delivered the opinion of the Court.

On the twenty-second day of February, eighteen hundred and ninety-two, John Bitner made, executed and duly acknowledged a deed of gift conveying to James Monroe Zimmerman a valuable farm lying in Washington County ; and afterwards, on the same day, he executed and published his last will and testament, whose exact words and provisions, in so far as they relate to the pending controversy, will be set forth in full later on. Five days after the execution of these two instruments Bitner died. Shortly thereafter the deed was placed on record, and then the sister and other heirs at law of the decedent filed a bill in equity against the donee Zimmerman, alleging that the deed had been procured by undue influence, and praying that it be cancelled, set aside and annulled. Upon final hearing a decree was passed vacating the deed, and upon appeal to this Court that decree was affirmed on the fourteenth day of March, 1894. Zimmerman v. Bitner et al., 79 Md. 115. On the thirteenth of the following June, Zimmerman filed a bill on the equity side of the Circuit Court for Washington County, alleging that since the death of John Bitner, he, Zimmerman, had been in possession of the farm above referred to, claiming title thereto under the provisions of John Bitner’s will; and further charging, that the heirs at law of the testator dispute the validity of that will, and threaten to oppose the plaintiff’s title to the farm thereunder. The relief prayed was that the will might be construed; that the plaintiff’s title to the land might be declared to be an absolute fee-simple title under the will, and that the defendants might be restrained by injunction from, asserting *352as heirs at law of John Bitner, any title to the. farm. A pro forma decree dismissing the bill was passed by agreement, and thereupon this appeal was taken.

The material parts of the will are in these words: “Whereas, I have this day made and executed a deed con-veying to J. Monroe Zimmerman the farm whereon I now reside, I do hereby give and bequeath unto him, the said James Monroe Zimmerman, all my personal property of whatever description and wheresoever situate.

“I thus give to the said J. Monroe Zimmerman all my property and estate because he is married to my niece, and I have been living with them for many years, and have a high regard and affection for them, and desire that they shall enjoy the same to the exclusion of my other relatives.”

The sole question to be considered is, whether Zimmerman, having failed to establish a title to the farm under the deed of gift under which he at first claimed, but which was annulled in the former proceeding, can successfully assert any title thereto under the above cited provisions of the will. As indicating what Bitner’s testamentary purpose was a large mass of testimony was taken to prove John Bitner’s declarations covering a number of years; but this evidence is clearly inadmissible either to establish what , his testamentary intention was, or to aid in the interpretation or construction of his will. Just as he has written his will, it must stand. What he meant to say must be gathered from what he did say therein, as viewed from the standpoint that he then occupied; and what he did say in the will itself, and not what he previously declared, no matter how unequivocal its import may be, must solve the question before us. In construing a will effect is undoubtedly to be given to the intention of the testator, if that can be done without violating any legal principle. But to what intention must effect be given ? That manifested in some other paper not made a part of the will ? or that disclosed on the face of the will ? If to the latter, as is incontestably the case, then there must be apparent on *353the will itself an intention to do something by the will; and if the will does not undertake or purport to do a particular thing — to make a particular devise — then no matter how plainly it may appear by some other paper that it was designed title should pass to certain property, the will cannot be held to pass that title in the absence of apt words to carry it, or in the absence of a clear intent that title should pass, not by the other paper, but by the will.

It is perfectly obvious that the will makes no direct disposition of the real estate. It expressly recites that the testator had on the same day conveyed the farm to Zimmerman by deed, and it then proceeds to give to him, not the farm, but personal property only. Having done this the testator immediately assigns, in the next paragraph, a reason for what he had done — that is to say, he explains why he had given the real estate by the deed and the personal property by the will — but there is nothing in the language thus employed to indicate the most remote intention to give anything whatever by this purely explanatory clause. After first stating that he had made the deed conveying the farm, and then distinctly bequeathing his personal estate, he declares, not by way of further devise or bequest, but by way of explanation of what he had already done, “I thus give to the said J. Monroe Zimmerman all my property and estate, because he is married to my niece, &c.;” and he then expresses his desire that they, the beneficiaries, “shall enjoy the same” — the real estate given by the deed and the personal estate given by the will — “to the exclusion of my other relatives.” But if the deed failed from any cause to convey the land, the mere expression in the will of a wish, that the donee should enjoy that which the testator then ‘.supposed he had given him by the deed, cannot operate as .a direct devise of the land, or as a devise thereof by necessary implication, even though coupled with a declaration that he desired his other relatives to be excluded from any participation in his estate. If the deed had been sustained, .Zimmerman would have held title under it and not under *354the will. Clearly he could not have held the same estate under both the deed and the will at the same time. If the deed had prevailed he would then have held under it, and it only, because it would then have conveyed the grantor’s 'entire interest to the grantee, being ostensibly a deed in fee-simple. If it had effectively conveyed a fee, then it would have divested the grantor’s whole interest in the property, and having been executed prior to the will, there would have been no estate left in the grantor for the will to operate upon. But as the deed was in form sufficient, had it been allowed to stand, to convey to the donee the grant- or’s entire title to the farm, the will, which does not purport or even inferentially profess to give the same farm to the same or to any other person, in the event or on the contingency that the deed should fail to be operative, cannot, upon any known rule of construction, be interpreted as alternatively disposing of the property that failed to pass under the deed. The deed was stricken down because it was void, and it was void because it had been procured by undue influence. It was consequently tainted from the beginning. Now, the recital in the will following the word “whereas,” is to the effect that the testator had, by an instrument other than the will given to Zimmerman, the farm named in the recital; but in truth and in fact, though he had executed the deed, he had not, by reason of the deed’s invalidity, conveyed that property to Zimmerman at all. This recital in the will was, or at least turned out to be, erroneous, because the deed did not convey the title, though it was actually made and executed. Such an erroneous recital does not disclose a purpose or intention on the part of the testator to give the same property by the will.

The doctrine as to the effect of erroneous recitals in wills is well established, namely, that if the erroneous recital in a testamentary instrument be of a gift contained in this instrument, the recital may operate as being in itself a devise or bequest by implication of that very property. But where the erroneous recital refers to an estate created by another *355instrument, that recital cannot operate to create an estate by implication. Harris v. Harris, Ir. R. 3 Eq. 610; Adams v. Adams, 1 Hare, 538 ; Holten v. Den, 23 N. J. L. 330; Hurlbut v. Hutton, 42 N. J. Eq. 15 ; Hunt v. Evans, 11 L. R. A. 185. In any event the implication must be a necessary one. Ridgely v. Bond, 18 Md. 448. Mr. Theobald, in his Treatise on Wills, p. 420, classifies implications by recital,, two of which are: (1.) “A recital that a person is entitled' under another instrument, when he is not in fact entitled-,, does not in general amount to a gift by the instrument which. contains the recital. Harris v. Harris, Ir. R. 3 Eq. 610 ; Circuit v. Perry, 23 B. 275. (2.) But a recital that the testator has by the very instrument containing the recital made a particular gift which he has not in fact made, is evidence of an intention to confer the bounty. Adams v. Adams, 1 Hare, 537.” Thus where a testator bequeathed unto A, his wife, £600 to be paid to W., saying it was for payment of lands lately purchased of W., and was already estated as part of a jointure to A, his wife, during her lifey being of the value of £67 per annum; that of Wiskowr York and Maltón, the lands there amounting to the yearly value of £63, in all ^130, which being also estated upon A, his wife, was in full of her jointure. It appeared that these lands had not been settled on the wife. It was held by Pollexfen, C. J., Rokebyand Ventris (Powell, J., dissentiente), that these expressions did not amount to a devise to the wife, for it appeared “that the testator did not intend to devise her anything by the will, for he mentions that she was estated in it before.” 2 Jar. Wills, ch. 17, p. 105 ; (5th Am. Ed.)

The recital in John Bitner’s will has no reference whatever to a gift or devise created by or under the will, but it refers solely to a gift by deed in no manner connected with the will at all, and consequently that recital has no efficacy to pass the property as a devise by implication.

The desire expressed in the explanatory clause to the effect that Zimmerman and his wife “shall enjoy the” prop*356>erty, cannot operate either as a direct devise of the land or as a devise-thereof by implication; because the whole clause containing these words necessarily pre-supposes that both the real estate and personal property had been previously disposed of; the one by the antecedent deed, the other by the preceding item of the will. To make this clause operate as a devise of the real estate by implication, a construction must be put upon it which imputes to the testator an intention he manifestly never had, namely, an intention to dispose of the land by the will and not by the deed. A devise by implication strictly alises where the devisor, meaning to part whith his interest, parts expressly with a portion of it only; and the question is, whether that which is not in terms given is by the effect of the will taken altogether disposed of. Where, for instance, an estate is given to B after the death of A, the question is, what is done with' it, or whether anything is meant to be done with it during A’s life. If B is the heir at law, of necessity A must take the intermediate interest, though not disposed of, as the heir at law cannot take during the life of A. Dashwood v. Peyton, 18 Ves. 27. Obviously, then, when the testator does not undertake to give by his will any portion of his estate in a particular parcel of property, there can be no gift by implication of his ttihoU estate therein. There being no gift of .any part of it there is nothing to found the implication on that a gift of the whole of it was intended. In the total ab.sence of even a partial disposition of the property, if it be .held that the whole of it passes because of the use of words •excluding other persons than the one making claim, this would be conjecture and not implication at all. And when to this condition is added the further manifest intention that the particular property should pass by some other instrument, not only can no devise by implication arise, but a •devise of any kind is unequivocally rebutted.

It is true that in some instances Courts have upheld a devise by implication where it has been very apparent. and .necessary to give effect to the plain intention of the testator. *357But in cases of this character the implication must be obvious, and not merely possible or probable; for the title of the heir at law being plain, no words in a will ought to be construed in such a manner as to defeat it, if they can have any other signification. Ridgely v. Bond, 18 Md. 448 ; Cruise Dig. Title, Devise, ch. 10, sec. 18.

Nor is the appellant’s contention strengthened by the expressed desire that the testator’s other relatives should be excluded from participating in the distribution of his estate. And this is so, because, as said by Lord Mansfield in Denn Gaskin, Cowp., 657, “though the intention to disinherit the heir be ever so apparent, he must, of course, inherit, unless the estate is given to somebody else; and the reason is that the law provides how a man’s estate at his death shall go, unless he, by his will, plainly directs that it shall be disposed of differently. ” See Coffman v. Heatnole, 2 L. R. A. 848, and notes. An explicit and unequivocal declaration, therefore, that the heir shall not inherit, will be wholly ineffectual to defeat his right, unless the estate be given by the will to some one else. Hence, no matter how emphatically the testator asserted that he did not wish his other relatives to have.any portion of his estate, still, as he failed by the will to devise his real estate to any one, it passed by operation of law to John Bitner’s heirs upon the deed being stricken down.

Much was said in the argument about the duty of the Court to construe the will as persons of ordinary intelligence would construe" it, and we were strenuously urged “ to do simple justice to the plaintiff in this case.” In Ralph v. Carrick, 5 Ch. D. 984, Sir. H. Colton pointed out the fallacy that subject to established rules, the duty of the Court was to construe the will as a person of ordinary intelligence would do. “Of course,” said the Lord Justice, “ we are bound by the rules which have been established by the Courts to enable us to say what the words used do mean. Subject to that we are bound to construe the will as trained legal minds. And that differs from the mind of an ordinary *358person in this way, that even persons of ordinary intelligence not so trained, are accustomed to jump at the conclusion as to what a person means by the words he uses, by fancying he must have done what they under similar circumstances think they would have done. That is conjecture only; and conjecture on an imperfect knowledge of the circumstances, because, although, if the facts before them and in evidence were all the facts, they may think that they would have taken a particular course, yet it does not follow that all the facts known to the testator are in their minds or in evidence before them, or that the testator’s mind was in any way constituted, as regards the attention he paid to the rights and claims of the different parties dependent upon him, as their minds are constituted, or that he would have acted in the same way as they. Therefore, as lawyers, we must construe the will like any other document,” with one difference only, viz., that technical words are unnecessary in a will. 2 Jar. on Wills, 115 (5th Am. Ed.)

There being no error in the pro forma decree dismissing the bill of complaint, it will be affirmed with costs above and below.

Pro forma decree affirmed with costs above and below.