delivered the opinion of the.Court.

Edith Tyler Griffith, one of the appellants, was the owner by assignment of a first mortgage, executed to secure a loan of $15,000 to John T. Dale, appellee, on .the leasehold property of the said Dale, situated on South Howard Street, in Baltimore City. Default having been made by the mortgagor in complying with the covenants of the mortgage, Alfred J. Shriver, one of the appellants, was on the 2nd day of April, 1907, under the provisions of the'mortgage, containing an assent on the part of the mortgagor to the passage of a decree for the sale of the mortgaged property, in conformity with the local law for Baltimore City, by the Circuit Court Ho. 2 of said city, appointed trustee to sell the property in said mortgage described and conveyed. By virtue of this decree, the trustee on the 2nd day of July, 1907, sold the property at public sale for $16,650, Mrs. Griffith being the *699 purchaser, and this sale, upon exceptions filed by John L. G. Lee and Helen Earned, holders of a junior mortgage, was on November 13th, 1907, after the taking of much testimony, set aside and annulled by the Court. Thereafter on the 9th day of December, 1907, the same trustee again sold the property in question at public sale to Mrs. Griffith for $17,000, and this sale on February 28th, 1908, was finally ratified and confirmed by the Court.

In the distribution of the proceeds of sale, and of rents collected from the property by Shriver amounting to $2,282.54, the auditor stated two accounts, one known as audit “A,” according to his own ideas of what was proper, and another, known as audit “X,” under the direction of Shriver, the trustee. The Court, on May 26th, 1908, ratified the former account, with the exception of an allowance of 5% commissions to the trustee on the rents collected by him, and rejected the latter account. In the audit as adopted the expenses of the first sale were allowed, but a fee of $150 paid by the trustee to Charles Morris Howard, as counsel, in resisting the exceptions made to the ratification, and a fee of $50 paid to' Frank G. Caughy, an expert witness in the proceedings, were rejected, as was also a claim of $8.65 claimed on account of insurance premiums paid. In said audit there was also deducted from the mortgage claim of Mrs. Griffith the sum of $62.50, being for a proportionate part of the fee charged by the stenographer in the proceedings on the exceptions.

Because of the aforegoing, both Shriver, the trustee, and Mrs. Griffith have taken an appeal here from the order of the lower Court in ratifying the auditor’s report.

The record in the case is an extensive one, dealing principally with the evidence adduced in support of and in opposition to the exceptions filed to the ratification of the first sale. As no opinion was filed by the lower Court, we are not advised of its reason for sotting aside this sale, but whether it was rightfully or wrongfully done is not before its, and we have no concern with it except so far as the good faith of the trustee in conducting the same may bear upon the pro *700 priety of' allowing the expenses thereof ont of the proceeds of the second, s'ale.''' It' is sufficient for -us to say that after an examination of the testimony we find no evidence of intentional' wrongdoing on the part of the trustee, however much he may have misconceived his duty in some respects, but his conduct appears to have been characterized by entire good faith, with a view of saving from loss the junior incumbrancers who afterwards successfully attacked the sale: The case of The Real Estate Trust Company v. Union Trust Co., 102 Md. 41, whéie-"á resale was ordered because a trustee, acting upon the'advice of Counsel; failed to file a bond before selling thó property, is "'authority for the 'general statement' that’ in the absene'e "of bad' faith'An the part of a trustee the "expenses of"a’'first'salé';should be paid out'of the proceeds of a second: "' The case of South Baltimore Company v. Kirby, 89 Md. 52, also Sustains this point!

■But accepting the foregoing as" correct, thé question arises as ‘tó whether' an attorney’s fee, such as was paid in this case, is a proper item of' expenditure tó be charged against the common fund. ■ There is no authority for such'an allowance in-the niortgage itself, which merely provides for' the payment of the costs and expenses of the sale, and the same provision in a power of' sale mortgage has been' held by' this Court to include the cost of advertising,' the' services of an auctioneer and such other éxpénses 'as are necessary tó make an advantageous sale,' but does not even include the payment'of commissions to the party making the sale, much less of a fee to' an attorney for defending the ratification of the sáme. Johnson v. Glenn, 80 Md. 369.

There seems to'be no inflexible rule of law on the subject, but the general principle,, which is justified by sound reasoning and by authority, is that where a trustee employs an attorney tó render necessary services for the benefit of all the parties interested in the estate, or seeks advice for the proper administration of his trust, that a reasonable fee, though not specially provided for in the decree, is tobe allowed for such services out "of "the common fund in his possession.” In this *701 case the attorney did not represent all the parties. On the contrary, he was distinctly hostile to the position taken by the two junior mortgagees. He was employed either by Shriver, the trustee, or by Mrs. Griffith, the purchaser at the sale, or by both of them, and we think should look to them for payment for his services .To allow his fee of $150 out of the fund in hand, would practically be making the exceptants in the proceedings in the lower Court pay for the services of counsel employed by the other side.

In the ease of Mahoney v. Mackubin, 54 Md. 277, which was cited with approval in the later decision of Shaw v. Smith, 107 Md. 523, where the mortgagee, under a power contained in the mortgage, made sale of certain real estate, he was refused an allowance of $150 paid to an attorney for successfully defending exceptions to the ratification of the sale. We understand that in this case the sale was made by a trustee, appointed under the statute,. rather than by a mortgagee under a power, but the case above referred to is worthy of mention as showing that the Court does not consider the employment of an attorney as a usual expense, but rather as an extraordinary one, to be paid for by the person procuring the same, and only allowed out of a common fund when the services, rendered are for the benefit of all the parties interested, and not in hostility to part of them. As shown in this case, the attorney was unsuccessful in maintaining the sale against the exceptions of the two persons immediately interested in the property, and we feel that it would be improper to .make them contribute in whole or in part to the payment of his fee. Miller’s Equity, sec. 564; McGraw v. Canton, 74 Md. 554;; 11 Cyc. 97.

We likewise think the lower Court correct in refusing to allow the trustee the sum of $50 paid by him to Frank J. Caughy, an experienced real estate dealer, who was called as an expert witness to controvert the allegation in the exceptions to the effect that the property sold for an inadequate price. To sanction a fee of this character would be opening the door to extravagant expenditures and inviting trustees to *702 an abuse of the confidence reposed in them. If sucb a fee were allowed to one witness, it could be allowed to several, or to many, until in tbe discretion of tbe trustee he bad produced sufficient evidence to maintain tbe point at issue, and by such practice an estate might be squandered in litigation, to tbe detriment of tbe mortgagor or to other claimants of tbe property. Tbe only safe course is to hold trustees to a strict accountability, allowing sucb proper costs as are incident to tbe sale, but forbidding the wasting of a fund by extraordinary expenses in litigation.

In respect to tbe claim of $8.95 for difference in allowance for insurance, we see no merit. In audit “A” the trustee was allowed $39.91 on account of payments of insurance premiums on tbe property, and in audit “X” be was allowed $48.86 for tbe same account. According, to tbe facts of tbe case, it seems that on March 30th, 1907, Mr. Shriver, who afterwards became tbe trustee, paid $57.50 for insurance on tbe property, tbe mortgagor having made default in bis covenant to do so. Tbe second sale of tbe property was made on Dec. 9, 1907, and in stating tbe audit, a pro rata amount of the $57.50, for the period elapsing between March 80th and December 9th, 1907, was allowed to tbe trustee, • as tbe policy inured after tbe latter date to tbe benefit of the mortgagee who was also tbe purchaser. Tbe appellant trustee clainri that be should have been allowed tbe full $57.50 less such amount as would have been tbe return premium bad tbe policy been cancelled on tbe 9th day of Dec., 1907. It nowhere appears in tbe record that tbe policy was so cancelled, or that a'prendmn was returned. Inserted in tbe record is a letter from tbe insurance agents to tbe effect that if sucb policies bad been cancelled tbe return premiums would have been $8.63. But we are not dealing with a hypothetical case, and tbe auditor, under tbe actual state of facts, properly apportioned tbe premiums.

As to tbe deduction of $62.50 from tbe claim of tbe first mortgagee, tbe same being for a proportionate part of tbe charges of tbe stenographer employed in tbe case, tbe Court *703 likewise made a deduction for the services of the stenographer from the claims of the two junior mortgagees, and in so apportioning these costs, which are not of a strictly necessary or usual character, we must presume that the lower Court acted with sound discretion which it is not the practice of this Court to overrule. Mrs. Griffith was a party to the proceedings, filing a request for the ratification of the sale, and though the record furnishes scant details of her participation in the proceedings which culminated in the setting aside of the sale, we are to assume, in the absence of anything contrary appearing in the record, that the stenographer was employed in her behalf.

In both of the audits the trustee was allowed a commission of five per cent, on $2,282.54, being the amount of rents collected by him from the property from April 1st, 1907, to December 9th, 1907, the date of the second sale, but the Court rejected this allowance and directed the same to be distributed between the two owners of the second mortgage in proportion to their respective interests.

Shriver, according to the testimony, after default on the part of the mortgagor, on March 30th, 1907, took possession of the mortgaged property in behalf of Mrs. Griffith, the first mortgagee, and the tenant in possession, in compliance with notice to that effect, thereafter paid the rents to him. On the second day of April following, or only three days after taking possession of the property, Shriver filed a petition, as solicitor for Mrs. Griffith, praying for the passage of a decree authorizing a sale of the mortgaged property, and on the same day the Court, under the assent contained in the mortgage, passed such decree, naming Mr. Shriver as trustee to make the sale. The rent falling due April 1st, 1907, having been paid in advance by the tenant to the agent of the mortgagor, all the collections by Shriver were made after his appointment as trustee.

It is urged by the second mortgagee that as the decree gave no power to the trustee to collect the rents, but limited his authority to the sale of the property, in conformity with the *704 terms of .the. mortgage itself, .and as he had taken possession on behalf .of .the mortgagee, prior to his appointment as trustee, that such collections must be regarded as made for the benefit of the mortgagee, and that under the law no compensation. can be allowed for his services. If the facts be conceded, it cannot be denied that the weight of authority is strongly in favor.of the legal proposition advanced and the cases cited fully sustain the. point. Gelston v. Thompson, 29 Md. 601; 4 Kent’s Com. 167; Pom. Eq. Jur., sec. 1217; Elmer v. Soper, 25 N. J. Eq. 483; Barnard v. Patterson, 137 Mich. 633, 100 N. W. Rep. 893.

Apparently Shriver was in possession of the property in a dual .capacity, one as representative of the first mortgagee, for the purpose of collecting rents for her benefit, and another by virtue of the Court’s decree as trustee to sell for the benefit of all the.-parties. We do not deem it necessary to consider the point as to whether the decree naming a trustee for one purpose had. the effect of displacing or superseding the possession of the mortgagee which was for another purpose, for we think a proper decision of this matter may be reached by looking through the form to the substance of the acts done by Shriver. He himself seems to have been doubtful as to his position, for we find him declaring, in an answer to a petition filed for the appointment of a receiver, page 244 of the record (which petition was not acted upon by the Court), that checks for the rent were made payable to himself as trustee and attorney for Mrs. Griffith; that the right to the rents and profits was a substantial one, of which the mortgagee eould not be deprived, and at the same time stating that the money collected was being held by him subject to the order of Court. The plain fact remains, nevertheless, that the rents collected weré never paid, over to Mrs. Griffith as a credit on the principal or interest of her mortgage, but part of the sum was applied to the payment of premium for insurance on the property, part to the payment of ground rents and taxes, and all of it was brought into Court, for an accounting and for distribution. These acts were for the benefit of all the parties'. *705 interested in the property, including the second mortgagees and the mortgagor himself, and were not solely for the benefit of the first mortgagee, and were of such a character as could be more justly ascribed to Shriver in his capacity as trustee rather than as attorney for the mortgagee. While it is true that without an order of the Court appointing him, he was without authority to collect the rents, as trustee, yet we think the circumstances of the case appropriately call into operation the familiar maxim that a Court of equity will ratify that when done which, if previously applied to, it would have ordered. Or, as stated in Gray v. Lynch, 8 Gill, 426: “It is a settled rule in chancery that when a trustee does, without an application to the Court, an act which wouLd have been ordered, if authority for that purpose had been previously applied for, and at the time of the act being done it -was obviously for the benefit of all concerned, such act will be ratified and affirmed, and held of the same validity as if it had emanated from the previous order of the Chancellor.”

In Brown v. Hazelhurst, 54 Md. 26, and Abell v. Brown, 55 Md. 217, will be found illustrations of the salutary application of this equitable rule.

Under the circumstances of this case, in which it seems clear that the value of the property was insufficient to discharge the liens against it, we cannot doubt that the Court, if applied to, would have authorized the trustee to make such collections, and we think for his services he should be paid the reasonable compensation of five per cent, allowed in the audit, which we have referred to herein as audit “A.”

The decree of the lower Court, therefore, will be affirmed in part and reversed in part, but as the expensive record contains much irrelevant matter, not necessary for the determination of the questions raised, we think it proper that the costs of this appeal should be paid one-half by the appellants, that is to say, one-fourth by Edith Tyler Griffith and one-fourth by Alfred J. Shriver, and the other half out of the fund.

This disposition of the costs will make it necessary for the *706 auditor to state another account in conformity with this opinion.

Decree affirmed in part and reversed in part, the costs to be paid one-half by the ■ .appellants, that is to say, one fourth by Ddith Tyler Griffith and one-fourth by Alfred J. Shriver, and one-half out of the fund.