Mitchell v. Mitchell

This case comes now before the Court upon the order of the 12th of July last, passed upon the exceptions of the complainant to the defendant’s answer; and arguments have been submitted by the solicitors of the parties. These, together with the pleadings and exceptions, have been read and considered.

Though, as in the case of Owens vs. Collinson, 3 Gill & Johns., 25, an administrator may, when called upon to account to the Court of Chancery, exhibit with his answer, and explain not only the accounts passed in the Orphans’ Court, but the vouchers for the credits therein allowed him, I am of opinion that it would be of pernicious tendency to compel him to do so. It might cause the pleadings to run into a degree of prolixity which would be extremely inconvenient. The accounts settled with the Orphans’ Court are prima facie evidence in suits relating to matters contained in them, and he who disputes their correctness has the onus upon him. The vouchers, the Chancellor thinks, are to be regarded as evidence, and need not be filed as part of the pleadings. It must be *75sufficient if they are produced before the Auditor when he is about to state the account. But to require them to be produced now, and explained in detail in the answer, would give rise to a practice which, in my opinion, would render Chancery proceedings intolerably expensive and voluminous. The answer offers to exhibit the vouchers before the auditor, and, indeed, without such an offer, their production would upon application be enforced. Randall vs. Hodges, 3 Bland, 477. I am of opinion, therefore, that the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, and 5th exceptions to the answer cannot be sustained.

But the 6th and 7th exceptions present a different question. The bill alleges that the defendant has omitted to charge himself with the hire, &c., of negroes, held and possessed by him as administrator, and with the full profits and rents of certain leasehold estates, and prays that he may be compelled in his answer to discover the full value and true amounts which he has received or ought to have received on account thereof. The answer does not give this information, and this is the ground of the 6th exception, which, I think, is well taken. The accounts passed in the Orphans’ Court, with the light which the vouchers, when produced, will throw upon them, will not put the complainant in possession of the information called for by this charge in his bill.

The 7th exception is founded upon the omission of the defendant to state the number and value of the slaves which came to his possession as administrator de bonis non. One of the prayers of the bill, and it is a prayer warranted by an allegation, calls upon the defendant, in express terms, to state the number and names of the negroes in his possession. This has not been done, and this exception, therefore, is, I think, well taken, and will be sustained.

[After further answer and proof, and agreement of facts, all of which appear in the opinion below, the cause was submitted for final hearing, and argued upon notes by the solicitors of the respective parties. The Chancellor then delivered the following opinion at July Term, 1852.]

The late Francis J. Mitchell, who died in the month of March, 1825, by his will, dated on the 18th of that month and year’, devised and bequeathed to his eldest son, James D. Mitchell, valuable real and personal estates, and the will, after making other dispositions, which do not appear to be material to the questions involved in this case, contains this clause:

“Whereas, my said son, James D. Mitchell, and my said daughter, Sarah E. Mitchell, are, in right of their late mother, who was the daughter of Dr. James Davidson, deceased, entitled as tenants in common to a portion or share of the real, personal, and mixed estate, of which he died seized or possessed. Now, it is my will and desire that my said son, James D. Mitchell, by deed duly executed and delivered, relinquish and release to the said Sarah E. Micthell his undivided interest in the same estate and property, or in lieu thereof pay to the said Sarah E. Mitchell the sum of five thousand dollars, lawful money, for and with the payment of which said sum of five thousand dollars, in case of his refusal or omission to relinquish and release as aforesaid, I do hereby charge that portion of my estate and property so devised and bequeathed to the said James D. Mitchell for his own use and benefit.”

The bill alleges that James D. Mitchell accepted the devise and bequest to him, and that he omitted or refused to execute a release to his sister, the complainant, as required by the will of his father, and that there consequently devolved upon him a personal obligation to pay the five thousand dollars, which it seeks to recover from his personal representative. James D. Mitchell died in August, 1837, and upon a bill which was filed in the equity side of Charles County Court, in 1838, against his executrix, Elizabeth Mitchell, and which was afterwards amended by making his brother, Henry O. Mitchell, and his infant son, parties, it was decided that as the real estate, called “Myrtle Grove,” which James D. Mitchell took under the will of his father, Francis J. Mitchell, and which was charged with the payment of the five thousand dollars, had descended to the complainant, the charge had become extinct by the union of *77the title and lien in the same person. The case was taken to the Court of Appeals, and will be found reported in 2 Gill, 230.

The appellate Court, it would seem, do not express a positive opinion in reference to the existence of the charge in point of law; but the terms of the will of Francis J. Mitchell are too explicit and direct to leave any doubt upon the subject, and it is agreed on all hands that the charge did originally exist, and that it is now extinguished by the descent of the title to the property upon the complainant in whose favor the lien was created.

The principal question presented in this case is, whether the personal obligation upon James D, Mitchell to pay his sister this sum of money, resulting from his acceptance of the devise in his favor in his father’s will, and his refusal or neglect to execute the release required of him, (assuming that he did refuse or neglect to do so,) is so far obligatory upon him as to render his personal estate in the hands of his administrator liable, though the property charged with the payment of it has devolved by law upon the party to whom the payment was to be made ?

The plaintiff’s case, as it appears to me, does not come very strongly recommended to the favorable consideration of the Court. By the events which have occurred, she has become the owner in fee of the property given by the will to James D. .Mitchell, and in respect of which this burden was imposed upon him. She has, also, by his death, if not before, become the owner of the Davidson estate, the refusal or omission to relinquish which constitutes the ground of the personal claim against him, and I am strongly inclined to think that there is admissible evidence in the record of the former cause, and which, by agreement, is made evidence here, as if taken under a commission in this cause, that she did enjoy the benefit of that property during his lifetime. At all events, I think it cannot be doubted that her brother always intended, and even attempted, to comply with the directions of his father's will in this regard, and consequently that he never *78contemplated taking upon himself the alternative obligation of paying his sister the five thousand dollars. It is a case, then, in which the complainant has now, and has had, since 1837, when her brother died, an absolute title to the property charged with the payment of the money; in which she also had, and has had, since the same period, if not before, the property which her brother was required to surrender to her, and which, if so surrendered, the claim to the money could have had no existence, and of which, though there was no duly executed and delivered deed of relinquishment, there seems to me some evidence, at least, that she enjoyed the beneficial use in his lifetime. Under these circumstances, the claim to recover the five thousand dollars from the general personal estate from her brother is strietissimi juris, and should be made out in a very clear and satisfactory manner. I entertain no doubt whatever that by accepting the benefits conferred on him by his father’s will, James D. Mitchell became ¡oersonally bound for the payment of this money, if he refused or omitted to make the relinquishment required of him. If there could be any doubt upon the language of the will, the case of West vs. Biscoe, 6 H. & J., 460, would remove it. But, although he became personally bound, the question still remains, he being dead, whether his own estate, or the estate devised to him, was primarily liable for the payment. I do not think this case can be distinguished in principle from that of Mattheson vs. Hardwicke, note to 2d Peere Williams, 664, the authority of which has received frequent and high approbation. In that case it will be found that a testator devised his estate to two persons, charged with the payment of debts and legacies. The devisees accepted the devise, and one of them paid all the debts and legacies, except one legacy of l100, for which he gave his note to the legatee, and died; but this note was held to be a mere collateral security, and that the devised estate was the primary fund for the payment of it. There could, of course, have been no doubt in' that case that the devisee was, upon his note, personally responsible for the payment of the legacy. If the acceptance of the devise did not make him so, his note„to *79the legatee unquestionably did, and yet after his death the devised estate was regarded as the primary fund for the payment of it. In reviewing that case and others of the same class, Chancellor Kent says, in Cumberland vs. Codrington, 3 Johns. Ch. Rep., 229, “ the question, in these cases, seems to be not only whether the purchaser has rendered himself liable at law to a suit by the creditors, but which estate is to he deemed the primary fund, and which only the auxiliary. When a man gives a bond and mortgage for a debt of bis own contracting, tbe mortgage is understood to be merely a collateral security for tbe personal obligation. But, when a man purchases, or has devised to him land with an incumbrance on it, he becomes a debtor only in respect to the land, and if he promises to pay it, it is a promise rather on account of the land, which continues, notwithstanding, in many cases, the primary fund.” And the principle thus announced is illustrated by a reference to the cases in which it has been decided, that upon a transfer of a mortgaged estate, the party to whom the transfer is made will not render his personal estate liable in the first instance by adding his personal contract to pay the money, which was not originally his personal debt. The rule being, as declared by Lord Eldon in Waring vs. Ward, 7 Ves., 336, a very clear one, that the primary responsibility of the personal estate, in general cases, results from the fact that the contract primarily is a personal contract, the personal estate receiving the benefit, and being primarily a personal contract, the land is hound only in aid of the personal obligation to fulfil that personal contract. The claim that this sum of five thousand dollars should be paid out of the personal estate of James D. Mitchell, in exoneration of the real estate descended to the complainant, can derive no support, as I think, from the case of Stevens vs. Gregg, 10 G. & J., 143. That was a controversy between pecuniary legatees and tbe devisee of tbe real estate, and it was decided, there being no clause in the will which, either by express terms or by plain inference, charged the real estate with the payment of legacies, that the land devised was not liable. The legatee and the devisee, say the *80Court, appear to have been equally the objects of the testator’s bounty, and it does not appear to have been his intention to encumber his lands in the hands of his devisee with the payment of the legacies.

The question, in the case now under consideration, is a very different one.

Here, James D. Mitchell became indebted to his sister, the complainant, by accepting the devises in his favor in his father’s will, and by omitting (if he did omit) to do that which his father said he should do, or pay his sister five thousand dollars, which sum he charged upon the property devised to his son. There was no primary responsibility on the part of the son to pay the money. He became a debtor, no doubt, by accepting the devises to him, and failing or refusing to do what - was required of him (if such be the fact), but still he became a debtor only in respect to the property devised to him, and even his personal contract to pay the money will not make his personal estate liable in the first instance, in exoneration of the property in respect to which only he became the debtor. The case of Mattheson vs. Hardwicke, already referred to, is conclusive of the point, unless its authority can be shaken, which I do not find anywhere even attempted.

There can be no doubt, and the principle is not disputed, that the personal estate is the natural and primary fund for the payment of debts and legacies, even where they are charged upon the real estate descended or devised, and that the real is only an auxiliary fund after the personalty is exhausted. Such is the language of the Court of Appeals in Stevens vs. Gregg. But the question still recurs, whether, with regard to this debt, . there was any original primary responsibility resting upon James D. Mitchell to pay it ? whether the personal obligation does not result from the devise to him, and his acceptance of the devise, and whether he did not become liable only in respect to the land devised ? If so, as we have seen, even his personal contract to pay the money would not, in the case of his death, shift the primary liability from the real to the personal estate. The assent of Mr. Chancellor Kent to the doc*81trine, that when a man purchases or has devised to him land with an incumbrance on it, he becomes a debtor only with respect to the land, and if he promises to pay it, is a promisor only on account of the land, which continues to be the primary fund, is very strongly expressed in the case of Cumberland vs. Codrington, as already cited. He says, “the doctrine, in such cases, is as firmly rooted and tenaciously adhered to as that which subjects the personal estate primarily, and as the ‘natural fund’ to the payment of debts' originally contracted by the party, and even though the debt should be contracted by mortgage without either bond or covenant.” In a note to the case of Butler vs. Butler, 5 Ves., 534, many of the cases upon this subject are collected, and the principle established by the case itself is expanded so as to embrace that now under consideration, The doctrine of Butler and Butler is that upon the purchase of an equity of redemption, the agreement of the purchaser with the vendor to pay the mortgage, without any communication with the mortgagee, is not sufficient to make it the personal debt of the purchaser ; and the cases cited in the note show that though the purchaser may have rendered himself liable at law to the mortgagee or creditor, that will not bo sufficient, in the case of the death of the purchaser, to shift the primary liability from the real to the personal estate.

This question came before the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of M’Lean vs. M’Lellan, 10 Peters’ S. C. Rep., 625, and after an examination of the cases, it was declared to be the well-established rule upon the subject that the burden of the debt was never transferred from the real to the personal estate, except when the contract is personal and the mortgage is given in aid of the personal contract. But that where the land descends upon or is purchased by a party, subject to a mortgage, and the purchaser dies, leaving the debt unpaid, it well be charged upon the land mortgaged as the primary fund, and the principle is not changed, though the purchaser covenants to pay the debt; the covenant, under such circumstances, being regarded as additional security. The views expressed by the Supreme Court, in the case re*82ferred to at pages 643 and 644, unequivocally maintain the doctrine, and it will be found fully sanctioned by Mr. Justice Story in his Commentaries on Equity Jurisprudence, vol. 1, sections 574, 575, and 576.

In vol. 2, of the same work, section 1248, where this subject is again discussed, the principle is reasserted that “where a person becomes entitled to an estate subject to a charge, and then covenants to pay it, the charge still remains primarily on the real estate; and' the covenant is only a collateral security, because the debt is not the original debt of the covenantor.”

If this be the principle, and the real estate, which has descended to the complainant, be the primary fund for the payment of this claim, the personal responsibility of James D. Mitchell, resulting from his acceptance of the devise to him, being only a collateral security, I cannot see how it is possible to maintain this bill. The primary responsibility of the land is destroyed by the union of the title and the charge in the same person, and this being so, how can the party, in whose favor the charge was created, and who now holds the primary fund, have recourse to the collateral security ? It is clear that if the land was held by a third person the owner of the charge would be thrown upon it, if it be the primary fund, or if the personal estate of the security was made to pay it, the personal representative would be entitled to reimbursement out of the land; arid it is not seen how the rights of the parties can be different, or the secondary personal responsibility of James D. Mitchell converted into a primary liability by the circumstance that the land and the charge are united in the same person.

For these reasons, and upon this single ground, and without expressing any opinion upon the other questions which have been so fully and learnedly discussed at the bar, I shall dismiss the bill.

[Ho appeal was taken in this case.]