delivered the opinion of the Court. It is stated and admitted that Matthias Seller, being possess»ed of a term of years in a lot of ground situate in the city of Baltimore, by his last will, and testament, bequeathed it as follows: “I give and devise to my daughter Catherine the house and lot wheyeon I now live, all which I give to my said daughter during her natural life, and after her decease I give the same to the heirs of my said daughter Catherine

The question arising on this will is this* — What interest did Catherine, the daughter of the testator, take under this devise? The counsel For the plaintiff have argued that she took only an estate for life, and that after her death, her children, the lessors of the plaintiff, were entitled to the residue of the term. On the part of the defendant it has been urged, that Catherine, the daughter, under the true construction of the devise, was entitled to the whole of the unexpired interest in the term.

If this had been a devise of real estate the case would be too clear for argument. Because where land is limited to a person for life, and after his decease to his heirs, or the heirs of his body, the remainder to the heirs, or heirs of the body, is immediately executed in the ancestor, who becomes seized of an estate of inheritance. So if there be a lease for life, with divers remainders over, remainder to the right heirs of the first lessee, or to the heirs of his body; this is a remainder vested in the first lessee for life; and after his death, and the<determination of the intermediate remainders, his heir shall be in, as heir and not as a purchaser. For in those cases the words “heirs,” or “heirs of the body” are not named as words of purchase, but only to express and limit the estate intended to be conveyed; and no presumed intention arising from the circumstance of the estate being limited, in the first instance, for life, will be permitted to control their operation as words of limitation. Shelley's case, 1 Coke, 96. 2 Roll. Abridgment, 417. Fearne, 28. Upon those general principles certain exceptions have been engrafted, in which the words, “heirs of the body,” have been deemed to operate as words of purchase; as where the limitation was to A for life, and after his death* to the next heir male, and to the heirs male of the body of such next heir male, the devise to the heir was considered as a remainder t() him by purchase; the word “heir” was in the singular number preceded by the word “next,” and *434words of limitation were engrafted on it, which made the next heir the terminus or stock, by reference to whom the future succession was to be regulated. Archer’s case, 1 Coke 66. Fearne 150. But if the words be heirs of the body, in the plural, in that case even words of limitation engrafted on them, if not establishing a new succession, inconsistent with the descent pointed out by the first words, will not convert them into words of purchase; as in Shelley’s case, where the .limitation was to E for life, and after his decease to the use of the heirs male of the body of E lawfully begotten, and the heirs male of the'body of such,heirs male lawfully begotten. 1 Coke 96. But if the superadded words of limitation would limit an estate of a different nature from that which the ancestors would have taken if the preceding words were construed as words of limitation, such pre- . ceding words may be construed as words of purchase. In such a case the general effect, or natural and legal import .of the-word “heirs,” would be altered, abridged or qualified, by such subsequent express words of limitation annexed to them. So where heirs of the body! are by words of reference or qualification, explained or restrained so as to mean the first and other sons. Lisle vs. Gray, 2 Lev. 223. S. C. Sir T. Raym. 278. Legate vs. Sewell, 1 P. Wms. 90. So where the persons to take cannot take as heirs by that description, by reason of a distributive direction, incompatible with a course of descent; as where gavel kind lands were devised to A and the heirs of her body lawfully to be begotten, as well males as females, and to their, heirs and assigns forever, to be equally divided between them, share and share alike as tenants in common, and not as joint tenants. In this case it was held, that the words heirs of the body did not operate as words of limitation, because they were corrected or explained by the words which followed, and were irreconcilable with the notion of descent; and also because there were words of fee engraft-ed on the words of limitation, which showed that the estates given to the children, and not the estate of A, were to be the ground work of succession of heirs; or in other words that the children of A were to be the tirmini for the succession to-take its course from. So where the limitation is directed to the presumptive heir of the person on whom the estate for life is limited. As where lands were ’devised to B for life, and after his death to the heirs male .of the body of B, now living, and such other heirs male or female as he should thereafter happen to have of his body. B had issue, a son C,'then living. In this case it was adjudged that B took only an estate for life, and that the remainder in tail vested immediately in his son.O. In this case the words “heirs male” were qualified by the appended expressions “now living,” and C was clearly referred to, and designated under the character of presumptive heir Burchet vs. Durdant, 2 Ventries, 311.

Limitations in marriage articles, as well as executory trusts, - are also considered as exceptions to the general7 *435rule. 1 Eq. Ca. Ab. 185, pl. 30. Leonard vs. Earl of Sussex, 2 Vernon, 526. Papillon vs. Voice. 2 P. Wms. 471. So wheré the estate limited to the ancestor is an equitable or trust estate, and that to his heirs a use executed or legal estate, they will not incorporate; and if the estate for life is a legal estate, and that limited to the heirs an equitable estate, it is presumed the effect would be the same. 1 Equity Cases Abridg 389. Shapland vs. Smith, 1 Bro. Ch. Rep. 75. It would be needless at this time of day to inquire on what foundation the words “heirs” or '’‘heirs of the body’'* were originally considered as words of limitation, where a preceding estate of freehold was given to the ancestor. If the rule was introduced to secure to the lord of the fee the fruits of wardship and marriage, which he had a right to claim- from the heir, who came into the tenure by descent, t’-e rule must still prevail, although the abolition of the feudal tenures may have destroyed the reason of it. To disregard rules of interpretation, sanctioned by a succession of ages and by the decisions of the most enlightened judges, under pretence that the reason of the rule no longer exists, or that the rule itself is unreasonable, would not only prostrate the great land marks of property, but would introduce a latitude of construction boundless in its range, and pernicious in’its consequences.

Having thus briefly examined what would have been the operation of this bequest, if the subject matter had been ■a frank tenant, (and in doing this we were necessarily led into an inquiry concerning the meaning and legal effect of the words “heirs,” and “heirs of the body,” when limited upon a preceding estate of freehold,) we snail now proceed to consider this bequest as applicable to chattel interests or leasehold property.

At one period of our Jaw, if a term for years or chattel was bequeathed to one for life, and after his death to a, third person, the ulterior limitation was considered as void, and the whole interest of the term or thing became vested in the first devisee; but in process of time, this doctrine was abandoned, and courts of justice, on grounds of general utility and public convenience sustained the super-added limitation as an executory devise.

This brings us to the question, Is there an executory devise in this case; or in other words, can the children of Catherine, the daughter, claim the interest in the term, on the ground that there is a limitation to them by way of executory devise after the death of their mother? And in making this investigation we shall first consider what would have been the true construction of this bequest if the words 1 'heirs of the body” had been used instead of the word “Aeérs.” When a correct result is attained by this view of the case, analogical reasoning, in the absence of express adjudications, may enable us to decide with some degree of certainty on the precise case presented by the will. In the case of Butterfield vs. Butterfield, 1 Ves. 133, 154, the testator devised that £4.00 should be put out on good secu-*436ilty for his son T, that he might have the interest of it for his life, and for the lawful heirs of his body; and if it should so happen that he should die without heirs of his body, it should go to. his youngest son J B. Lord Hard-wicke decreed that the son T should take the whole in the thing devised. In Garth vs. Baldwin, 2 Ves. 646, personal property was limited to trustees to pay the profits to Edward Turner Garth for life, and afterwards to pay the same to the heirs of his body. The Lord Chancellor says the case is reduced to this, a gift of personal estate to one for life and the' heirs of his body — That must ve&t the property in him whether the testator intended it or not. Atkinson vs. Hutchinson, 3 P. Wms. 259. The Lord Chancellor declares that if a term of years be limited to A for life, remainder to the heirs of his body, A would take the whole interest. As where personal estate was given to L A P for life, and after her decease to the heirs male of her body lawfully begotten, and for want of such, with limitations over. The master of the rolls held that the whole interest vested in LAP. Daw vs. Chatham, 2 Fearne (347) 464. Interest of a sum of money given to A,and after his death to devolve to the heir of his body, with remainder oyer, vests the principal, absolutely in A. Robinson vs. Frizherbert, 2 Bro. Ch. Rep. 127. Edward Webb, in consideration of marriage between his son Thomas, and Anne his then wife, and £350 portion, did assign to a trustee the. remainder of a term.for 1000 years, upon trust, to permit the son to enjoy the same so long as he should live, and after their decease, to permit the heirs of the bodies of the Said Thomas, the son, and Anne his wife, to be begotten. The wife died leaving issue; Thomas survived and sold the interest in the term; and it was held, that the ■whole interest vested in him, and that therefore he could legally convey the,same. Webb vs Webb, 1 P. Wms. 132. The case of Peacock vs. Spooner, 2 Vernon, 43, is the only case to be found in the books that even seems to clash with the above authorities, and that case is distinguished from the foregoing cases on the principle that the limitations were contained in a marriage settlement; and in the case of Garth vs. Baldwin, 2 Ves. 646, the Lord Chancellor says; that it was determined in the House of Lords, but with a great variety of opinion among the judges, that-it was a single case, and its authority shaken by the case of Webb vs. Webb.

From the preceding authorities it evidently appears, that if a leasehold estate is limited to one for life, the remainder to (he heirs of his body, the whole interest vests in the first taker, and that the words “for life” will not be sufficient to restrain his, interest to a life estate. But if words of limitation are superadded to the words “heirs of the body,” such additional limitation is considered as indicative of an intent to give only a life estate. Hockley vs. Mawbey 3 Bro. Ch. Rep. 82. So, if the words “heirs of the body” are followed by words of partition or distri-; *437bu ti on, the estate for life shall not be enlarged, by the force of the expression “heirs of the body,” but the words of partition will be construed as indicative of an intent to give a life estate to the first devisee. Jacobs vs. Amyatt, 4 Bro. Ch. Rep 542.

I3y the irresistible authority of those decisions Catherine, the daughter, must have taken the whole interest of the unexpired term, if the devise had been to her for life, and to the heirs of her body. But it has been contended, that the word heirs may operate as a word of purchase, and that the court will so construe it to effectuate the intention of the testator. That the word heirs, in certain cases, may operate as a word of purchase, is too plain a proposition to be controverted. The doctrine of contingent remainders furnishes many instances of it. If an estate of freehold be limited to A, remainder to the heirs of B, it is a contingent remainder; and if B dies in the life-time of A leaving C his heir, C will take as a purchaser, and cannot take by descent, because the inheritance was never actually or potentially vested in his ancestor B. So if leasehold property is devised to A, remainder to the heirs of B, the representatives of B will, for the same reason, take as purchasers, because nothing was devised or given to B; and such is the principle of the decisions in Holloway vs. Holloway, 5 Ves, 399, and in Gwynn vs. Muddock, 14 Ves. 488, referred to in the argument"by the plaintiff’s counsel. So the words ‘‘heirs of the body,” may operate as words of purchase; as if an estate for life is limited to A, remainder to the heirs of the body of B, if B dies during the life of A, leaving a child or a descendant of a child, such child or descendant takes by purchase, and cannot take by descent, because his ancestor had no seizen of the fee or frank tenement. But if an estate is devised to a man and the heirs of his body, the word “heirs” is a word of limitation. In every case therefore the question whether the words “heirs” or “heirs of the body” are to operate as words of purchase or of limitation, must depend on the context and subject matter. In the cases of devises herein before referred to, the words “heirs of the body,” were held to be words of limitation, and it might have been contended, with as much force of argument in that case as the present, that as the words “heirs of the body” did, in certain instances, operate as a designado personarum, they should be so construed in each of those cases, and therefore the heirs of the body should take as purchasers by way of executory devise. But this argument would have been unavailing, because the court, in construing the effect of limitation in bequests of personal property in general, keep in view their legal sense and meaning as applied to frank tenement, and hence the observation of the Lord Chancellor, in the case of Knight vs. Ellis, 2 Bro. Ch. Rep. 570. He says it must have occurred to the judges, who decided those cases, that under the idea of making the rules of decision as to lease*438hold estate analagous to those which are applied to estates inheritance, the intention of the testator must be much oftener disappointed than carried into effect; and then there care be no wonder that the, court should try to get out of the technical rule, by any means it can. We asfe what technical rule is here meant? The context shows that he refers to technical rules governing the limitations of frank tenements, whether the same be the- rules of interpretation, established in Shelley's case, or elsewhere. And it was in this sense I have understood the learned counsel for the defendant, when in his" luminous and eloquent argument he contended- that the doctrine in bhelleyis case bad been applied as a rule of construction to ascertain the effect of limitations in bequests, of leasehold estate. It has been admitted by the plaintiff’s counsel, and the position has been established by a variety of decisions, that if the bequest be limited in such words as would create an estate tail in real estate, if applied to it, such words would vest the absolute interest in chattels in the first legatee. If such is the effect of a devise of a chattel interest to a man for life, remainder to the heirs of his body, why should not the same result be produced by a bequest to a man for life' and to his heirs generally? If the words ‘ ‘heirs of the body” (which naturally point to children and their descendants) are considered'as words of limitation, and enlarge the estate of the first devisee to an absolute interest, why should not the word heirs, socomprehensivein its signification, give as great ,an interest? If a frank- tenement is limited to a man for life, and the heirs of his body, he has a limited and contracted interest — an estate in fee tail; but if it is limited to a man for life, remainder to his heirs, he has an absolute and tin-, fettered estate. -Why should the legal effect of those different limitations be so completely inverted when applied to chattel interests? Upon what principle'can it be, that the more enlarged expression shall convey the least interest? it is said, that by construing the word “heirs” to be a design alio personas, you fulfil the intention of the testator,; evinced by his giving a life estate to Catherine, his daughter, and thereby secure a provision for the grandchildren,, for whom the testator was, under a natural obligation ■ to ^provide. Refer to the case of Butterfield and Butterfield, and it will be found that this consideration had no influence with the Lord Chancellor, when he decided that the son of the testator should have an absolute interest in the money, which hud been devised by the grandfather to the heirs mate of the son, after the death of the son. There the grandfather, it may be presumed, intended to provide for his grandchildren, under the restricted limitation of “heirs of the body” of the son; but this intention' was not legally evinced, and theiefove the father took all, to the exclusion of his children., So in the case of Webb and Webb, where the father, by a marriage settlement, in consideration of a portion brought by his son’s wife, limited personal property to his son for life, then to the wife of *439the son for life, and after their death, to the heirs of the body of the son and hia wife. The son survived the wife, and it was decreed that the whole property vested in him. Here the issue of the marriage could claim no interest in the property settled, though the limitation .was to the father and mother for life, and after their death to the heirs of their body. It might fairly be presumed that the children of the marriage were intended to be benefited by the marriage settlement, more especially as an estate for life only was limited to the father and mother, with remainder to the heirs of their bodies: Yet the Chancellor held, that the “heirs of their bodies” were words of limitation. If those eases are law, and their authority has not been called in question by the counsel for the plaintiff, how can the natural and legal sense of the word “heirs” in this case be restrained by the consideration of the supposed intention of the testator to provide for the children of Catherine, the daughter, founded on the circumstance of an estate for life being limited to her. The plaintiff’s counsel have relied on the case of Clare vs. Clare, Cas. temp. Tal. 21, as decisive of the present case. There a devise to A of a term for life, and after his death to his issue, was held not to vest the whole interest in A, but that the issue of A should take after his death. Before this case can be considered as conclusively deciding the piesent case, it is presumed that the counsel for the plaintiff must prove a position, which he assumed in the course of his argument, and that was, that the words “issue,” “children” and “heirs,” were convertible terms. Unless this position is true, the case of Clare and Clare cannot affect the present question. That the word “issue” in its natural, and often in its legal sense, means children, and is therefore a word of purchase, no one will question; but that the word “heirs” either in its natural or constructive sense, generally means issue or children, must be denied; that there are certain cases in which the word “heirs,” is used in the same sense as children or issue is evident, but in all those cases, it receives its restricted meaning, by being associated with words of reference or qualification, which show that it was not intended to be used in its legal sense. The word “issue” in grants is exclusively a word of pur-«hase. In testamentary dispositions of real estate, it may be cither a word of purchase or limitation, and in bequests of personal property, it is a word of purchase, as appears from the case of Clare and Clare, and the case of Knight and Ellis herein before referred to. But it is said that no decision can be found in which the word “heirs,” in a case like the present, has been construed to be a word of limitation. This objection certainly is not entitled to weight, unless it can be shown that it has been adjudged that it is a word of purchase, or unless it can be proved by argument, founded on analogy and principle, that it ought to be so considered. The counsel on either side have not been able to refer to any decision *440on the precise point, and the court have endeavoured to prove, that all the analogies of the law are opposed to the construction contended for by the plaintiff. They therefore are of opinion, that the plaintiff is not entitled to recover, and refuse to give the opinion to the jury as prayed. The plaintiff excepted. Verdict and judgment for the defendant. From which judgment the plaintiff appealed to the Court of' Appeals, but did not prosecute hi6 appeal (a.)