In these consolidated “debt buyer” small claim actions,1 we must determine whether the plaintiffs are permitted to satisfy their respective burdens of proof to establish liability and damages on the basis of hearsay evidence. Both cases origi*261nated in the District Court of Maryland sitting in Baltimore City. The plaintiffs filed small claim actions for money damages and demanded judgment on affidavit at the time of filing the complaint commencing the actions. Md. Rule 3-306 (“Judgment on Affidavit”); Md. Rule 3-701 (“Small Claim Actions”). The defendants filed timely notices of intention to defend, pursuant to Md. Rule 3-307. Rule 3-306, which addresses judgments on affidavit, was amended in 2011 to include special provisions related to cases involving assigned consumer debt (“debt buyer cases”). See One Hundred Seventy-First Report of the Standing Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure, 6-9 (July 1, 2011). Rule 3-307(e) requires that a defendant file a timely notice of intention to defend to avoid, on the date set for trial, the court’s determination of liability and assessment of damages based on the plaintiffs ex parte proof. In other words, timely filing of a notice of intention to defend entitles the defendant to a trial on the merits.

The intersection between Rules 3-306 and 3-701 involves two competing interests. First, Rule 3-306, as amended in 2011, is designed to raise the bar for plaintiff debt buyers who desire to obtain a judgment on affidavit by requiring them to establish a prima facie case on the basis of evidence that would satisfy the business records exception to the hearsay rule. For example, if the consumer debt is an unpaid credit card balance, the plaintiffs evidence must show that the plaintiff owns the debt sued upon and that the defendant debtor owes that debt. Second, small claim actions, by definition, shall be “informal” and the rules of evidence are not applicable to these proceedings, in order to enable all parties to adequately participate in the proceedings without the benefit of counsel.

*262With these principles in mind, we address the following questions:2

1. Does the evidentiary standard under Md. Rule 3 — 806(d), which contemplates that the documents submitted to support a judgment on affidavit pass muster under the business records exception, apply to a contested small claim proceeding?

2. Did the trial courts abuse their discretion when they considered business records and hearsay evidence in entering judgment for the plaintiffs in the present cases?

3. Did the trial courts commit clear error when they found in favor of the Plaintiffs in the present cases?

We shall hold that in pursuing a judgment on affidavit, involving a small or large claim, a debt buyer plaintiff must produce certain documents, as contemplated by Rule 3 — 306(d), sufficient to pass muster under the business records exception. Once a small claim action is contested and proceeds to a trial on the merits, the parties are not constrained by the Rules of Evidence, as contemplated by Rule 3-701.3

*263I. INTRODUCTION

Generally, in debt buyer cases, the debts sued upon arise from consumer credit, such as credit card accounts and other unsecured debts. In the typical debt buying situation, a debtor has an account with a large bank or credit card company (the “original creditor”), and at some point the debtor ceases to make payments on the account. Although the original creditor may intend to collect on the delinquent account, in cases where the amount owed is relatively small or unlikely to be paid without collection efforts, the original creditor may “charge off’4 that account. In other words, the original creditor may not desire to prosecute a claim against the debtor because it deems the debt “uncollectible.” A “debt buyer” can buy these “charged-off’ debts from the original creditor at a low price, often mere pennies on the dollar, and often in bulk, and then go about collecting the account balance from the debtor.

In Maryland, many debt buyers file their collection actions in the District Court, seeking a judgment on affidavit pursuant to Rule 3-306. According to one study, in 99% of debt collection cases surveyed, the debt buyer plaintiff obtained a judgment against a defendant debtor without a trial. See Peter A. Holland, Junk Justice: A Statistical Analysis of U,JJ)0 Lawsuits Filed by Debt Buyers, 26 Loy. Consumer L.Rev. 179, 187 (2014). Similar studies have found that many debt buyer plaintiffs lack adequate proof and obtain improper *264uncontested judgments as a result, leading to calls for substantial debt collection reform in the United States. See, e.g., U.S. Fed. Trade Comm’n, Repairing a Broken System: Protecting Consumers in Litigation and Arbitration (2010).

In response to this growing problem, in 2011, this Court’s Standing Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure (“the Rules Committee”) proposed amendments to Rule 3-306, to become effective January 1, 2012. The Rules Committee’s 171st Report explained that “[t]hese amendments [to Rule 3-306 were] designed to address a problem that has received national attention ..., namely, the flood of thousands of judgment by affidavit cases filed-in the District Court by companies that purchase, usually in bulk and with little supporting documentation, consumer debt that has been charged off by the original creditor.” Specifically, the Rules Committee explained:

The major thrust of the proposed amendments is in a new section (d), which deals specifically with claims arising from assigned consumer debt. With respect to those claims, (1) the affidavit must contain averments or be accompanied by documents that (i) more adequately establish the existence and identification of the debt and the plaintiffs ownership of the debt and (ii) provide specific information if the account was charged off, other information if the account was not charged off, particular information if the claim is based on a future services contract, and information regarding the licensure of the plaintiff debt buyer, and (2) subject to an exception, if there was a document evidencing the terms and conditions to which the consumer debt was subject, a certified or authenticated copy of that document must be attached.

Accordingly, the Rule as amended was intended to raise the requirements for debt buyer plaintiffs to prove their claim before the trial judge grants a judgment on affidavit. It is this Rule and subsequent amendment, adopted by the Court, that is the primary subject of the instant appeals.

*265II. FACTS

A. Bartlett v. Portfolio Recovery Associates

Respondent Portfolio Recovery Associates, LLC (“PRA”) filed a small claim action in the District Court, sitting in Baltimore City, on October 3, 2012, to recover $2,897.88 against Petitioner Rainford G. Bartlett (“Bartlett”), arising originally from a delinquent credit card account with Chase Bank USA, N.A. (“Chase”). Bartlett’s account became delinquent after he failed to make monthly payments or honor special payment arrangements offered to him by Chase. Bartlett’s purchases on his Chase credit card were in excess of the $2500 limit by January 2009, at which time a 90 day payment delinquency notice was mailed to his home as part of his monthly credit card statement. From February to October 2009, Bartlett made several $40 monthly payments to Chase under a special payment program. After Bartlett’s failure to make any payments after October 2009, Chase charged-off Bartlett’s account. In June 2011, PRA purchased Bartlett’s delinquent account as part of a package of debts sold directly to it by Chase.

Along with its complaint, PRA filed a form affidavit and Assigned Consumer Debt Checklist, and attached three exhibits. Exhibit One was entitled “Proof of Existence of the Debt or Account, Rule 3-306(d)(l),” and consisted of Chase monthly credit card account statements bearing Bartlett’s name, address, and original account number that reflected credit card charges, payments, finance charges and late fee charges on the account. Exhibit Two was entitled “Proof of the Plaintiffs Ownership, Rule 3-306(d)(3)” and consisted of a copy of the Bill of Sale memorializing the June 28, 2011 sale of delinquent accounts from Chase to PRA and an excerpt from the Final Data File referenced in the Bill of Sale and printed from the electronic records PRA received from Chase when it purchased Bartlett’s account. Exhibit Three was titled “Account Charge Off Information, Rule 3-306(d)[ (6) ]” and consisted of PRA’s Statement of Account and Interest Worksheet.

*266Subsequently, Bartlett filed a notice of intention to defend, and following a District Court trial on the merits, judgment was entered in favor of PRA. Bartlett filed a timely notice of appeal pursuant to Rule 7-112, and his appeal was heard de novo in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City on April 24, 2013. Prior to the commencement of trial on the merits in that court, the following colloquy, relevant to this appeal, took place between Bartlett’s counsel and the trial judge concerning the applicability of the Rules of Evidence and Md. Rule 3-306 to the present case:

[Trial Judge]: Is this a small claim action?

[Petitioner’s Counsel]: Yes, Your Honor, it is.

[Trial Judge]: So, the Rules of Evidence don’t apply, do they?

[Petitioner’s Counsel]: Well, we have a different view of that, Your Honor. All of the Rules of Evidence may not apply, except for the basic rule of competency. And competency, at its heart, requires evidence that’s reliable, and can be supported by firsthand knowledge.

[Trial Judge]: I’m not sure it’s anything goes [if the Rules of Evidence don’t apply], but maybe there’s an alternative here because the rules that were created earlier — I guess, last year — for affidavit judgments; one could say, even though they don’t apply once we go to trial — perhaps furnish some guidelines as to what the Court of Appeals thought would be appropriate benchmarks or milestones.

[Petitioner’s Counsel]: You know, your Honor is absolutely right, and this is an argument we make all the time.

[Trial Judge]: Um-hmm.

[Petitioner’s Counsel]: That at trial the standard of proof in a purchased debt account, can be no less than the standard of proof under 3-306, to obtain an Affidavit of Judgment.

[Trial Judge]: [Having sat through all the rule making] proceedings, it’s my recollection — and I apologize for taking up all this time — but you know part of the concern [of] the *267Rules Committee, and I emphasize “part of the concern,” but certainly, a major part of the concern was to establish a standard for judges to make these determinations on affidavit judgments because at that point, there’s nobody opposing the judgment.

[Petitioner’s Counsel]: The defendant is not present, Your Honor.

[Trial Judge]: Right. Now, here, the defendant is present.

[Petitioner’s Counsel]: And the standard can be no less—

[Trial Judge]: Well, I—

[Petitioner’s Counsel]: — for that very reason.

[Trial Judge]: — don’t know about that. I’m saying, if the standard was adopted for the purpose of protecting someone who’s not there—

[Petitioner’s Counsel]: Right.

[Trial Judge]: — maybe it doesn’t apply.

[Trial Judge]: I think what makes sense, is for me to hear all the testimony, and then assess what I think is reliable and probative. And I may be talking about admissibility at that point; I may be talking about weight at that point, but I think it will be faster if we do it that way.

Once the judge proceeded with trial, PRA offered into evidence all the attachments to the original complaint, as well as an Affidavit of Sale from Chase memorializing the sale of Bartlett’s debt to PRA, as well as additional credit card statements from January 2009 to May 2010. David Sage, PRA’s custodian of records, testified about the documents included as exhibits at trial, his knowledge of the business practices of PRA, that he was taught how Chase maintains their records, and the process by which PRA purchased the portfolio of delinquent accounts from Chase. Bartlett also testified at the merits trial, and confirmed that he had a Chase credit card and that he previously received monthly credit card statements at the mailing address reflected in the statements. He further indicated that he recalled receiving a *268letter from PRA stating that it now owned his Chase account and that he had to go to court for the money he owed Chase. Bartlett testified that at one time, the balance on his account was “$2,800 and some dollars.” Following the conclusion of the trial on the merits, the trial judge made his evidentiary rulings and entered judgment in favor of PRA, stating, in pertinent part:

I think ultimately that the rule says that it depends upon the amount of the claim. And given the amount of the claim, that we’re under 3-701____So ultimately, as I say, I am going to admit Plaintiffs Exhibits 1 and 2. And I have, as I say, scrutinized them and compared them to what Rule 3 — 306(d) requires. And I don’t have any question that the Plaintiff has proved by a preponderance of the evidence the existence of the account. The Chase records, and I’ve determined that they are admissible, do reflect, in accordance with 3 — 306(d)(1), the existence of the account and the balance. And as has been averted [sic] to, it is corroborated by Mr. Bartlett’s candid testimony. And I appreciate his candor. That he did have an account with Chase, and they did send him statements, and the balance was something like what was claimed here today. The more difficult question, it seems to me, is the proof of Plaintiff’s ownership. And I’ve gone back and forth on this, but ultimately I conclude that the Bill of Sale does comply with 3-306(d)(3)____So, for those reasons, I find that the Plaintiff has proven by a preponderance of the evidence that it is entitled to recover having proven both the existence of the debt and its ownership of the debt. And I will enter judgment in favor of the Plaintiff for $2,789.18.

Thereafter, Bartlett filed a petition for certiorari,5 which this Court granted on July 3, 2013. Bartlett v. Portfolio Recovery Assoc., 432 Md. 466, 69 A.3d 474 (2013).

*269B. Townsend v. Midland Funding, LLC

Respondent Midland Funding, LLC (“Midland”) filed a small claim action in the District Court, sitting in Baltimore City, on December 22, 2011,6 to recover $1,905.21 plus interest against Petitioner James Townsend (“Townsend”), arising from an unpaid balance on a consumer credit account that Midland purchased from Chase. In support of its claims, Midland attached to its complaint the Affidavit of Ashley Lashinski, a legal specialist with access to the account records of Midland Credit Management, Inc., the account servicer for Midland, stating the amount of the debt owed by Townsend, that Midland is the owner of the debt, and that the account records are maintained in the regular course of business. In addition, Midland attached a copy of a redacted “Bill of Sale” from Chase to Midland indicating that Midland purchased certain accounts from Chase, which included an express warranty as to the accuracy of the documents, but did not specify which accounts were transferred to Midland during this transaction. Midland also attached photocopies of credit card statements from Chase to Townsend, showing the balance due on the account, itemized transactions and previous payments made on the account, and Townsend’s name and address.

Townsend was served with a copy of the complaint and filed a notice of intention to defend on January 23, 2012. A merits trial was to be held in the District Court on November 7, 2012. Counsel for both parties appeared at trial, however Townsend was not present. At trial in the District Court, Midland argued that judgment should be entered in favor of Midland based on the affidavit and supporting documents attached to the complaint, which it offered as evidence at trial. To the contrary, Townsend argued that the case should be dismissed because *270Midland had provided insufficient identification of his account and the documents submitted by Respondent were inadmissible as evidence to prove its claim. The District Court judge issued an Opinion & Order on January 16, 2013, granting judgment in favor of Midland. In its Opinion & Order, the court determined that (1) the account statements were admissible because they were sufficiently authentic, based on the corporate logo and that they were issued to Townsend’s address, and because Rule 3-306 contemplates the use of third party business records, ie., records from the original creditor; and (2) the affidavit plus the account statements from the original creditor established by a preponderance of the evidence that Townsend’s account was transferred to Midland.

Thereafter, Townsend filed a timely notice of appeal to the Circuit Court for Baltimore City pursuant to Md. Rule 7-112. A de novo trial was held in the Circuit Court on May 2, 2013. Counsel for both parties appeared at the de novo trial, however Townsend did not appear and no witnesses were called at trial. Midland submitted as “Exhibit 1” the documents attached to the original complaint. Townsend objected to the admission of the documents based on Rule 3-306, hearsay, and lack of personal knowledge. He further argued that because Rule 3-701 cross-references Rule 5-101, the rules regarding competency still apply even in small claims, and in this case Midland needed a competent witness to introduce documents, which it failed to do because the affiant lacked personal knowledge. Midland responded that the Rules of Evidence do not apply in this small claim case, and therefore the documents are admissible in evidence for the trial judge to consider. At the conclusion of counsel’s arguments, the judge announced that the court would hold the matter sub curia and issue a written opinion.

The Circuit Court filed its Order on May 15, 2013, entering judgment for Midland. In its Order, the court made the following findings:

1. Pursuant to Md. Rules 3-701 and 7-112(d), the Maryland Rules of Evidence (Title 5) do not apply to these small claim proceedings. See Rule 5-101. This [cjourt has deter*271mined to receive and consider the Affidavit of Ashley Lashinski (Plaintiffs Exhibit 1) pursuant to the instruction and guidance of Md. Rule 3-306.

2. With the contents and attachments of [Midland]’s Exhibit 1, over [Townsend]’s objection(s), [Midland] has proven its claim by a preponderance of evidence. Specifically, the Affidavit conforms to the requirements of Md. Rule 3-306 in this “debt buyer” case.

3. [Midland] was “assigned all the rights, title and interest” to [Townsend]’s credit card account with Chase Bank. The account is a consumer debt account at issue as defined in Md. Rule 3-306(a)(3). [Midland] is not the “original creditor” but its claim arises from consumer debt (Rule 3-306(d)).

4. The Affidavit of Ashley Lashinski is expressly found to have established:

a. The existence of [Townsend]’s account and debt by certifying photocopies of several monthly statements showing payments on the account by [Townsend]. Rule 3-306(d)(l);

b. The existence of an unpaid balance due on [Townsend]^ credit card account with Chase Bank in the amount of $1,905.21, without any claim for interest or fees. Rule 3-306(d)(2)(b);

c. [Midland]’s ownership of [Townsend]’s consumer debt upon transfer of the ownership of that debt by the original creditor, Chase Bank, to [Midland], on June 30, 2011, according to the certified copy of the Bill of Sale attached to the Affidavit. Rule 3 — 306(d)(3);

d. The Ashley Lashinsky Affidavit (with account documents) properly includes: the name of the original creditor (Chase Bank); [Townsend]’s full name as it appeared on the original credit card account; the last four digits of [Townsend]’s social security number; the original account number; the nature of the credit card account; and the itemization of money claimed and payments credited from [Townsend]. Rules 3-306(d)(4), (d)(7)[.]

*272Townsend thereafter filed a petition for certiorari with this Court, which we granted on August 14, 2013. Townsend v. Midland Funding, 433 Md. 513, 72 A.3d 172 (2013).

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

In the present cases, we discuss three standards of review. The three standards of review coincide with the three questions before this Court. Our first inquiry, whether the Rules of Evidence apply in debt buyer small claim proceedings, is a question of law. It is well established that pure conclusions of law are reviewed de novo. See Nesbit v. Government Employees Ins. Co., 382 Md. 65, 72, 854 A.2d 879, 883 (2004); J.L. Matthews, Inc. v. Md.-Nat’l Capital Park & Planning Comm’n, 368 Md. 71, 92, 792 A.2d 288, 300 (2002). Accordingly, we shall review de novo the question of whether Md. Rule 3-306(d) requires documentary evidence to pass muster under the business records exception in a small claim proceeding once the case is contested.

Next, we review the Circuit Court judges’ “evidentiary rulings” involving weighing the reliability and probative value of the evidence to determine its admissibility pursuant to the abuse of discretion standard. See Dehn v. Edgecombe, 384 Md. 606, 628, 865 A.2d 603, 616 (2005); McCormack v. Bd. of Educ. of Baltimore Cnty., 158 Md.App. 292, 302, 857 A.2d 159, 164 (2004) (“When the trial judge’s ruling involves a weighing, we apply the more deferential abuse of discretion standard.”). Because, as we shall explain, the Rules of Evidence do not apply in a small claim proceeding, the admissibility of evidence in such circumstances is left to the sound discretion of the trial judge.7 See Goodman v. Commercial Credit Corp., 364 Md. *273483, 491, 773 A.2d 526, 531 (2001) (“Necessarily, when there is no hard and fast rule governing the situation, in arriving at a decision, the trial judge must exercise his or her judicial discretion.... ”). A trial court only “abuses its discretion when it acts without reference to any guiding principles or rules of law or where no reasonable person would take the view adopted by the court.” Matoumba v. State, 390 Md. 544, 552, 890 A.2d 288, 293 (2006); Bern-Shaw Ltd. P’ship v. Mayor of Baltimore, 377 Md. 277, 291, 833 A.2d 502, 510 (2003) (noting “that absent a showing of abuse of [the trial judge’s] discretion, its ruling will not be disturbed on appeal”) (quotations omitted). We point out that “a ruling reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard will not be reversed simply because the appellate court would not have made the same ruling.” North v. North, 102 Md.App. 1, 14, 648 A.2d 1025, 1031-32 (1994).

Finally, we review the judgments of the trial courts for clear error. As stated in our rules, an appellate court “will not set aside a judgment of the trial court on the evidence unless clearly erroneous[.]” Md. Rule 8-131(c); Marwani v. Catering by Uptown, 416 Md. 312, 318-19, 6 A.3d 928, 931 (2010) (reviewing a de novo trial in the Circuit Court on direct appeal from the District Court, and stating that “[t]he Court of Appeals will set aside the judgment of a court based on the factual findings of that court only when those findings are clearly erroneous.”). “The appellate court must consider evidence produced at the trial in a light most favorable to the prevailing party and if substantial evidence was presented to support the trial court’s determination, it is not clearly erroneous and cannot be disturbed.” Ryan v. Thurston, 276 Md. 390, 392, 347 A.2d 834, 835-36 (1975). Ultimately, we conclude that the judges conducting trials de novo in the present cases neither erred nor abused their discretion in entering judgment in favor of Respondents, respectively.

*274IV. DISCUSSION

A. Small Claims

Historically, the purpose of small claims courts is to provide greater access to justice for the public by allowing claims for small amounts of money to be litigated inexpensively and efficiently. See Eric H. Steele, The Historical Context of Small Claims Courts, 6 Am. B. Found. Res. J. 293 (1981) (providing a broad historical background and analysis of small claims courts in the United States). To achieve this goal, small claim cases in Maryland proceed “informally.” That is, “the rules of evidence and procedure in small claims cases are simplified to make it easier for individuals to represent themselves.” Maryland Courts, Small Claims: How to File a Small Claim in the District Court of Maryland, http://www.courts.state.md.us/ district/forms/civil/dccvOOlbr.pdf (last visited April 1, 2014).

By statute, small claims are defined as claims for monetary judgments not exceeding $5,000, and are under the exclusive jurisdiction of the District Court. Md.Code (1973, 2013 Repl. Vol.), § 4-405 of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article. Title 3 of the Maryland Rules governs civil procedure in District Court. Chapter 700 of Title 3 deals with “special proceedings,” which includes small claims. Specifically, Md. Rule 3-701 governs “Small Claim Actions.” Rule 3-701(a) specifies and explains that “[t]he rules of this Title apply to small claim actions, except as provided in this Rule.” Nothing in Rule 3-701 exempts small claims from Rule 3-306 regarding judgments on affidavit, so the procedures outlined therein certainly apply in small claim actions as well as large claim actions. Conduct of trials for small claim actions is governed under subsection 3-701(f), however. It provides that “[t]he court shall conduct the trial of a small claim action in an informal manner. Title 5 of these rules [ (Rules of Evidence) ] does not apply to proceedings under this Rule.” Subsection (f) is plain and unambiguous: the rules of evidence do not apply to a trial in a small claim proceeding.8

*275Under Md. Rule 7-112(d)(2), a judgment entered in the District Court is subject to an appeal to be heard de novo in the circuit court. Like a small claim action in the District Court, the de novo trial in the circuit court “shall [be] conducted] ... in an informal manner, and Title 5 of these rules does not apply to the proceedings,” Rule 7-112(d)(2), “other than those [rules] relating to the competency of witnesses.” Md. Rule 5 — 101(b). Accordingly, the Rules of Evidence codified in Title 5 of the Maryland Rules, except for the rules of competency, do not apply to trial in small claim proceedings, either in the District Court or on “de novo appeal” in the circuit court, provided the claim does not exceed the jurisdictional amount of $5,000.

B. Judgment on Affidavit: Rule 3-306

Maryland Rule 3-306 governs the procedure for judgment on affidavit.9 Pursuant to Rule 3-306, a plaintiff may file a demand for judgment on affidavit with the complaint, and *276must provide an accompanying affidavit and supporting documents showing that the plaintiff is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Sections (b) and (c) of Rule 3-306, as amended and recodified in 2011, codify the general requirements of the documents needed to support a demand for judgment on affidavit. Specifically, Rule 3 — 306(b) provides that “[i]n an action for money damages a plaintiff may file a demand for judgment on affidavit at the time of filing the complaint commencing the action. The complaint shall be supported by an affidavit showing that the plaintiff is entitled to judgment as a matter of law in the amount claimed.” Subsection (c) then outlines the general requirements for an affidavit and supporting documents, applicable to all types of cases, which must be submitted along with the complaint.10 See Goodman, 364 Md. at 489, 773 A.2d at 530 (stating that subsection (a), which is now codified as subsection (c), “prescribes the pleading prerequisites” for a judgment on affidavit).

Next, new subsection (e) provides the procedures for “subsequent proceedings,” and explains how the case will proceed if the action moves beyond the demand for judgment on affidavit stage. Whether the action proceeds beyond the purview of Rule 3-306 depends on how the defendant re*277sponds. See Rule 3-306(e). This procedure was described in Goodman:

The effect of the filing of, or the failure to file, a notice of intention to defend is the subject of [Rule 3-306(e) ]. Subsection [ (e)(1) ] requires the plaintiff to appear in court on the trial date prepared for a trial on the merits. It also prescribes what happens when the defendant fails to appear in court on the trial date, ‘the court may proceed as if the defendant failed to file a timely notice of intention to defend.’ When the defendant does not file a notice of intention to defend, subsection [ (e)(2) ] excuses the plaintiff from appearing for trial on the trial date, permits the court to determine liability and damages on the basis of the complaint, affidavit, and supporting documents and, if they are sufficient to entitle the plaintiff to judgment, requires the court to grant the demand for judgment on affidavit.

Goodman, 364 Md. at 489-90, 773 A.2d at 530-31 (footnote omitted). In other words, if the defendant fails to file a notice of intention to defend pursuant to Rule 3-307,11 the trial judge *278evaluates the merits of the plaintiffs case based solely on the complaint, affidavit, and accompanying documents. The Rule also provides that the court may proceed as if no notice of intention to defend was filed if the defendant fails to appear at trial, despite filing a timely notice of intention to defend. See Rule 3-306(e)(l). Under those circumstances, then, if the trial judge is satisfied that the documents establish the merits of the plaintiffs claim and the defendant’s liability, the judge may grant judgment on affidavit in favor of the plaintiff.

On the other hand, if the defendant files a timely notice of intention to defend under Rule 3-307, he or she is entitled to a trial on the merits and Rule 3-306(e)(l) expressly requires the plaintiff to “appear in court on the trial date prepared for a trial on the merits.” The matter then proceeds to trial pursuant to the applicable rules. For small claim actions, the trial is conducted pursuant to Rule 3-701. As required by Rule 3 — 701(f), “[t]he court shall conduct the trial of a small claim in an informal manner[, and] Title 5 of these rules does not apply” (except for the rules regarding competency of witnesses). Therefore, once the small claim action proceeds to trial, the parties are not constrained by the Rules of Evidence.

Rule 3-306 in Debt Buyer Cases

The 2011 amendment to Rule 3-306 added a special provision relating to debt buyer cases. See One Hundred Seventy-First Report of the Standing Committee on Rules of Practice *279and Procedure, 8 (July 1, 2011) (“The major thrust of the proposed amendments is in a new section (d), which deals specifically with claims arising from assigned consumer debt.”). The new subsection (d) requires debt buyer plaintiffs to provide additional documents with its complaint and affidavit to satisfy the “Assigned Consumer Debt Checklist.” Rule 3-306(d) provides in pertinent part:

(d) If Claim Arises from Assigned Consumer Debt. If the claim arises from consumer debt and the plaintiff is not the original creditor, the affidavit also shall include or be accompanied by (i) the items listed in this section, and (ii) an Assigned Consumer Debt Checklist, substantially in the form prescribed by the Chief Judge of the District Court, listing the items and information supplied in or with the affidavit in conformance with this Rule. Each document that accompanies the affidavit shall be clearly numbered as an exhibit and referenced by number in the Checklist.

(1) Proof of the Existence of the Debt or Account. Proof of the existence of the debt or account shall be made by a certified or otherwise properly authenticated photocopy or original of at least one of the following:

(A) a document signed by the defendant evidencing the debt or the opening of the account;

(B) a bill or other record reflecting purchases, payments, or other actual use of a credit card or account by the defendant; or

(C) an electronic printout or other documentation from the original creditor establishing the existence of the account and showing purchases, payments, or other actual use of a credit card or account by the defendant.

In essence, subsection (d) provides “heightened pleading and evidentiary requirements” for the documents submitted in all assigned consumer debt cases. See Jan I. Berlage, Ronald S. Canter & William M. Rudow, Nuts and Bolts of Collection Law 65 (2012). In order to succeed by judgment on affidavit in a debt buyer case, the plaintiff must submit the documents required by the Rule. Specifically, the plaintiff must produce a “certified or otherwise properly authenticated photocopy or *280original” document proving the existence of the debt. Md. Rule 3-306(d). Based on the language of the Rule and a comment by Judge Wilner, Chairman of the Rules Committee, during this Court’s adoption of the amendment to Rule 3-306, requiring a “certified or otherwise properly authenticated” document means that those documents must satisfy the business records exception to the hearsay rule. See Transcript of Rules Committee Meeting July 1, 2011, at 94-95 (“What we mean by certified or authenticated copy, is what would pass muster under the business records exception to the hearsay rule.”). As expressed in the Rules Committee’s Report, the purpose of the 2011 amendment was to prevent debt buyers from obtaining a judgment without properly serving debtors and to make it more difficult for debt buyers to prove their case when it is uncontested, ie., when judgment on affidavit is the preferred procedure. Therefore, the amendment to Rule 3-306 not only set forth a heightened pleading requirement in that specific documents must now be presented in order for a debt buyer plaintiff to obtain a judgment on affidavit, but also in that those specific documents must pass muster under the business records exception to the hearsay rule.

To be clear, Rule 3-306 is a rule of procedure, not a rule of evidence. In assigned consumer debt cases, subsections (b), (c), and (d) describe the burden on the plaintiff to prepare and submit the complaint, demand for judgment on affidavit, and required supporting documentation in order to be successful in obtaining a judgment on affidavit. As we have explained, the next step in the case depends on whether the defendant files a notice of intention to defend. See Rule 3-306(e). If the defendant fails to respond by filing a timely notice of intention to defend, or the defendant files a timely notice of intention to defend but fails to appear at trial,12 the trial judge will evaluate the merits of the debt buyer plaintiffs *281case based on the affidavit and accompanying documents under the purview of Rule 3-306(d). If the judge is satisfied that the plaintiff met its burden, the court may then grant judgment on affidavit in favor of the plaintiff.

On the other hand, if the defendant files a notice of intention to defend and contests the case, the case proceeds to a trial on the merits. In a small claim action, as here, the trial proceeds pursuant to Rule 3-701. As required by Rule 3-701(f), the “court shall conduct the trial of a small claim in an informal manner[, and] Title 5 of these rules does not apply” (except for the rules regarding competency of witnesses). Therefore, once the small claim action moves beyond the demand for judgment on affidavit stage, the plaintiff will have to present evidence at trial to prove that the defendant owes the debt to the plaintiff, but will not be constrained by the Rules of Evidence in doing so. This is true for all small claims, including a debt buyer case.13 Therefore, in a debt *282buyer small claim action, once the case is contested, the plaintiff need not conform its proffer to the Rules of Evidence. Specifically, in this context, hearsay evidence need not pass muster under the business records exception in order to be admissible.14 Notwithstanding the pleading requirements of Rule 3-306(d) as they relate to the grant of a judgment on affidavit, the evidence must satisfy the trier of fact (in a small claim proceeding in District Court or in Circuit Court pursuant to a de novo appeal) that it possesses sufficient indicia of reliability.

As we previously noted, the purpose of Rule 3-701’s informality requirement is to make small claim actions accessible for all, whether represented by counsel or self-represented. To require otherwise would make it substantially more *283difficult for self-represented defendants to participate in debt buyer proceedings such as these. If we were to require that evidence introduced at a small claim merit trial must satisfy a hearsay exception, this would call for the unrepresented public to be familiar with, and apply, the Rules of Evidence. This would be in contradiction to the very purpose underlying small claim proceedings, i.e., that they be conducted in an informal manner to simplify the proceedings for self-represented parties. This Court should not draw a distinction in the contested small claims context between an institutional plaintiff and an unsophisticated defendant, and therefore, we will not require only one of the parties to introduce into evidence documents that satisfy the business records exception. Accordingly, the admissibility of evidence in a small claim action, including debt buyer cases, is left to the sound discretion of the trial judge, who is able to weigh, in an informal manner, the reliability and probative value of the evidence before him or her, as well as the arguments and defenses presented by the parties.

V. MERITS

In the instant cases, the defendants both filed a notice of intention to defend, and each case proceeded to a trial on the merits. Either the defendant or defendant’s counsel appeared at the separate trials. The trial judges, respectively, rendered judgment after hearing arguments and accepting evidence on the merits. Thus, the prevailing plaintiffs did not obtain judgments on affidavit under Rule 3-306, but rather, prevailed under the procedural rules governing small claim actions (Rule 3-701 in District Court and Rule 7-112 in Circuit Court pursuant to a de novo appeal). Because the Rules of Evidence do not apply in the instant situations and because of the informal nature of a small claim proceeding, a trial court is tasked only with weighing the reliability and credibility of the evidence before it, and then considering such evidence on a discretionary basis when making its determination. See Goodman, 364 Md. at 491, 773 A.2d at 531 (“Necessarily, when there is no hard and fast rule governing the situation, in arriving at a decision, the trial judge must exercise his or her *284judicial discretion and the resulting decision is reviewed for the soundness and reasonableness with which the discretion was exercised.”); In re Billy W., 387 Md. at 434, 875 A.2d at 751 (holding that, where the Rules of Evidence were not strictly applied, the trial judge “must evaluate whether evidence proffered for admission is sufficiently reliable and probative prior to its admission”); cf. Della Ratta v. Dyas, 414 Md. 556, 583-84, 996 A.2d 382, 398 (2010) (quoting State v. Smith, 374 Md. 527, 533-34, 823 A.2d 664, 668 (2003) (“Weighing the credibility of witnesses and resolving any conflicts in the evidence are tasks proper for the fact finder.”)). We review the judge’s weighing of the evidence here for an abuse of discretion.

To address the contention that the trial judges abused their discretion in considering some of the evidence before them, we note that a significant portion of the evidence before the respective courts consisted of bank records submitted by Respondents. We recognize generally that bank records are a form of business records, and that “[t]he trustworthiness and reliability of any business record arises from the fact that entries recording an act or event are made in the regular course of business and it is the regular course of business to record those entries at the time of that act or event or soon thereafter.” State v. Garlick, 313 Md. 209, 222, 545 A.2d 27, 33 (1988) (quotations omitted) (noting that the business records exception applies to both civil and criminal cases). This Court has recognized that bank records, particularly when the bank has no stake in the outcome of the litigation, have a strong indicia of reliability, Chapman v. State, 331 Md. 448, 459, 628 A.2d 676, 682 (1993), so it follows that such documents could carry substantial weight with the trial court.

Moreover, it is well-established that a custodian of business records does not have to be the custodian “who was such at the time the record was made.” Killen v. Houser, 251 Md. 70, 76, 246 A.2d 580, 583 (1968). To be sure, “there is no requirement that the witness have first-hand knowledge of the matter reported or that the witness actually have prepared or *285observed the preparation of the report.” Dep’t of Pub. Safety & Corr. Servs. v. Cole, 342 Md. 12, 29, 672 A.2d 1115, 1123 (1996). If this were not the case, the business records exception “would lose much of its utility and effectiveness.” Killen, 251 Md. at 76, 246 A.2d at 583. Because the admissibility of the evidence in these small claims cases is left to the sound discretion of the trial judge, the outcomes in the two cases under review depends on the reliability and credibility of the evidence presented at trial. We also review the judgments rendered by the Circuit Courts for clear error.

A. Bartlett v. Portfolio Recovery Associates, LLC

PRA filed its complaint against Bartlett after the effective date of the amendments to Rule 3-306(d).15 In order to succeed on a demand for judgment on affidavit, then, the documents filed by PRA with its complaint, namely the form affidavit and Assigned Consumer Debt Checklist and supporting documents, had to comply with the heightened pleading requirements set forth in the amendment to Rule 3-306(d). Bartlett filed a timely notice of intention to defend, however; hence the case proceeded as a contested small claim action rather than as a demand for judgment on affidavit. Both the plaintiff and defendant appeared at the merit trial before the District Court judge and again at the trial de novo on the merits in the Circuit Court. We shall hold that the Circuit Court did not abuse its discretion and that there was no clear error in entering judgment for the plaintiff in the present case.

As detailed extensively in Section II.A. of this opinion, the evidence before the Circuit Court judge was as follows: documents including (1) an Affidavit of Sale from a Chase attorney stating Bartlett’s account was sold to PRA, (2) a Bill of Sale, (3) a Final Data File, (4) Chase monthly credit card statements from January 2009 to May 2010, and (5) PRA’s Account Charge Off Information; and testimony from (1) David Sage, *286PRA’s custodian of records (“Sage”), and (2) the debtor, Rainford Bartlett.

To be sure, at a minimum, Bartlett’s monthly credit card statements are considered bank records. Not only do such records have a strong indicia of reliability, but the trial judge evaluated the documents before him under the “guideposts” of Rule 3-306. He stated that “one could look to the provisions of [Rule] 3-306(d) as sort of a guidepost for what the proof has to show [a]nd I’ve been considering the evidence in light of that.” Under that standard, the judge concluded that the documents produced were in fact admissible in accordance with 3 — 306(d), despite the fact that they need not be admissible in accordance with this Rule in the small claims context. He elaborated that the more difficult question to satisfy was whether PRA owned the debt in question, but ultimately concluded that the Bill of Sale complied with 3-306(d) as well, and this document was also considered when making his determination. Although compliance with Rule 3-306(d) is not required in either a trial on the merits in a small claim proceeding in District Court or appeal of a small claim action to be heard de novo in the circuit court, there was no abuse of discretion when the Circuit Court judge considered the heightened pleading standard in order to guide his review of the evidence in this case.

Moreover, the judge noted that while he did not find some aspects of Sage’s testimony persuasive, the parts of Sage’s testimony that demonstrated “a more precise knowledge” of some of the data provided “was credible and persuasive, and satisfied the preponderance of the evidence test.” Indeed, while Sage did not have personal knowledge of all aspects of the debt buying process he was testifying about, personal knowledge is not always necessary in this context. The judge clearly exercised his discretion when considering the reliability of such testimony. Even if the documents and Sage’s testimony alone were not sufficient, the addition of Bartlett’s testimony was sufficient to satisfy PRA’s burden of proof. The judge compared Bartlett’s “candid testimony” to support facts put forth in the documents and in Sage’s testimony in order to *287weigh their credibility. Because the judge referenced “guiding principles or rules of law” and a reasonable person could reach the same conclusion, we hold that there was no abuse of discretion in the instant case.

We shall also hold that in light of the evidence presented, there was no clear error in entering judgment in favor of the plaintiff. The court determined that Bartlett was liable for payment of the debt at issue based on the evidence before the court, which included the documents submitted by PRA and the testimony of both PRA’s custodian of records and of the debtor himself. Accordingly, we shall affirm the judgment of the Circuit Court in Bartlett v. PRA.

B. Townsend v. Midland Funding, LLC

As a threshold matter, Midland filed its complaint prior to January 1, 2012, and therefore, the heightened pleading requirements of Rule 3 — 306(d) as amended did not apply. Nevertheless, the judges in both the District Court trial and the de novo trial in the Circuit Court indicated that they considered Rule 3-306 as a guideline and further concluded that the documents satisfied the requirements of Rule 3-306 as amended in 2011.16 In any event, as explained below, because the action proceeded to a trial on the merits, we shall hold that the Circuit Court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the evidence offered at trial and did not commit error in entering judgment for the plaintiff after weighing the evidence in the case.

In this case, Midland filed with its complaint and demand for judgment on affidavit, (1) the Affidavit of Ashley Lashinski, legal specialist with access to account records of Midland Credit Management, Inc., the account servicer for Midland, *288stating the amount of the debt owed, that Midland is the owner of the debt, and that the records are maintained in the regular course of business; (2) a copy of a redacted Bill of Sale from Chase to Midland; and (3) copies of credit card statements from the original creditor showing the balance due and Townsend’s mailing address. Townsend filed a notice of intention to defend and the case proceeded to a trial on the merits. Although Townsend did not attend, his counsel appeared on his behalf at the District Court trial and again at the Circuit Court trial de novo.

At the trial de novo in the Circuit Court, Midland offered as evidence the documents attached to its complaint, namely, the Affidavit of Ashley Lashinski, the “Bill of Sale” from Chase to Midland, and the photocopies of Townsend’s credit card account statements. The court correctly concluded that “the Maryland Rules of Evidence (Title 5) do not apply to these small claim proceedings” and “determined to receive and consider” the evidence offered by Midland. As we have discussed, in this small claim case the admission of the evidence was within the trial judge’s discretion. We conclude that it was not an abuse of discretion for the court to admit Midland’s affidavit and supporting documents, where the court had “determined to receive and consider [the affidavit and supporting documents] pursuant to the instruction and guidance of Md. Rule 3-306.” To be sure, a “reasonable person would take the view adopted by the trial court” and would conclude that the rulings were not “clearly against the logic and effect of facts and inferences before the court.” North v. North, 102 Md.App. 1, 13, 648 A.2d 1025, 1031 (1994) (citations and quotations omitted). Contrary to the views espoused in the dissenting opinion in this case, it would be inappropriate for this Court to reverse the judgment of the Circuit Court simply because members of this Court would not reach the same conclusions. See id.

Although the signed but redacted “Bill of Sale” was not reliable evidence of the purchase of the Chase account, the Affidavit of Ashley Lashinski was sufficiently reliable evidence. Her affidavit was “based upon personal knowledge of *289[the] account records maintained on [Midland’s] behalf” by Midland Credit Management, Inc., the account servicer. In addition, Lashinski’s affidavit references Townsend’s Chase account and the account number. The last four digits of that account number appear in each of the eighteen separate billing statements attached to Midland’s Exhibit One and issued by Chase to Townsend. The statements show the account summary and account activity, including the payment date, new balance, past due amount, and minimum payment due. We note further that the defendant did not attend or participate in the trial. Had he participated, the judge would have had the additional benefit of any evidence the defendant wished to present. Under the circumstances, however, all the judge had to consider was the plaintiffs evidence and the argument of defense counsel. Accordingly, the plaintiff should not be penalized because the defendant failed or refused to participate in the proceedings.

Townsend contends that because Ashley Lashinski’s assertions are hearsay, the Circuit Court committed reversible error by admitting Exhibit One (Affidavit and supporting documents).17 This is not correct. Hearsay evidence is ad*290missible in small claim proceedings. A live witness at trial seems to be always preferable, but, in the context of small claims, the presence of a witness is not always necessary. The trial judge, in the exercise of his or her discretion, must weigh the reliability of the evidence in the case. We are satisfied that the evidence before the Circuit Court judge taken as a whole, with the exception of the Bill of Sale, was sufficiently reliable for the judge to admit it, and to conclude that Midland purchased the debt and that Townsend owed a principle balance of $1,905.21 as of the date of the trial.

Finally, there was no clear error in entering judgment in favor of the plaintiff, where the court found that “[w]ith the contents and attachments of Plaintiffs Exhibit 1, over Defendant’s objection(s), the Plaintiff has proven its claim by a preponderance of the evidence. Specifically, the Affidavit conforms to the requirements of Md. Rule 3-306 in this ‘debt buyer’ case.” Although the court is not bound by the heightened pleading requirements of Rule 3-306(d) in a contested small claim proceeding, it did not err in using 3-306(d) as a guide in its disposition of this case. The trial judge expressly found that the documents presented at trial demonstrated both the existence of Townsend’s debt and Midland’s ownership of the debt. In light of the evidence presented, the judge’s consideration of the reliability and weight of the evidence before her, and the absence of any rebuttal evidence by Respondent, who chose not to attend or testify at trial, we find no clear error on the part of the trial judge. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the Circuit Court for Baltimore City in both cases under review.18

*291JUDGMENTS OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR BALTIMORE CITY AFFIRMED. COSTS TO BE PAID BY PETITIONERS.

ADKINS and McDONALD, JJ., concur and dissent.

WATTS, J., concurs.

concurring in the judgment in part and dissenting in part, which ADKINS, J., joins.

I would decide these two appeals differently. The purchase of a debt from the original creditor and the pursuit of its collection in the District Court is a legitimate economic enterprise. But the prosecution of a collection action by a debt buyer should conform to the standards of fairness normally required by our rules and constitutions. My disagreement with the Majority arises from three considerations.

Some Considerations in Deciding These Cases

Whether There are Different Standards of Proof for Summary Disposition and Trial

The summary disposition rule in the District Court — i.e., judgment by affidavit under Maryland Rule 3-306 — spells out specific requirements for the contents of affidavits in debt buyer cases.1 These requirements were explicitly designed to satisfy the business records exception to the hearsay rule,2 a principle that is not only codified in Maryland Rule 5-803(6), but that has long been a part of the common law as well as other statutes and rules.3 Thus, as the Majority opinion *292acknowledges,4 a debt buyer plaintiff must satisfy the business records exception to prevail if a defendant does not respond to the complaint. As the Majority opinion also acknowledges,5 if the defendant files a notice of intention to defend but fails to appear for trial, the court is still to consider whether the debt buyer plaintiff has met the requirements of Rule 3-306. See Maryland Rules 3-306(e), 3-509(a).

Under the Majority’s approach, it is only when the defendant puts the debt buyer plaintiff to its proof that the rules are relaxed for the plaintiff. It is not self-evident why there would be a lesser standard of proof when the allegations of the complaint are contested and a trial must be held at which the plaintiff still bears the burden of proof. I would not relax the normal standard of proof when the plaintiffs case depends entirely on the reliability of certain records, some of which originated with the plaintiff and some of which the plaintiff purchased from a third party, and about which there may be legitimate questions as to their trustworthiness.

Whether Bank Records are Always Inherently Reliable

Second, in affirming the judgments in these cases, the Majority opinion notes that this Court in Chapman v. State, 331 Md. 448, 628 A.2d 676 (1993), characterized bank records as having “strong indicia of reliability.” Majority op. at p. 284, 91 A.3d at 1144. That case was a criminal prosecution in which the bank was simply a witness and had no stake in the outcome — unlike a collection case involving a debt allegedly owed to a bank.6 Indeed, this Court made just that point in Chapman:

While it is true that documents that parties prepare for the purpose of litigation are often suspect because of their *293apparent self-serving ends, such is not the case when a bank completes an affidavit of account status [in a bad check prosecution]. There is no enhanced motive for insincerity or fabrication under these circumstances. This is not a case where a party to the litigation generates a document for self-serving means.... The bank has neither a position to advocate nor a stake in the outcome of a criminal trial.

Chapman v. State, 331 Md. at 464, 628 A.2d 676 (emphasis added) (citations omitted).

As the Federal Trade Commission has found, banks that sell debt accounts to debt buyers often disclaim the reliability of the records and accounts that they are providing to the debt buyer. Federal Trade Commission, The Structure and Practices of the Debt Buying Industry (2013) at p. 25; see also Holland, Junk Justice: A Statistical Analysis of 4,400 Lawsuits Filed by Debt Buyers, 26 Loyola Consumer L.Rev. 179, 193-94 & nn. 45, 50 (2014). It seems odd to accord special reliability to those records when the business that actually created and maintained them may have disclaimed their reliability.

In addition, in Chapman and in the other cases cited by the Majority opinion involving business records, the courts appropriately qualified their holdings by noting that records that otherwise satisfy the conditions of the business records exception are not admissible if circumstances concerning their source or preparation indicate that they lack “trustworthiness.” 7 As this Court has frequently stated, the key mechanism for testing trustworthiness in our adversary system is cross-examination.8

Whether There Should be an Opportunity for Cross-Examination

Finally, under the Majority’s approach, a defendant may be precluded from any opportunity to cross-examine the plain*294tiffs witnesses. It is true that small claims trials under Rule 3-701 are to be conducted informally, but that does not mean that “anything goes” — in particular, that a party that has the burden of proof can avoid having any of its evidence tested through cross-examination. As the Majority opinion notes, the primary purpose of small claims courts is to provide greater access to justice. Majority op. at pp. 273-74, 91 A.3d at 1138. That goal involves not only increasing the efficiency of the judicial system, but also “increasing the access of the poor to equal justice.” Eric H. Steele, The Historical Context of Small Claims Courts, 6 Am. B. Found. Res. J. 293 (1981). Rule 3-701, and its predecessor rule,9 was designed to permit the efficient resolution of small claims in which one or both parties were without lawyers, and thereby to make the justice system more accessible for low income and unrepresented parties. It was not meant to allow institutional parties to shield themselves from cross-examination.10

In sum, we should not decide these cases by according special reliability to the business records offered by one party to a dispute, particularly when they belong to a third party and there may be a legitimate question as to their accuracy, and certainly not without the possibility of cross-examination.11 These considerations bring me to the same place as the Court in one case, but to a different outcome in the second case.

*295 Deciding These Cases

Bartlett

In the trial of the Bartlett case, Mr. Bartlett himself was called as a witness by PRA in its own case. He conceded the existence and the amount of his debt to Chase Bank. In light of this corroboration, there is no reason to doubt the accuracy of the information set forth in the records from Chase Bank.

A representative of PRA also testified and was cross-examined concerning PRA’s records in the Circuit Court. The Circuit Court itself noted that PRA’s witness was present and subject to cross-examination. Trial Transcript at p. 16 (“You have the full ability to plumb the testimony and expose whether it’s based upon reliable and probative evidence, or not.”). In finding that PRA had proven its ownership of Mr. Bartlett’s debt to Chase Bank, the Circuit Court relied on the testimony of PRA’s representative, although the Court expressed skepticism about some aspects of that testimony. Id. at p. 129.

In light of the corroborating evidence of the debt, it was not necessary for PRA to prove its existence and amount solely through the business records of Chase Bank. The witness sponsoring PRA’s business records testified and was available for cross-examination. The conclusions drawn by the Circuit Court were not clearly erroneous. Accordingly, I would affirm the judgment of the Circuit Court, although not on the basis stated in the Majority opinion.

Townsend

The Townsend case is a different matter.

Midland appeared at trial in both the District Court and the Circuit Court without any witnesses and attempted to prove its case simply by submitting an affidavit and copies of various documents. The affidavit of its absent agent — Ashley Lashinski, an employee of a Midland affiliate — did not specifically identify the documents that comprised Midland’s proof, perhaps because those documents differed in the two courts.12

*296One of the key exhibits that accompanied the affidavit in both courts was a redacted “bill of sale” that purportedly documented the sale of certain debts by Chase Bank, including the debt attributed to Mr. Townsend, to Midland. This bill of sale was apparently an exhibit to a purchase and sale agreement that was not itself submitted to the courts below.13 While the bill of sale recites statements similar to the requirements of the business records rule, it is not an affidavit, the statements are not made under oath, and it is not clear to whom those statements are to be attributed — i.e., who would be cross-examined by a defendant who wished to test the truth of those assertions. In any event, the redacted bill of sale submitted with Ms. Lashinski’s affidavit contained no reference to Mr. Townsend’s account — or any other account, for that matter.14

The District Court judge noted the gap in Midland’s proof— none of the records submitted in the District Court actually documented that Mr. Townsend’s debt had been sold to Midland — but was willing to find that Midland had covered that gap, by a preponderance of the evidence, through a reference to Mr. Townsend’s Chase account number in Ms. Lashinski’s affidavit. The Circuit Court similarly relied on Ms. Lashinski’s affidavit to conclude that Midland had satisfied the requirements of Rule 3-30615 and proven its claim by a *297preponderance of the evidence. Thus, even if one accepted the proffered bank records as business records of Chase Bank simply because they contained a bank logo, they could not advance Midland’s claim without the testimony of Ms. Lashinski, who did not appear at either trial and therefore was not subject to cross-examination.

The Majority opinion only briefly addresses the possibility that due process would require an opportunity to cross-examine Ms. Lashinski, citing the Bo Peep case for the proposition that an administrative agency may base a decision on hearsay evidence. Majority op. at pp. 289-90 n. 17, 91 A.3d at 1147-48 n. 17 citing Maryland Department of Human Resources v. Bo Peep Day Nursery, 317 Md. 573, 565 A.2d 1015 (1989). In Bo Peep, the hearsay evidence consisted of certain statements made by children concerning acts of abuse allegedly committed against them. However, in contrast to this case, in Bo Peep the adult witnesses who introduced that hearsay into evidence were all subject to significant cross-examination at the hearing, as the Bo Peep opinion recounts at some length. See Bo Peep, 317 Md. at 586-95, 565 A.2d 1015. Indeed, in Bo Peep this Court favorably contrasted the procedures in the case before it — in which there was cross-examination — with another case in which there was “no opportunity for cross examination” and the proceedings thereby lacked “fundamental fairness.” Bo Peep, 317 Md. at 598-601, 565 A.2d 1015 describing Rogers v. Radio Shack, 271 Md. 126, 314 A.2d 113 (1974). In Mr. Townsend’s case, no one from Midland was available for cross-examination. If the trial of this case had proceeded similarly to the administrative hearing in Bo Peep, Ms. Lashinski (like the adult witnesses in Bo Peep through whom the hearsay was admitted) would have been available for cross-examination when she laid the foundation for the introduction of hearsay statements in the Midland and Chase Bank records under the business records exception.

On its face, Ms. Lashinski’s affidavit raises some obvious questions that might be explored on cross-examination. Her affidavit speaks generally of her familiarity with Midland’s records and makes certain assertions about amounts owed by *298Mr. Townsend to Chase Bank, but says nothing specifically about the bill of sale or other documents attached to her affidavit. Nor does her affidavit indicate whether Midland has records related to the account that were not attached to the complaint or her affidavit — e.g., the purchase and sale agreement for which the bill of sale identifies itself as an “exhibit”— and whether the omitted records contain any disclaimers or other representations concerning the accounts or the records.

It may be that Ms. Lashinski could have answered any questions that Mr. Townsend’s counsel might have posed in a way that advanced Midland’s case. But we do not know because, without a witness to cross-examine, the defendant never had that opportunity.16 Under the Majority’s holding, an affidavit that failed to provide sufficient support for summary disposition under Rule 3-306 could be used to prevail at trial without affording the defendant any opportunity to cross-examine the affiant or other representative of the plaintiff, who has the burden of proof, about the defects in the affidavit. As federal courts have noted in two recent cases involving Midland, when the documentary evidence of a sale of a debt is incomplete, “the possibility of a debt collector attempting to collect a debt that it does not actually own, either through assignment or otherwise, is very real.” Henggeler v. Brumbaugh & Quandahl, P.C., LLO, 894 F.Supp.2d 1180, 1188 (D.Neb. 2012) quoting Webb v. Midland Credit Management, Inc., 2012 WL 2022013 (N.D.Ill. 2012) at *5 n. 8. Even if the statements in the Lashinski affidavit had been sufficient to *299admit all of the records under the business records exception, the defendant should have an opportunity to cross-examine a witness who establishes the prerequisites to the business records exception. Accordingly, I would reverse the judgment in the Townsend case and remand for a new trial.

Summary

It may be that, in most debt buyer cases, the defendant owes the debt and the debt buyer owns the debt. But that is not a reason to discard the normal standards of proof, forgive gaps in the debt buyer’s own records, and treat certain bank records as infallible, particularly when a bank itself may have disclaimed their accuracy. It is ironic that a trial process designed to allow unrepresented lay people to find justice in the legal system, and a rule on summary disposition designed to require debt buyer plaintiffs to satisfy the business records exception to the hearsay rule, have been transformed into a streamlined debt collection process under which a sophisticated institutional litigant avoids even the possibility that its evidence will be subject to testing by cross-examination.

Judge ADKINS joins this opinion.

concurring.

Respectfully, I concur in the judgment in both cases, Bartlett v. Portfolio Recovery Associates, and Townsend v. Midland Funding, but I write separately to explain my reasons.

Like the Majority, I conclude that Rule 3-306 sets forth the requirements for obtaining a judgment on affidavit, not the requirements for prevailing at a trial. Upon the filing of a timely notice of intention to defend pursuant to Rule 3-306(e)(1), the case proceeds as any other small claims action, and, pursuant to Rule 3-701(f), the District Court would conduct the trial in an informal manner, and Title 5, the Rules of Evidence, would not apply.1 A de novo appeal of the *300District Court’s decision is similarly handled in an informal manner, and the Rules of Evidence do not apply. See Md. R. 7-112(d)(2) (“If the action in the District Court was tried under Rule 3-701, ... the circuit court shall conduct the trial de novo in an informal manner, and Title 5 of these rules does not apply to the proceedings.”). It is undisputed that a contested small claims trial is conducted informally and the Rules of Evidence (except the Rules applicable to the competency of witnesses) do not apply.

Bartlett

I agree that this Court should affirm the judgment of the circuit court, but not for the reasons stated in the Majority opinion. Like the Majority, I conclude that the circuit court did not err in admitting the documents included in PRA’s Exhibits 1 and 2, over Bartlett’s objection that the documents failed to satisfy Rule 5 — 803(b)(6). Because the Rules of Evidence do not apply in contested small claims cases, whether the documents included in PRA’s Exhibits 1 and 2 were hearsay or excepted hearsay under Rule 5-803(b)(6) was simply not a determination that was before the circuit court.

The circuit court did not err in admitting PRA’s Exhibits 1 and 2 — which included records from the original creditor, Chase — over Bartlett’s objection that Sage lacked personal knowledge of the creation and maintenance of the records. As discussed by the majority, an alleged lack of personal knowledge did not render Sage incompetent to testify or to serve as the proponent of the documents in the small claims trial, as a witness’s personal knowledge is distinct from the witness’s competency.

But PRA raises a point that the Majority does not address. PRA contends that, if the Rules of Evidence were applicable, under Md.Code Ann., Cts. & Jud. Proc. (1973, 2013 Repl. Vol.) (“CJP”) § 10-101, in a small claims action, a sponsoring *301witness with personal knowledge is not required for admission of business records into evidence. I agree. If the documents at issue were deemed to be business records, a sponsoring witness’s lack of personal knowledge would not be fatal to the admission of the documents. CJP § 10-101(d), concerning evidence of proof of accounts and records, provides: “The lack of personal knowledge of the maker of the written notice may be shown to affect the weight of the evidence but not its admissibility.” In Bethlehem-Sparrows Point Shipyard v. Scherpenisse, 187 Md. 375, 381, 50 A.2d 256, 260 (1946), we explained that Maryland modeled its business records statute — now codified at CJP § 10-101 — after the Model Act for Proof of Business Transactions, stating:

The [Maryland] Act also provides that all other circumstances of the making of such writing or record, including lack of personal knowledge by the entrant or maker, may be shown to affect the weight, but not the admissibility thereof. The purpose of the Act is to put an end to narrowness in the use of the familiar rule of evidence that the person whose statement is received as testimony should speak from personal observation or knowledge, and to bring the rule of evidence nearer to the standards in responsible action outside of the courts.

(Citation omitted).

Accordingly, I agree that this Court should affirm the judgment of the circuit court, but not entirely on the grounds stated in the Majority opinion.2

Townsend

As to Townsend’s contention that the circuit court’s admission of Lashinski’s affidavit violated his right to due process because Lashinski was not available for cross-examination, in my view, this case’s particular circumstances do not establish a due process violation. An appellate court reviews without *302deference whether a trial court violated a constitutional right. See Ellis v. Hous. Auth. of Balt. City, 436 Md. 331, 353, 82 A.3d 161, 174 (2013), reconsideration denied (Jan. 23, 2014) (“[I]n reviewing a possible violation of a constitutional right, this Court conducts its own independent constitutional analysis. We perform a de novo constitutional appraisal in light of the particular facts of the case at hand[.]” (Alterations in original) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)).

In Rhoads v. Sommer, 401 Md. 131, 160, 931 A.2d 508, 525 (2007), this Court stated:

“[identification of the specific dictates of due process generally requires consideration of three distinct factors: First, the private interest that will be affected by the official action; second, the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest through the procedures used, and the probable value, if any, of additional or substitute procedural safeguards; and finally, the Government’s interest, including the function involved and the fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional or substitute procedural requirement would entail.”

(Quoting Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335, 96 S.Ct. 893, 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976)).

In certain cases, this Court has determined the right to cross-examination to be a fundamental part of due process. In Md. Dep’t of Human Res. v. Bo Peep Day Nursery, 317 Md. 573, 597, 565 A.2d 1015, 1026-27 (1989), cert. denied sub nom. Cassilly v. Md. Dep’t of Human Res., 494 U.S. 1067, 110 S.Ct. 1784, 108 L.Ed.2d 786 (1990), an administrative appeal, this Court referred to the right to cross-examination as an “essential element[ ]” of due process. (Citation omitted). See also Archer v. State, 383 Md. 329, 356, 859 A.2d 210, 226 (2004) (This Court referred to the right to cross-examination as a “fundamental element[ ]” of due process in criminal cases. (Citation omitted)); In re Thomas J., 372 Md. 50, 65, 811 A.2d 310, 319 (2002) (This Court referred to the right to cross-examination as a “fundamental right[]” that is part of due process in juvenile cases. (Citation omitted)).

*303Although the right of cross-examination may indeed be determined to be a fundamental element of due process in small claims cases, I do not believe the test in Mathews, 424 U.S. at 335, 96 S.Ct. 893 compels that result in this particular case; nor do I believe that the issue is before this Court. At the de novo appeal in the circuit court, Townsend’s counsel appeared, but did not object on the ground that he could not cross-examine Lashinski. Thus, the issue of Townsend’s right to cross-examination and any alleged deprivation of due process are matters that were neither “raised in [nor] decided by the [circuit] court.” Md. R. 8-131(a).

If the merits were to be addressed, this case’s circumstances do not warrant a finding of a due process violation. On appeal, Townsend has challenged the process and Midland’s manner of proof, but he has not alleged that he is, in fact, not the debtor, or that there is an error as to the debt. Applying the Mathews test, the private interest affected is a property interest. The amount at stake in this case is $1,905.21. Although small claims actions involve smaller amounts than other civil actions for damages, admittedly, the amount at stake may constitute a considerable amount for any defendant. Here, however, other than referencing the amount, Townsend has not alleged the amount to constitute a substantial property interest. Similarly, it has not been established that the risk of an erroneous deprivation of property is high. Townsend has not alleged any circumstances such as an error in paperwork — ie., that Midland does not own the debt or the amount is incorrect — or misidentification of himself as the debtor. Thus, in this case, there is no probable value of additional safeguards necessary to prevent an erroneous result. In sum, although cross-examination may indeed be determined to be a fundamental aspect of due process in small claims cases, an analysis of this case’s circumstances does not result in the conclusion that Townsend was deprived of due process.

Conclusion

Although I agree that this Court should affirm the judgment of the circuit court in both cases, in light of the issues *304raised by Bartlett, Townsend, and amici, and those discussed by Judge Robert N. McDonald in his concurring and dissenting opinion — most notably, the observation that the small claims trial process was designed “to make the justice system more accessible for low income and unrepresented parties” rather than to “allow institutional parties to shield themselves from cross-examination,” see Concurring and Dissenting Opinion at 293-95, 91 A.3d at 1150-51 — I would urge the Standing Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure to investigate whether there should be changes to the Maryland Rules concerning the level and type of proof in assigned consumer debt small claims contested trials.