delivered the opinion of the Court.

These appeals present for review two orders of the Orphans’ Court of Baltimore City, the1 first of which denied a petition of Natalie Jenness Elwyn for leave to intervene and object to the probate of a paper offered as t-lie will of Mary J. de (xarmendia, deceased; and the second of which refused probate of the paper nevertheless.

Mary J. de (xarmendia died in Paris, France, on January 8th or 9th, 1923; and her husband then found among* some papers in her desk at home two papers in the form of a will. Both were written entirely in her own handwriting, and the formal introductions and conclusions were identical. A model form, such as is commonly used in this State, had been furnished her some years before by her counsel in Baltimore, and *49 the papers were apparently both prepared on this form. The first, executed in Paris, December 10th, 1913, was, dated, signed after the usual provision for signature, and attested by two witnesses after the usual attestation clause. That document was duly forwarded to Baltimore, and probated there on January 26th, 1923.

The second paper, written on smaller, note-size sheets, begins, as the earlier one did:

“1, Mary J. de Garmendia, of the City and State of New Tort, now residing in Paris, France, being of sound and disposing mind, memory and understanding, do hereby revoke all wills by me heretofore made and do hereby make, publish and declare the following to be my last will and testament, to wit,”

And after the legacies, the appointment of her husband as executor, and some instructions for the management of her estate, there are blank signature and attestation clauses:

“Witness my hand and seal this day of .”

“Signed, sealed, published and declared as and for her last will and testament by Mary J. de Garmendia, the aforesaid testatrix, in the presence of us, who at her request, in her presence and in the presence of each other subscribe our names as witnesses hereto.”

On the» back of these sheets there was an indorsement, also in the handwriting of the decedent:

“This will was made in Nauheim, August 22nd, 1922. My last wishes.”

The difference in the contents of the two wills, so far as the parties now before the court are concerned, is that there wore two strings of pearls bequeathed by the first will, one to Mrs. Elwyn and one to a Mrs. Rogestvensky, and in the 1922 document only one string of pearls is mentioned, and that is bequeathed to Caroline Yon Wallbrunn, sister of the decedent. This later paper was not offered for probate at once because of doubt as to its validity as a will. On advice *50 of counsel, Mrs. Von Wallbrunn later filed a petition praying that tbe admission of tbe 1913 will to probate be revoked and tbe later, paper be probated as tbe last will of tbe decedent. Tbe order refusing that petition is tbe main subject of controversy.

We tbink tbe order wbieb is tbe subject of tbe first appeal must be reversed because, in our judgment, tbe interest of Mrs. Elwyn, as legatee named in tbe earlier will, entitled ber to intervene to resist probate of tbe will offered to supersede that earlier one. Home for the Aged v. Bantz, 106 Md. 147, 151, 152; Schley v. McCeney, 36 Md. 266.

In support of this order it is contended that this Court has, in some cases at least, expressed an opinion that only an heir or a distributee of the decedent’s property in case of intestacy would have such an interest ás would qualify him to resist probate of a will. In Safe Deposit and Trust Co. v. Devilbiss, 128 Md. 185, it was said that “it would seem clear upon principle that only those- who- have an interest in tbe property of the testator in the event tbe will is annulled are entitled to caveat tbe will.” And this and similar statements are cited in tbe argument. Helfrich v. Yockel, 143 Md. 371. But these statements mean no more than that a distributee or an heir who wo-uld receive a share of tbe property in case of intestacy, is tbe proper party to contest probate when intestacy is tbe alternative contended for under the caveat.

They do not mean that when tbe alternative is, not intestacy, but tbe establishment of another and earlier will, the legatees under that earlier will, who are tbe only persons •interested in point of fact, would be excluded from congesting tbe later will. This Court has never intended to announce a rule at variance with tbe plain rule generally applied. See authorities collected in Annotated Cases, 1917 C, 906, and L. R. A. 1918 A, 470.

Tbe possibility that Mrs. Elwyn’s legacy in tbe earlier will may have become adeemed by a combination of tbe pearls bequeathed to ber with another string of pearls into *51 one inseparable string, cannot, in our opinion, be taken up and adjudicated upon this record. It appears from tlie record, and the briefs of counsel so inform us, that the court below lias not yet considered the question of ademption.

As to the refusal of probate of the will with the blanks; obviously it is not executed in the mode prescribed for wills executed in this State. It is offered as possibly complying with the provision in section 334 of article 93 of the Maryland Code for execution of wills outside of the State “in the mode prescribed by law of the place where executed, * * * provided said last will and testament is in writing and subscribed by the testator.”

Nauheim is in Germany, and on behalf of the petitioner, Mrs. Aron Wallbrtum, the proponent of this second paper, there was filed an affidavit, of a lawyer of Berlin that “it is perfectly well settled in Germany that a will written by the testator needs no. witnesses to make it valid.” ITe filed with this a copy of the German Civil Code and referred especially to section 2231, which, according to an English translation furnished to- this Court, provides, that a, valid will can be made “by an olograpliically written and subscribed declaration of the testator, stating place and elate.” The German word here translated “subscribed” is unt erschrieb ene.

To meet an objection based upon the absence of a signature at. the end of this paper the proponent relies on the. rule of English law derived from the early case of Lemayne v. Stanley, 3 Lev. 1, that a testator’s name written by himself in the introduction of a will may he a compliance with the requirement of signature in the Statute of Erauds (29 Chas. Tl, e. 3, sec. 5) and later statutes containing the same requirement. That decision has been consistently adhered to in this Court, and probably in a majority of the courts of this country. Tilghman v. Steuart, 4 H. & J. 156, 175; Higdon v. Thomas, 1 H. & G. 139, 148; Drury v. Young, 58 Mel. 546, 553; Ex parte Cardozo, 135 Md. 407. The wills upheld in these oases were not so incomplete on their faces, as the will now before ns. But quite apart from any such differ *52 ence, can we, by applying th© principie adopted in Lemayne v. Stanley, with reference to th© requirement under the Statute of Frauds, and the Maryland statutes following it, ascertain the mode of execution prescribed in Germany under the German Civil Code, where the legal system is not founded on the common law, and Lemayne v. Stanley and the cases which have followed it have no authority? We cannot presume that the same view of a signature is taken there. 5 Wigmore, Evidence (2nd. ed.), sec. 2536; Asclanian v. Dostumian, 174 Mass. 328; Cuba R. R. Co. v. Crosby, 222 U. S. 473. We are not informed whether the word unter-schriebene is interpreted with any latitude. Information which we have seems to show that a similar provision concerning holographic wills, in the French law, has never been considered to permit signature anywhere except .at the conclusion of the will. Succession of Armani, 43 La, Ann. 310. That was the mode of execution of the holographic wills executed in France and brought before the Court in Olivet v. Whitworth, 82 Md. 258; and Lindsay v. Wilson, 103 Md. 252. In our opinion the proof of the mode of execution under the foreign law has not gone far enough in this case; and for that reason alone we should have to affirm the order of the court below on Mrs. Von Wallbrunn’s petition.

It may be questioned whether the indorsement on the paper, which contains the only mention of date- and place, could be taken as part of the will, so as to comply with the provision of the German Code that the paper must be a holograph declaration “stating place and date.” Roy v. Roy, 16 Gratt. 418; Warwick v. Warwick, 86 Va. 596; Estate of Manchester, 174 Cal. 417; In re Tyrrell’s Estate, 17 Ariz. 418. But the decision of this point is not necessary, so it is not dwelt upon. And we do not dwell upon the controversy on the meaning of the requirement in the Maryland Code, (article 93, section 334), that a will executed in the mode prescribed by the foreign law must also- be subscribed. Determination of this point, too, is unnecessary.

The statutory requirements present what seem to us, after all, minor phases of the outstanding question in the case. *53 That question is whether this paper, apparently so incomplete and without the execution which it was prepared for, can on the facts brought forward, be probated as a paper intended and left as an executed, final paper. In applying the principle that the writing of the name by the testator in the introduction to the will may be a sufficient signature (Ex parte Cardozo, 135 Aid. 407), there has been no intention to foist upon a decedent as a will a paper which he did not complete and leave to be taken as an executed will. There lias been no intention to dispense with or relax the cautionary formalities by which, under the law, “wills are more especially guarded and protected than any other instruments.” Sewell v. Slingluff, 57 Md. 537, 548. The will considered in Ex parte Cardozo, 135 Md. 407, it will be noted, was in the same form as that in Lernayve v. Stanley, and in both of them the testator apparently meant the will to he complete without signature at the end. Where this appearance of completeness is lacking, as Judge Adkins said in Ex parte Cardozo, the principle may not apply.

Prior to 1884, when valid wills of personalty might be made in this State without attesting witnesses, papers’in an apparently unfinished state, some of them in the same or substantially the same condition as that of this paper, were at times offered for probate, and this Court had occasion in several early cases to state the principles which govern in this present one. Any incompleteness in such a paper is naturally taken as an indication that the testator did not finally adopt the paper as his will. In the phraseology usual in discussions of the point, the testator is presumed to have been without the animus te,standi. The strength of the presumption, of course, varies with the nature and extent of the incompleteness of the paper. Any form of will might be adopted, however strange it might seem in a particular instance; and evidence of extrinsic facts is receivable to overcome the natural presumption by showing that the testator did, as a matter of fact, have the animus testandi when he left the paper in the condition found; did, as a matter of *54 fact, intend it to be taken in that condition as his will. But when the incompleteness consists of blank spaces in a signature clause, absence of signature of the testator at the place designated, and absence of signatures of witnesses after1 an attestation clause^ then it would be difficult for a court on any extrinsic testimony to-be satisfied that the paper was intended to be taken as a completed will. Plater v. Groome, 3 Md. 134; Tilghman v. Steuart, 4 H. & J. 156; Barnes v. Syester, 14 Md. 507. And other cases are reviewed in Brantly’s note to the case of Visitors of Free School v. Bruce, 1 II. & Molí. 509. And in the states where holographic wills are still received as valid without attestation, papers in identically the same condition, or substantially so, continue to bo offered for probate, and to be rejected. Waller v. Waller, 1 Gratt. 454; Roy v. Roy, 16 Graft. 418; Warwick v. Warwick, 86 Va. 596; Fstate of Manchester, 174 Cal. 417; In re Tyrrell’s Fstate, 17 Ariz. 418; Crutcher v. Crutcher, 11 Humph. (Tenn.) 377.

An indorsement or label on the enclosing envelope, such as: “My Will — Abraham Warwick,” or “My Will, Ida Matilda Manchester,” is a common feature in these cases.

The paper offered for probate in this case bears, on its face declarations by the decedent that if was not yet signed as she intended to sign it; that it was to be executed at some later time not yet so fixed that the date could be inserted; and that her signing it in the place she had prepared for signing, and now left blank, was to be witnessed and the signatures of the witnesses appended in a place designated, and likewise now left blank. See 1 Jarman on Wills, 96. Evidence of extrinsic facts, in affidavits, goes so far as to show that she was at Nauheim on August 22, 1922, that she was familiar with the fact that the will involved in Lindsay v. Wilson, 103 Md. 252, had been found sufficiently executed under the laws of France without witnesses, and that her counsel had explained to her that this was possible of a holograph will as distinguished from a typewritten will “in a country where witnesses were not necessaiy.” It is shown that her sister, *55 Mrs. You Wallbrunn, was in sueb need that it was not unlikely tliat the testatrix would want to help her by a new and larger bequest. In addition to these facts, the testatrix did indorse the paper: “this will was made at Nauheim, August 22, 1922. My last wishes.” It is impossible to explain that indorsement fully on the information available; but it seems clear, at least,, that if she bore in mind at all the condition in which she had left this paper, she could not have considered it executed. There is nothing to show that she knew anything of the mode of execution permitted under the laws of Germany. She- had not been advised that the signature she intended to make was dispensed with under any laws. There is no suggestion that the rule derived from the old case of Lemaym v. Stanley, supra, and now cited in support of the paper as a will, was ever brought to her attention. The Wilson will, with which she was familiar, and the validity of which was explained to her, was signed at the end, as seems to be required under French law. And the fact remains that the testatrix did not prepare this paper for execution under any foreign laws, but under the laws of Maryland. And it is significant that she retained the completed will of 1913, the last of a series of five wills made by her prior to 1922.

Wo think it unnecssaiy to labor the point. This Court does not find sufficient ground for probate of this as a final, executed will, and for this reason also concludes that the order appealed from in the second appeal must be affirmed.

Order on the Petition of Natalie Jenness Wlwyn reversed, ivith costs to the appel-lantj and order on the Petition of Caroline Von Wallbrunn a]firmed, with costs to the appellee.