule.9 82 Fed. Reg. at

43,500. In light of the rule’s unambiguous language, we don’t need to look beyond it to

9 The Fifth Circuit agreed: in issuing the 2017 Postponement Rule, “EPA went out of its way to issue a narrow reconsideration decision, leaving intact the bulk of the 2015 Rule . . . .” Clean Water Action,

(emphasis added).

18 ascertain the agency’s intent. See Kor-Ko,

. And again, we accord

substantial deference to an agency’s interpretation of its own rules.

at 412–13. Because

the Department’s final determinations on these permits hew closely to the language of the

unambiguous regulation, the November 1, 2020 deadline for GenOn’s compliance with the

2015 ELGs is not arbitrary and capricious.

2. Other indicia of the EPA’s intent do not change our plain meaning interpretation of the 2017 Postponement Rule on the 2015 Final Rule.

Although we have determined that the plain meaning interpretation of the regulation

controls, for the sake of completeness we address GenOn’s arguments regarding the

preamble language of the 2017 Postponement Rule.

GenOn points to the portion of the preamble stating that the “action to postpone

certain compliance dates in the 2015 [Final] Rule is intended to preserve the status quo for

FGD wastewater and bottom ash transport water until the EPA completes its next

rulemaking . . . .” Postponement of Certain Compliance Dates,

,494–95. It

also cites a footnote stating that “[i]f EPA does not complete a new rulemaking by

November, 2020, it plans to further postpone the compliance dates such that the earliest

compliance date is not prior to the completion of a new rulemaking.” 82 Fed. Reg. at 43,498

n.6.

At the same time, the EPA reiterated that the 2015 Final Rule was being preserved.

And because it’s preserved, the 2015 Final Rule remained controlling over the

Department’s permitting decisions under the EPA’s regulations.

19 The 2017 Postponement Rule notes that the compliance deadline was being

postponed for a set period of two years:

Under the Clean Water Act (“CWA”), The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) intends to conduct a rulemaking to potentially revise certain best available technology economically achievable (“BAT”) effluent limitations and pretreatment standards for existing sources (“PSES”) for the steam electric power generating point source category . . . . EPA is, accordingly, postponing compliance dates in the 2015 Rule. In particular, EPA is postponing the earliest compliance dates for the new, more stringent, BAT effluent limitations and PSES for flue gas desulfurization (“FGD”) wastewater and bottom ash transport water in the 2015 Rule for a period of two years. . . . EPA’s action to postpone certain compliance dates in the 2015 Rule is intended to preserve the status quo for FGD wastewater and bottom ash transport water until EPA completes its next rulemaking concerning those wastestreams, and it thus does not otherwise amend the effluent limitations guidelines and standards for the steam electric power generating point source category.

,494–95 (emphasis added). Yet the preamble states as well that despite the

postponement, the 2015 Final Rule was being “maintain[ed]”:

EPA intends to conduct a new rulemaking regarding the appropriate technology bases and associated limits for the . . . requirements applicable to FGD wastewater and bottom ash transport water discharged from steam electric power plants. . . . EPA finds it appropriate to postpone the earliest compliance dates for the new, more stringent, BAT effluent limitations and PSES applicable to FGD wastewater and bottom ash transport water in the 2015 [Final] Rule until it completes the new rulemaking. This maintains the 2015 Rule as a whole at this time, with the only change being to postpone specific compliance deadlines for two wastestreams. Thus, the earliest compliance dates for plants to meet the new, more stringent FGD wastewater and bottom ash wastewater limitations and standards in the 2015 Rule, which were to be determined by the permitting authority as a date “as soon as possible beginning November 1, 2018[,]” are

20 now to be determined by the permitting authority as a date “as soon as possible beginning November 1, 2020[.]”10

82 Fed. Reg. at 43,496 (emphasis added). The EPA repeats the preservation of the 2015

Final Rule a second time, writing later that “[t]his action maintains the 2015 [Final] Rule

as a whole at this time, with the only change being to postpone specific compliance

deadlines for two wastestreams.” 82 Fed. Reg. at 43,499 (emphasis added).

Thus, even if we were to consider other manifestations of the EPA’s intent, which

we are not required to do, we view the preamble of the 2017 Postponement Rule as a whole

to indicate an intent to maintain the 2015 Final Rule until a new rulemaking took place and

a new rule takes effect. The preamble acknowledges the potential for a new rulemaking,

but reaffirms the efficacy of the 2015 Final Rule, at least in the interim. The preamble

merely re-states the EPA’s intent to conduct a new rulemaking and that the earliest

compliance dates would be delayed for two years:

This is a final rule to delay action, and it does not change the requirements of the effluent limitations guidelines and standards published in 2015.

82 Fed. Reg. at 43,499 (emphasis added).

10 In 2017,

(t) was amended to conform to the 2017 Postponement Rule and reflect the modified compliance dates for certain types of waste, including FGD and bottom ash transport water: The phrase “as soon as possible” means November 1, 2018 (except for purposes of [FGD and bottom ash transport water] . . . , in which case it means November 1, 2020), unless the permitting authority establishes a later date . . . .

(t) (2017); see

(g)(1)(i) (FGD wastewater), (k)(1)(i) (bottom ash transport water).

21 Intent notwithstanding, at the time the permits were issued the EPA had yet to

initiate any new rulemaking, so to ignore the 2015 Final Rule in favor of a rulemaking that

had not yet started undermines the plain meaning of the 2017 Postponement Rule.

Moreover, preambles deserve less substantive weight than the regulations they

introduce, and “[t]o the extent that the preamble collides with the plain and unambiguous

language of the ordinance, the latter must prevail.” Clarke,

. Compare

Pomeranc-Burke, LLC v. Wicomico Env’t Trust, Ltd.,

(2011)

(finding that where a statement of purpose is included in the body of the ordinance, and not

a separate preamble, and where that purpose is not inconsistent with the ordinance, the

purpose may be considered). Even if GenOn’s interpretation were correct, the language of

the preamble cannot be applied indefinitely to postpone the 2015 Final Rule because it

would conflict with the plain meaning of the regulations. The EPA could have modified

the 2015 Final Rule outright and did not, conspicuously. Instead, it chose to keep the

existing regulations in place, except to extend the compliance deadline by two years. The

unambiguous substantive regulation prevails over a preamble that anticipates its future

amendment.

GenOn’s reading of the regulations would take a clear, unambiguous regulation and

construe it in a way that reaches an absurd, illogical result. See Goshen Run,

. Its approach leaves the Department unable to enforce a current rule, in anticipation of

a future rule that does not exist (and for which the rulemaking process has not even started),

and puts aside GenOn’s request that we ignore the EPA’s stated intent to maintain the 2015

Final Rule for now. It’s not hard to think of ways in which this would lead to regulatory

22 chaos. And we wonder too if this anticipatory regulation principle is meant to apply

consistently. Imagine, for example, that a future administration comes to Washington

promising to reduce pollution and accelerate compliance deadlines—would GenOn be

asking the Department and the courts to incorporate the EPA’s promised-but-unmade rules

into their next permit? Whatever the answer, we decline to attempt the advanced analytical

gymnastics necessary to reach the result GenOn seeks. The Department was correct to

apply the regulations in place at the time of the permit, and its decisions to issue permits

that track the 2015 Final Rule and 2017 Postponement Rule were not arbitrary and

capricious.

3. The Department was not required to maintain language from its draft permits in its final determinations.

In a related point, GenOn argues by extension that the Department’s decisions to

issue the final permits are arbitrary and capricious because the Department made a “drastic

and unforeseeable change” in the permit language between its draft permits and the final

permits. It contends that the differences between the draft permits and the final

determinations “resulted in significant harm to GenOn.” GenOn seems, in essence, to be

arguing that it developed a reliance interest in the terms of the draft permits and that it was

harmed when the Department issued final permits with a set deadline instead of a “flexible”

deadline.

The draft permits were issued on July 5, 2017, during the stay of the 2015 Final

Rule. The Department explained the state of the permitting deadlines during that uncertain

period:

23 On September 30, 2015, EPA finalized revisions to the regulations for the Steam Electric Power Generating category at 40 CFR 423. . . . The updated rule required new standards to be met for [FGD wastewater and bottom ash transport water] “as soon as possible” beginning November 1, 2018, but no later than December 31, 2023. In a letter dated April 12, 2017, the EPA administrator announced a decision to reconsider the terms of the new regulations and implemented a stay on the deadlines in the final rule. There is now uncertainty as to whether the standards required under the September 30, 2015 promulgation will be altered and what deadlines will ultimately be applicable. The following requirements . . . automatically adjust the applicable implementation deadline dates if the dates remain the same (as in the 2015 rule promulgation) or if these dates are changed. However, should the actual limitations be adjusted in a final rule, the Department shall reopen the permit . . . .

After providing this context about the uncertainty surrounding the compliance dates at that

time, the Department provided the following requirements for implementation of the new

ELGs:

1. Bottom Ash Transport Water. The permittee must cease the discharge of bottom ash transport water no later than the date specified at 40 CFR 423.13(k) once the stay is lifted or the rule terms are altered (originally specified as November 1, 2018 in the 2015 promulgation) unless a request for major permit modification (i.e. including public participation) is submitted by the permittee within twelve months of the date when the rule becomes effective again. Any such request must include a report which analyzes potential methods for stopping discharges of bottom ash transport water, selects the method most appropriate for this facility, explains reasoning for the selected method, and proposes a timeline for ceasing discharges as soon as possible.

24 The draft permits indicated that if a proper request was received within the twelve-month

timeframe, the compliance dates would default to the latest allowable date under 40 C.F.R.

423.13(k) or December 31, 2023. The language relating to the FGD compliance date was

similar:

2. FGD Wastewater. Within 12 months of the date when the rule becomes effective again, the permittee may submit a request for major permit modification (i.e. including public participation) to change the effective date of the new limits for arsenic, mercury, selenium, and nitrate-nitrate at [the monitoring point]. Such a request must include a report analyzing potential treatment options, selection of the option(s) deemed most appropriate for the facility, and a proposed timeline for meeting the new limits. If the Department receives such a request within the allotted 12-month timeframe, the date for transitioning from the limits . . . shall default to the latest allowable completion date according to 40 CFR 423.13(g)(1)(i) (originally specified as December 31, 2023 in the 2015 promulgation) until the modification is issued or denied.

The final determinations, though, were issued after the stay was lifted and set the

compliance deadline as November 1, 2020.11

11 The permits state as follows: X. COMPLIANCE WITH NEW EFFLUENT LIMITATION GUIDELINES 1. Bottom Ash Transport Water. The permittee must cease the discharge of bottom ash transport water no later than November 1, 2020 pursuant to the effluent limitation guidelines at 40 CFR 423.13(k)(1)(i). 2. FGD Wastewater. The permittee must comply with the limits for arsenic, mercury, selenium, and nitrate- nitrite promulgated in the new effluent limitation guidelines at 40 CFR 423.13(g)(1)(i) no later than November 1, 2020.

25 GenOn argues that the change in the permit language between the draft permits and

the final determinations was “drastic and unforeseeable.” We disagree.

First, GenOn cites no precedent, and we have not found any, to suggest that the

Department cannot make changes between its drafts and final determinations. Indeed, one

purpose of issuing drafts and requesting public comment is to determine whether to make

any changes before issuing a final determination. Final permits do not need to be

“identical” to the draft permit. Potomac Riverkeeper,

. “That would

be antithetical to the whole concept of notice and comment. Indeed, it is the expectation

that the final rules will be somewhat different—and improved—from the rules originally

proposed by the agency.”

(quoting Nat. Res. Def. Council v. EPA,

, 1186

(9th Cir. 2002) (cleaned up). Second, GenOn had been on notice that it would face stricter

compliance standards since November 3, 2015, when the 2015 Final Rule was issued. It

has known, at least since then, that (1) the EPA intended to increase the ELG standards

relevant to GenOn’s businesses and (2) that the compliance window could begin as early

as November 1, 2018 (later amended to November 1, 2020). GenOn cannot argue credibly

that it was blindsided by any of this.

B. The Department’s Final Determinations Were Supported By Substantial Evidence.

GenOn argues that the Department’s permitting decisions are not supported by

substantial evidence in the record because GenOn couldn’t conduct and submit its own

feasibility study on whether it could comply with the 2015 Final Rule ELGs by November

1, 2020. It argues that without its own feasibility study, the record before the Department

26 was incomplete, and the permitting decisions should be “remanded to [the Department] to

consider feasibility evidence.” The Department responds that it had enough information on

GenOn’s capacity to meet the ELG requirements to issue the permits and that it was

GenOn’s responsibility to inform the Department during the comment period if it was

unable to meet the guidelines. The Department responds further that GenOn cannot raise

feasibility concerns now because it failed to do so during the comment window. We agree

with the Department.

Ordinarily, our review of the Department’s final determinations “shall be on the

administrative record” before the Department and is “limited to objections raised during

the public comment period.” Potomac Riverkeeper,

(emphasis added).

Maryland Code (1987, 2013 Repl. Vol.), EN § 1-601(d) provides that:

(1) Judicial review shall be on the administrative record before the Department and limited to objections raised during the comment period, unless the petitioner demonstrates either that: (i) The objections were not reasonably ascertainable during the comment period; or (ii) Grounds for the objections arose after the comment period.

If a party meets the exceptions, “[t]he court shall remand the matter to the Department for

consideration[.]” EN § 1-601(d)(2). In 2018, this Court explained the Department’s

permitting process, as outlined in the Environment Article:

The statutory scheme for public comment on the [Department]- issued permits listed in EN § 1-601(a) contemplates published notice of permit applications (EN § 1-602), informational meetings (EN § 1-603), and publication of [Department’s] tentative determination (EN § 1-604(a)). If the tentative determination is to grant the application, EN § 1-604(a)(3)

27 requires [the Department] to prepare a draft permit and “publish a notice of the tentative determination” that provides 30 days for public comment, and, if requested, hold a public hearing pursuant to EN § 1-604(a)(4).

Potomac Riverkeeper,

. After the public comment window, though,

the statute doesn’t provide for another comment window without special exception:

There is no statutory provision for additional public comment on [the Department’s] final determination and revised final permit; [the Department] is simply required to publish a “notice of final determination” pursuant to EN § 1-604(2), after which an eligible party may petition for judicial review . . . . At that point, the judicial review is limited to the administrative record and “limited to objections raised during the public comment period” unless the petitioning party can demonstrate that there are new objections that “were not reasonably ascertainable during the comment period,” or “arose after the comment period” ended. EN § 1-601(d)(1).

Id. (emphasis added). The petitioning party, then, must demonstrate “that there are

genuinely new objections that are materially different” from what the Department had

considered already. Id. Indeed, if there were no materially different objections, then

“remand would serve no purpose, and would only introduce unnecessary delay . . . .” Id. at

205.

Here, GenOn argues that remand is necessary because it was unable to submit its

own feasibility information. That’s nonsense. All of the information regarding GenOn’s

ability to meet the new ELGs is in GenOn’s possession and was reasonably ascertainable

during the comment period (and long before). GenOn simply failed to submit it. We need

not speculate as to why GenOn decided not to conduct a feasibility study and supply that

information—whatever its reasons, GenOn could have developed and provided a study

28 during the comment period and did not, and it is not entitled to a do-over.

GenOn contends in its brief that the “flexible” draft permit language, combined with

its interpretation of the status of the EPA’s rules, provided the basis for its decision to

“focus[]” its comments “on the legal status of the 2015 ELG Rule” and to request that the

Department state that compliance would only be due “‘after the ELG is revised.’” Perhaps,

but that explains GenOn’s tactical decisions—it does not establish a basis to vacate the

permits and allow GenOn to try another tactical approach. GenOn, a sophisticated company

with sophisticated advisors, chose not to provide feasibility information in favor of an all-

or-nothing interpretive argument aimed at extending the compliance deadlines indefinitely.

GenOn may have swung for the fences and missed, but that doesn’t change the fact that

the information GenOn needed to demonstrate feasibility was reasonably ascertainable

during the comment period. We know this too because the Environmental Groups did

supply feasibility information in the form of an expert report.

GenOn argues that it didn’t focus on feasibility at that time because it “was operating

under the impression that it would have an opportunity to submit feasibility data” after the

final permits were issued and asserts that it wasn’t on notice that the Department would

impose different terms than were included in the draft permits. But GenOn was on notice.

The terms of the final permits were lifted directly from the 2015 Final Rule and the 2017

Postponement Rule. GenOn had years to absorb the information included in these

regulations and assess whether it would, in fact, be subject to them. GenOn claims that it

“had no opportunity to respond to the technical aspects” raised during the comment period

as to feasibility, but that’s just wrong. GenOn had the very same comment window as other

29 organizations to submit feasibility information, but it passed on that opportunity in favor

of its interpretive argument. Any wounds GenOn suffered as a result were self-inflicted

and do not supply a basis to blow up these fully compliant permits.

JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR CHARLES COUNTY, CASE NO. 08- CV-18-872, AFFIRMED.

JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR MONTGOMERY COUNTY, CASE NO. 454414V, AFFIRMED.

JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR PRINCE GEORGE’S COUNTY, CASE NO. CAL18-31471, AFFIRMED.

APPELLANT TO PAY COSTS.

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