Fridge v. State ex rel. Kirk

delivered the opinion of the court.

The suit is by the State on a guardian’s bond, for the use of a female ward, instituted after she attained the age of sixteen, but before she arrived at twenty-one, against one of the sureties in the bond. It is insisted on the part of the defendant below, First, That if Eliza Ann Kirk, for whose use the action was brought, had a natural guardian at the time of the appointment by the Orphans Court of Baltimore county, of Owen Dorsey, the principal in the bond as her guardian, the court exceeded its jurisdiction in making the appointment, that the bond is void, and the action cannot be maintained. Secondly, That if Owen Dorsey, the person appointed guardian, was at the time of making the appointment, sitting as a judge of the court, with only one other judge, the appointment was invalid, and the bond void. Thirdly, That supposing Owen Dorsey to have been regularly appointed guardian, if after Eliza Jinn Kirk attained the age of sixteen years, he offered to pay, and counted out to her the sum of four or five hundred dollars, which she refused to receive, and afterwards took the note of Dorsey in preference, such offering and counting out the money, was an extinguishment of her claim, to the extent of the sum so offered and counted out. Fourthly, That if after Eliza Ann Kirk attained the age of sixteen years, she executed to Dorsey a release of all claims and demands, with a full understanding of its import and effect, the aetion cannot be maintained. Fifthly, That if she was under the ago of twenty-one years at the time of instituting the aetion, it cannot be maintained; and evidence of the facts upon which these questions are raised, was offered to the jury, and is set out in the record.

*112First then, suppose Eliza Ann Kirk had a natural guardian at the time of the appointment of Owen Dorsey as her guardian, were that appointment and the bond given in pursuance of it void, for want of jurisdiction in the Orphans Court?

By the Act of 1798, ch. 101, sub-ch. 12, sec. 1, the several Orphans Courts, had the power to appoint a guardian to an infant until the age of twenty-one years if a male, and until the age of sixteen years if a female, if such infant has no natural guardian, nor guardian appointed by last will. And by the 3d sect, of the same sub-ch. 12, on the application of any friend of an infant, &c. to call on any natural guardian, or guardian appointed by last will, to give bond for the performance of his or her trust; and on failure or neglect of such guardian, to appoint another guardian. The distinction between an erroneous judgment by a tribunal having jurisdiction of the subject matter, and the judgment of a tribunal having no cognizance of the subject, is well known and acknowledged. If the mother of the infant in this case, who is claimed to have been her natural guardian, had asserted her rights as such, and taken upon herself the management and conduct of the infanUs estate in the Orphans Court; or being called upon, had given bond for the performance of her trust, the Orphans Court, with a knowledge of the existence of such a guardian acting in pursuance of her trust, could not properly during the continuance of her authority, have appointed another guardian, and thereby have divested her of her rights. And as the rights, and authority, and power over the property and person of the infant, would be incompatible in two, such an appointment would have been void. If the natural guardian had assumed and entered upon her trust, and as such, taken upon herself the management of the estate of her ward in the Orphans Court, the appointment of Owen Dorsey, would have been an act not within the jurisdiction of that court, no more than would be the appointment of a second guardian, while the prior appoint *113ment of another by the same court, was remaining in full force and unrevoked. Unless the natural guardian had failed or neglected to give bond for the performance of her' trust, on being called upon to do so, in pursuance of the 3d section of the 12th sub-chap, of the Act of 1798, ch. 101, or had been removed for cause, under the provisions of the 12th section of the sub-chap. 15, it would not have been the case, of an erroneous judgment by a court of competent jurisdiction, but the act of a tribunal having no cognizance of the subject, and therefore unauthorised and void, the Orphans Court having no power to create a guardian of its own appointment, in the case of an infant having a known, authorised, and qualified acting natural guardian. Rut though in relation to such a case, of a known, natural guardian asserting and exercising his rights, the Orphans Court is without jurisdiction; yet the appointment of a guardian, being a subject ordinarily cognizable in that court, and only excluded from its jurisdiction, by the circumstance of there being a natural guardian, or a guardian appointed by will, it does not follow, that the mere existence of a person ordinarily entitled to assume the office and trust of a natural guardian, is alone sufficient to divest it of its jurisdiction. That person, though known to the Orphans Court, may nevertheless reject or abandon the trust; in which event, a case in which a guardian may be appointed, a case within the jurisdiction of the court, is presented. That, may have been the case here; the mother of the infant, who might have assumed the office of natural guardian, may have rejected or abandoned the trust; or on being required to give bond for the performance of her trust, may have failed, or neglected to do it; and if so, in either case, the Orphans Court have the power to appoint another guardian. It does not indeed appear in this record, whether there was or not, such an abandonment of the trust, or failure or neglect by the natural guardian to give bond for the performance of it ;• but the Orphans Court having appointed another guardian, and there being nothing to show the absence of authority to-*114do so, it is to be taken, that it acted within the sphere of its ordinary jurisdiction, and that what was done, was rightly done. And it not appearing to this court, to be the act of a tribunal, having no cognizance of the subject matter, it cannot be impeached here, coming thus incidentally in question.

And secondly, with respect to the appointment of Owen Dorsey as the guardian, he being present and sitting as one of the judges of the court, supposing it be so, yet being the act of a court of competent jurisdiction, whether that act was correct and regular, or not, still it was the judgment, the act of that court, the correctness or regularity of which, it is not for this court collaterally to inquire into. The question of jurisdiction, is a question that may be examined into, and the acts of a tribunal having no jurisdiction may be reviewed by another court; but the judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction is, as to all matters decided by it, conclusive, and cannot be afterwards questioned by any other tribunal, when coming in incidentally. This is a doctrine too well established to admit of being enlarged upon. Besides Owen Dorsey having given his bond, in which he is stated to be the guardian of E. A. K., and having obtained possession of her property, it would not in a suit against him, have lain in his mouth to deny that he was guardian, in the very face of the recital in his bond, or to set up any supposed irregularity in obtaining the appointment; the recital in the bond being evidence as against him, that he was guardian. Nor does it lie in the mouth of his surety, against whom, the recital is equally evidence.

Thirdly, the offer by Owen Dorsey to pay to E. A. K. four or five hundred dollars, and counting out the money, cannot avail the party here as a tender, being an offer of only a part of the amount due, and a creditor not being under any obligation to accept less than the full amount; nor is it insisted upon as a tender. And if it was a tender, it could not, as such, operate as an extinguishment of the claim pro tanto. But it is contended, that it amounted to *115and must be considered as a payment, to the extent of the sum so offered and counted out. But surely her express refusal to receive the part offered, and his agreeing to keep and pay interest upon the whole amount, could not constitute a payment, to the amount of the sum offered, and consequently was no extinguishment of any part of the claim.

Fourthly, by the Act of 1798, ch. 101. sub-chap. 12, sec. 1 and 15, power is given to the Orphans Court to appoint a guardian to an infant female, until she attains the age of sixteen or is married, when the guardianship ceases; and the ward or her husband, as the case may be, is entitled to receive from her guardian all her property. It has been decided by this court in Davis vs. Jacquin & Pomarait, 5 Harr. and Johns. 100, that although that act confers on an infant female a new capacity, the capacity to receive from her guardian the whole of her estate, it does not take away or destroy her state of legal minority, nor remove her other disabilities ; but leaves them as they were before, except in relation to the disposition of her real estate, which she is empowered to do hy will at the age of eighteen years. And the same principle is recognized in Bowers’ Adm’r vs. State use of Dryden, 7 Harr. and Johns. 32. The legal infancy, therefore, of a female, not ceasing at the age of sixteen, Eliza Ann Kirk, not having attained the age twenty-one years, at the date of the release set up in this case, was, in reference to her capacity to execute such an instrument, in contemplation of law, a minor.

Some contracts made by infants are binding, such as contracts for necessaries. Some are void, and others voidable only, such as contracts that may be for the benefit of the infant. But a contract that a court can see and pronounce to be to the prejudice of the infant, is void. And such, we think, is clearly the character of the instrument in question. It was executed on the ward’s receiving from her guardian his promissory note, for the amount belonging to her in his hands; and being a release in the language of it, “ of and from all and every action, suit, claim or demand, &c.” if *116good, it discharged hira and his sureties from all responsibility on his guardian’s bond, a higher and a better security than his promissory note alone, and was therefore to the prejudice of the infant. But independent of the peculiar circumstances of this case, we think a female infant between the ages of sixteen and twenty-one, incapable of executing a valid release to her guardian; considering from the character of the relation subsisting between the parties, the state of ignorance in which an infant usually is in relation to the condition of her affairs, and the conduct of the guardian in the execution of his trust, and the inducements to a guardian who has abused his trust, to seek that shelter behind a release improperly obtained, which a mere receipt would not afford him, that such instruments are in their nature and tendency to the prejudice of infants, and opposed to sound policy.

Fifthly, it does not appear to us to be at all material, whether Eliza Ann Kirk was of the age of twenty-one or not, at the time of instituting the suit. She is not the legal plaintiff; the bond is to the State, the suit was brought in the name of the State, the legal plaintiff, and she is only the cestui que use; and it was not necessary for the purposes of the suit, to enter the use at all; though it is usually done in such cases, it might have been carried on as well without it, as with it. And being done, her non-age could not form the fit subject of a plea, the action not being brought in her name. We cannot distinguish this from the case of the State vs. Dorsey and others, ante 75. The same principle pervades both cases. We concur therefore with the court below on the first exception.

The question arising upon the exception taken on the part of the plaintiff below is, whether the plaintiff is entitled to interest on the balance found to be due to Eliza Ann Kirk, the cestui que use, and from what period ? Which question the court below refused to decide, but left it to the jury to determine. The dealings between man and man are ip their nature so various, that scarcely two cases occur *117presenting the same aspect. The question of interest therefore, has been found to be one, not susceptible of the application to it, of any fixed and general rule, each case mainly depending upon its own peculiar circumstances.

This same question of interest, however, arose and was discussed in Newson's Adm’r vs. Douglass, 7 Harr. and Johns. 417, in which it was decided by this court, that the question was properly submitted to the jury by the court below, to be determined by them according to the equity and justice appearing between the parties, on a consideration of all the circumstances of that particular case, as disclosed at the trial. But it is there said, “ there are indeed cases, not to speak of bonds, &c., in which interest is recoverable as of right—such as on a contract in writing to pay money on a day certain; as in the case of a bill of exchange or a promissory note; or on a contract for the pay ment of interest, or where the money claimed has actually been used,” which in any aspect of this case would seem to be applicable to it. The guardian gave his bond for the performance of his duty as such, and by law it was his duty, on the arrival of the ward at the age of sixteen, to exhibit a final account to the Orphans Court, and to deliver to the ward all her property in his hands. Here was a contract, (so far as the property of the ward in his hands consisted of money,) to pay money wThen she attained the age of sixteen, which was a day sufficiently certain. The proof is, that when the ward had arrived at the age of sixteen, she called on the guardian for a settlement on a day appointed by him for that purpose; when he told her, that, “ he had been disappointed in getting all the money, but had procured a part, which he offered to her ; ” that she declined taking it, preferring its remaining in his hands on interest, and that he agreed to keep the money on interest, and after paying her fifty or sixty dollars, gave her his promissory note for the balance due to her in his hands with interest. Here then is a case, in which the money was actually used; for he had so applied or disposed of it, that when *118called on for a settlement, he could only procure a part of it; it was not, therefore, lying by him unused. There was too, an express contract for the payment of interest, independent of the promissory note, which has a provision for the payment of interest, and is evidence of his keeping the money on those terms. The plaintiff is therefore, entitled to recover interest from that time, on the amount of the balance retained by the guardian in his hands. And the court below erred we think, in not having so directed the. jury, and in leaving the question to be decided by them.

JUDGMENT REVERSED AND PROCEDENDO AWARDED.