May one undo what one has not done yet? Although the answer to this abstract question has been the premise for many a time travel “B” movie, it bodes even less well for a borrower or borrowers attempting to rescind loans that have not been consummated, within the meaning of the federal Truth in Lending Act (“TILA”), 15 U.S.C. § 1601 et seq. (2012). Prior to closing on a home refinancing loan, Respondent, Jeffrey G. Capps, submitted a notice of rescission of the loan to the lender. A day or two after submitting the notice, Capps signed a Note and Deed of Trust consistent with the negotiated terms of the ostensibly rescinded loan. The loan proceeds were distributed as agreed to previously by the parties. Capps made payments on the Note for approximately two years before defaulting on the loan. After a foreclosure sale occurred, Capps filed exceptions, arguing that he had rescinded validly the loan pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1635. The Circuit Court for Frederick County overruled the exceptions and ratified the sale. In an unreported opinion, the Court of Special Appeals reversed the Circuit Court, holding that the rescission notice was timely. Because there was no language in § 16351 or Regulation Z2—TILA’s implementing regula*333tion—prohibiting a borrower from rescinding a loan prior to consummation of the transaction, the intermediate appellate court reasoned that such an initiative, when viewed in a light favoring borrowers, was supported by the statute. We shall reverse, holding that, under TILA, the loan may not be rescinded before it came into being.

Just the Facts, If You Please

In March of 2003, Respondent, Jeffrey G. Capps (hereinafter “Capps”), purchased a home located at 2909 Loch Haven Court, Ijamsville, Maryland. Early in 2007, Capps decided to pursue refinancing his home loan. He applied for refinancing through Endeavor Mortgage Group—a loan broker—to EquiFirst Corporation. In February of 2007, EquiFirst offered Capps terms of a refinancing, which offer he rejected. In March of 2007, EquiFirst offered Capps a second proposal, which he rejected as well. In April of 2007,3 EquiFirst offered Capps a third refinance package, which he accepted.

The state of this record conjures illusions of multiple factual currents, pulling in seemingly different directions. Although we find no material disputes of fact were generated properly with regard to the dispositive question before us,4 and accord*334ingly no evidentiary hearing was sought or held, we shall call-out the confusion generated and burn away the obscuring fog at the same time.

The Deed of Trust and Adjustable Rate Note implementing the third offer were signed by Capps on 17 April 2007.5 These *335documents secured a loan for $350,000. The settlement date on the financing statement was April 24,6 and the loan proceeds (net of charges, costs, and fees) were disbursed on April 25, in satisfaction of the pre-existing mortgage ($292,061.86) and Capps’s credit card debts ($32,045), with an additional $5,878.31 to the borrower directly.

On April 15 or 16,7 2007, Capps attempted to rescind a loan by faxing to EquiFirst a form titled “Notice of Right to *336Cancel”8 referring solely to a property address of 2909 Loch Haven Court, Ijamsville, MD, 21754.9 In the subject line on the fax cover sheet of this form, Capps stated “I wish to exercise this Right[.] Please see attached form.” This document was received by EquiFirst.10 Capps alleges that at some *337point after he sent the fax, someone from EquiFirst “told [him] that this rescission was not effective, that [he] could not rescind, and that the mortgage would remain in effect.” Capps did not identify which EquiFirst employee made such statements, nor did he substantiate from any other source that the conversation occurred. He alleged further that he “believed what EquiFirst told [him]” and therefore began making payments on the loan. In 2009, Capps lost his job and became unable to make his monthly mortgage payments.

Procedural History

On 30 September 2009, Petitioners (the Substitute Trustees,11 or “Trustees”) filed in the Circuit Court for Frederick County an Order to Docket Foreclosure, thereby commencing an action to foreclose under the deed of trust. On 30 December 2009, Capps filed a Motion to Stay or Dismiss the foreclosure proceeding, in which he argued that he had rescinded the loan, pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1635, by faxing a “Notice of Right to Cancel” to EquiFirst.12 Also on 30 December 2009, Capps filed in the foreclosure action a third-party complaint against EquiFirst and Wells Fargo, again arguing that he rescinded timely and validly the loan and also that EquiFirst violated TILA by refusing to recognize his rescission. Wells Fargo filed a Motion to Dismiss the Third-Party Complaint, *338arguing that, whatever the merits, Capps’s claim fell beyond the applicable statute of limitations and further that he waived his claims by accepting the benefits of the transaction. Wells Fargo’s motion was granted ultimately on 2 May 2011.13 On 7 December 2011, the note holder purchased the home for $275,000 at a foreclosure public auction. A Report of Sale was filed on 5 January 2012.

Capps filed on 23 February 2012 Exceptions to the Foreclosure Sale, where he argued again that he had rescinded the loan. The Substitute Trustees reiterated their position that Capps’s TILA claim was barred by the applicable statute of limitations, that they had standing to foreclose, and further that Capps did not raise any allegations which, if true, could result in the sale being rescinded. The exceptions were overruled at a hearing on 3 April 2012,14 and the sale was ratified on 5 April 2012. That same day, the court entered an Order of Ratification of Sale. Capps appealed to the Court of Special Appeals.

*339In an unreported opinion, the Court of Special Appeals reversed the Circuit Court, addressing the question of whether the loan had been rescinded “lawfully.”15 The Court of Special Appeals reasoned that TILA’s overarching purpose was to “protect consumers in a rather difficult and complicated process.” Because there was no language in § 1635 or Regulation Z—TILA’s implementing regulation—prohibiting a borrower from rescinding a loan prior to the consummation of the transaction, the Court of Special Appeals reasoned that such an action, when viewed in a light favoring the interests of borrowers, was supported by the statute.16 Otherwise, reasoned the intermediate appellate court, the rights of borrowers to protect themselves would be restricted severely, contrary to Congress’ stated goals in TILA. The three judge panel of our appellate colleagues explained that the three-day window for rescissions did not open at closing and then shut at midnight three business days later, but rather the window remained open throughout the negotiation process for a loan commitment leading up to closing and lapsed at the end of three days after closing. The intermediate appellate court remanded the case to the Circuit Court to (1) determine whether it is possible for all parties to return to the status quo ante, (2) use its equitable powers to restore Capps’s credit rating should he be able to return the proceeds of the loan, and (3) determine whether EquiFirst violated TILA by ignoring intentionally Capps’s rescission notice.17

*340We granted the Trustees’ Petition for Writ of Certiorari. 435 Md. 501, 79 A.3d 947 (2013). The Trustees posed the following three questions in their petition:

1. Whether a TILA Notice of Rescission can be effective to cancel a loan transaction that has not yet taken place, and remain effective despite the issuing party’s subsequent acceptance of the benefits of the transaction?

2. Whether a TILA action filed in December 2009 on the basis of a Notice of Rescission issued in April 2007 was untimely as beyond the one-year statute of limitation in 15 U.S.C. § 1640(e)?

3. Whether rescission is an available remedy when the trial court has no jurisdiction over either the original lender or its assignee because all claims against both have been dismissed, with no appeal taken from that dismissal?

Because of our answer to the first question, we do not reach the others.

Before us, the Trustees argue that Capps could not have rescinded the loan at a point in time when he had not yet signed the deed of trust, note, and other loan documents. He may have gone through the motion of submitting a Notice of Right to Cancel, but he did so prematurely—namely, before he consummated the transaction. If he had wanted actually to avoid the obligations of the loan, the Trustees argue, he should not have signed the note and deed of trust, nor should he have accepted the net loan proceeds and authorized the lender to pay off the existing mortgage and his other creditors. Capps, for his part, echoes the reasoning of the Court of Special Appeals, and further argues that the Notice of Right to Cancel, regardless of when it was sent, operated to cancel the transaction, and that the funds never should have been disbursed.18

*341Standards of Review

Before a foreclosure sale takes place, “the defaulting borrower may file a motion to ‘stay the sale of the property and dismiss the foreclosure action.’ ” Bates v. Cohn, 417 Md. *342309, 319, 9 A.3d 846, 852 (2010) (quoting Md. Rule 14-211(a)(1)). In other words, the borrower may “petition the court for injunctive relief, challenging ‘the validity of the lien or ... the right of the [lender] to foreclose in the pending action.’ ” Bates, 417 Md. at 319-20, 9 A.3d at 852 (quoting Md. Rule 14-211(a)(3)(B)). In Svrcek v. Rosenberg, the Court of Special Appeals explained the appropriate standard of review on appeal from a denial of a Motion to Dismiss or Stay sought pursuant to Maryland Rule 14-211: “ ‘The grant or denial of injunctive relief in a property foreclosure action lies generally within the sound discretion of the trial court.’ Accordingly, we review the circuit court’s denial of a foreclosure injunction for an abuse of discretion. We review the trial court’s legal conclusions de novo.” 203 Md.App. 705, 720, 40 A.3d 494, 503 (2012) (quoting Anderson v. Burson, 424 Md. 232, 243, 35 A.3d 452, 459 (2011) and citing Wincopia Farm, LP v. Goozman, 188 Md.App. 519, 528, 982 A.2d 868, 873 (2009)).

When ruling on exceptions to a foreclosure sale: [T]rial courts may consider both questions of fact and law. In reviewing a trial court’s finding of fact, we do “not substitute our judgment for that of the lower court unless it was clearly erroneous” and give due consideration to the trial court’s “opportunity to observe the demeanor of the witnesses, to judge their credibility and to pass upon the weight to be given their testimony.” Young v. Young, 37 Md.App. 211, 220, 376 A.2d 1151, 1157 (1977). Questions of law decided by the trial court are subject to a de novo standard of review.

Jones v. Rosenberg, 178 Md.App. 54, 68, 940 A.2d 1109, 1117 (2008) (citations omitted). Once a foreclosure sale has been ratified:

The ratification of a foreclosure sale is, however, presumed to be valid. Webster v. Archer, 176 Md. 245, 253, 4 A.2d 434, 437-38 (1939). It is settled law that, “there is a presumption that the sale was fairly made, and that the antecedent proceedings, if regular on the face of the record, were adequate and proper, and the burden is upon one *343attacking the sale to prove the contrary.” Id. The party excepting to the sale bears the burden of showing that the sale was invalid, and must show that any claimed errors caused prejudice. Ten Hills Co. v. Ten Hills Corp., 176 Md. 444, 449, 5 A.2d 830, 832 (1939). Additionally, “[i]n reviewing a court’s ratification of a foreclosure sale, we will disturb the circuit court’s findings of fact only when they are clearly erroneous.” Fagnani, 190 Md.App. at 470, 988 A.2d at 1138 (relying on Jones v. Rosenberg, 178 Md.App. 54, 68-69, 940 A.2d 1109 (2008)).

Fagnani v. Fisher, 418 Md. 371, 384, 15 A.3d 282, 290 (2011).

Discussion

The right of rescission dispute joined in this case derives from that right as granted in the federal Truth in Lending Act (“TILA”). TILA was designed to “assure a meaningful disclosure of credit terms so that the consumer will be able to compare more readily the various credit terms available to him and avoid the uninformed use of credit....” 15 U.S.C. § 1601(a) (2012). TILA requires creditors “to provide borrowers with clear and accurate disclosures of terms dealing with things like finance charges, annual percentage rates of interest, and the borrower’s rights.” Beach v. Ocwen Fed. Bank, 523 U.S. 410, 412, 118 S.Ct. 1408, 140 L.Ed.2d 566 (1998); see McOmie-Gray v. Bank of Am. Home Loans, 667 F.3d 1325, 1327 (9th Cir. 2012) (“TILA protects consumers from fraud, deception, and abuse within the residential secured lending marketplace by mandating that lenders disclose certain information to borrowers.”).

When interpreting TILA and its implementing regulations, federal and Maryland principles of statutory construction agree that we begin with its text. “ ‘The Supreme Court has repeatedly emphasized the importance of the plain meaning rule, stating that if the language of a statute or regulation has a plain and ordinary meaning, courts need look no further and should apply the regulation as it is written.’ ” Gilbert v. Residential Funding LLC, 678 F.3d 271, 276 (4th Cir. 2012) (quoting Textron, Inc. v. Comm'r, 336 F.3d 26, 31 *344(1st Cir. 2003)). By the same token, “ ‘absent some obvious repugnance to the statute, the ... regulation implementing [TILA] should be accepted by the courts.” Textron, Inc., 336 F.3d at 27 (quoting Anderson Bros. Ford v. Valencia, 452 U.S. 205, 219, 101 S.Ct. 2266, 68 L.Ed.2d 783 (1981)). Our goal in interpreting TILA, as with any legislation, is “to ascertain and implement the legislative intent, which is to be derived, if possible, from the language of the statute (or Rule) itself. If the language is clear and unambiguous, our search for legislative intent ends and we apply the language as written in a commonsense manner.” Downes v. Downes, 388 Md. 561, 571, 880 A.2d 343, 349 (2005). We “presume that [a] legislature says in a statute what it means and means in a statute what it says there.” Turner v. Kight, 406 Md. 167, 175, 957 A.2d 984, 988 (2008) (internal quotations omitted). The interpretation of a word or phrase “depends upon reading the whole statutory text, considering the purpose and context of the statute, and consulting any precedents or authorities that inform the analysis.” Turner, 406 Md. at 175, 957 A.2d at 989 (internal quotations omitted).

TILA grants homeowners a right to rescission in certain circumstances:

Except as otherwise provided in this section, in the case of any consumer credit transaction (including opening or increasing the credit limit for an open end credit plan) in which a security interest, including any such interest arising by operation of law, is or will be retained or acquired in any property which is used as the principal dwelling of the person to whom credit is extended, the obligor shall have the right to rescind the transaction until midnight of the third business day following the consummation of the transaction or the delivery of the information and rescission forms required under this section together with a statement containing the material disclosures required under this sub-chapter, whichever is later, by notifying the creditor, in accordance with regulations of the Bureau [of Consumer Financial Protection], of his intention to do so. The creditor shall clearly and conspicuously disclose, in accordance with *345regulations of the Bureau, to any obligor in a transaction subject to this section the rights of the obligor under this section. The creditor shall also provide, in accordance with regulations of the Bureau, appropriate forms for the obligor to exercise his right to rescind any transaction subject to this section.

15 U.S.C. § 1635(a) (emphasis added). See 12 C.F.R. § 226.23(a)(3) (2013) (“The consumer• m,ay exercise the right to rescind until midnight of the third business day following consummation, delivery of the notice required by paragraph (b) of this section, or delivery of all material disclosures, whichever occurs last.” (emphasis added)). This three-day rescission window is a cooling-off period within which the borrower may rescind with no questions asked. The lender may not disburse the funds until those three days have passed (unless the borrower waives the right to rescind). 12 C.F.R. § 226.23(c). In the event that the lender fails to comply with the statutory disclosures, the right to rescind is extended to three years after closing. 15 U.S.C. § 1635(1); 12 C.F.R. § 226.23(a)(3).

Regulation Z, TILA’s implementing regulation, describes how the right to rescind is to be exercised:

To exercise the right to rescind, the consumer shall notify the creditor of the rescission by mail, telegram, or other means of written communication. Notice is considered given when mailed, when filed for telegraphic transmission or, if sent by other means, when delivered to the creditor’s designated place of business.

12 C.F.R. § 226.23(a)(2).

Once the right to rescission has been exercised timely and properly, the borrower is “not liable for any finance or other charge, and any security interest given by the obligor, including any such interest arising by operation of law, becomes void upon such a rescission.” 15 U.S.C. § 1635(b); see 12 C.F.R. § 226.23(d)(1) (“When a consumer rescinds a transaction, the security interest giving rise to the right of rescission becomes void and the consumer shall not be liable for any amount, *346including any finance charge.”). Upon receipt of a notice of rescission, “the creditor shall return to the obligor any money or property given as earnest money, downpayment, or otherwise, and shall take any action necessary or appropriate to reflect the termination of any security interest created under the transaction.” 15 U.S.C. § 1635(b).

Capps bows, as he must, to what the statute provides as to when the three-day window for rescission shuts—at midnight three business days after closing, or, if the notice was delivered after closing, three days after that later date. We must decide here when that window sash is flung open.

TILA does not define the term “rescission.” Regulation Z provides that, when a term is not defined, “the words used have the meanings given to them by state law or contract.” 12 C.F.R. § 226.2(b)(3). The Court of Special Appeals had occasion to consider the definition of “rescission” in Maslow v. Vanguri, where the intermediate appellate court sought to determine the point at which a breach of contract became material enough to warrant rescission under Maryland common law. 168 Md.App. 298, 323-24, 896 A.2d 408, 423 (2006). The court adopted the definition of rescission in an earlier iteration of Black’s Law Dictionary:

Rescission of Contract. To avoid, or cancel a contract; particularly, nullifying a contract by the act of a party.... To declare a contract void in its inception and to put an end to it as if it never were.... A ‘rescission’ amounts to the unmaking of a contract, or an undoing of it from the beginning.... It necessarily involves a repudiation of the contract and a refusal of the moving party to be further bound by it.

168 Md.App. at 323, 896 A.2d at 423 (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 1306-07 (6th ed. 1990)).19 Other courts have *347looked to Black’s Law Dictionary, as well as Webster’s Third Neto International Dictionary, for definitions of the term:

While neither the Act nor the implementing regulations define the term, common definitions of “rescission” indicate that it covers more than simply removing a security interest created through a loan. According to [Black’s Law Dictionary], the term means “[a] party’s unilateral unmaking of a contract,” which “restores the parties to their precontractual positions.” According to [Webster’s Third New International Dictionary], the term means “an act of cutting off’ or “an act of rescinding, annulling, or vacating or of cancelling or abrogating (as by restoring to another party to a contract or transaction what one has received from him).”

See Barrett v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., 445 F.3d 874, 879 (6th Cir. 2006) (citations omitted). For present purposes, we understand the term “rescission” in TILA to mean “to cancel” or “to undo.”

The right of rescission belongs to borrowers only “in the case of any consumer credit transaction.” 15 U.S.C. § 1635(a). In those cases, the borrower may rescind until midnight of the third business day “following the consummation of the transaction.” Id. § 1635(a). Regulation Z defines “consummation” as “the time that a consumer becomes contractually obligated on a credit transaction.”20 12 C.F.R.

§ 226.2(a)(13). TILA does not define the phrase “consumer credit transaction,” nor the term “transaction.” The word “transaction,” however, is included as part of two other de*348fined terms, each of which presupposes that the “transaction” must be consummated. See Weintraub v. Quicken Loans, Inc., 594 F.3d 270, 273 (4th Cir. 2010). TILA’s definitional section defines “residential mortgage transaction ” as “a transaction in which a mortgage, deed of trust, purchase money security interest arising under an installment sales contract, or equivalent consensual security interest is created or retained against the consumer’s dwelling to finance the acquisition or initial construction of such dwelling.” 15 U.S.C. § 1602(x) (emphasis added). Similarly, a “reverse mortgage transaction,” also defined in § 1602, is “a nonrecourse transaction in which a mortgage, deed of trust, or equivalent consensual security interest is created against the consumer’s principal dwelling----” Id. § 1602(cc) (emphasis added). Both definitions treat the word “transaction” as a consummated event, “indicating that any credit transaction under § 1635(a) must be consummated for the right to rescind to attach.” Weintraub, 594 F.3d at 275.

Regulation Z presumes that, at the time a borrower wishes to exercise his or her rescission right, there is something to rescind. It notes that the effect of rescission is to render void “the security interest giving rise to the right of rescission.” 12 C.F.R. § 226.23(d)(1). There must be a security interest in being to rescind in order for it to be rendered void. See 12 C.F.R. Pt. 226, Supp. I, pp. 709-10 (Official Staff Commentary) (“In order for the right of rescission to apply, the security interest must be retained as part of the credit transaction.”); 12 C.F.R. Pt. 226, Supp. I, p. 712 (Official Staff Commentary) (“Any security interest giving rise to the right of rescission becomes-void when the consumer exercises the right of rescission. The security interest is automatically negated, regardless of its status and whether or not it was recorded or perfected.”). In our view, “consummation of the transaction” refers to closing, or, the moment when the note and deed of trust or mortgage are signed. Until a loan is consummated, there is no consumer credit transaction, and the consumer has no obligations from which he or she would need a right of rescission. If the loan was not consummated yet, *349the borrower could decline simply to sign the loan documents and avoid liability. Under TILA, a borrower cannot rescind that which has not occurred yet.21

In the case at bar, Capps could not have rescinded what he had not yet created. On the 15th of April, when he faxed a Notice of Right to Cancel, the arguably rescindable transaction had not come into being yet, and therefore could not be cancelled then. Capps consummated the transaction on Tuesday, April 17, when he signed the loan documents. April 17, then, is the earliest that the three-day window could have opened.22 If Capps wanted to avoid the loan, he should not have signed the loan documents, or he should have caused the proceeds to be returned promptly.

The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit shares our view of § 1635. In Weintraub v. Quicken Loans, Inc., 594 F.3d 270 (4th Cir. 2010), the Fourth Circuit considered whether the TILA right to rescind applies in cases where the transaction had not closed yet. The borrowers in that case argued, like Capps, that the text of § 1635(a) does not require that a loan be consummated before the right to rescind may arise, but rather that rescission is possible any time after the parties begin negotiations for a potential extension of credit. Weintraub, 594 F.3d at 273-74. The Fourth Circuit held that “no ‘consumer credit transaction’ exists for *350which the right to rescind can be exercised until that transaction has been consummated, or put another way, until credit is in fact extended.” Weintraub, 594 F.3d at 275 (internal quotations omitted).

In support of its decision, the Fourth Circuit looked to TILA disclosure cases in the context of automobile loans for the proposition that TILA liability under the analogous § 1638 does not attach until after the consummation of a consumer credit transaction. Weintraub, 594 F.3d at 274-75 (examining Nigh v. Koons Buick Pontiac GMC, Inc., 319 F.3d 119 (4th Cir. 2003), rev’d on other grounds, 543 U.S. 50, 125 S.Ct. 460, 160 L.Ed.2d 389 (2004), and Baxter v. Sparks Oldsmobile, Inc., 579 F.2d 863 (4th Cir. 1978)). In Baxter, the Fourth Circuit held that there was no consumer credit transaction to which TILA would apply when the consumer cancelled the transaction before it was consummated. Baxter, 579 F.2d at 864. In Nigh, although the transaction had not been consummated formally (i.e., the credit had not yet been extended), the Fourth Circuit held that Baxter was satisfied once the consumer became obligated contractually on the credit transaction. Nigh, 319 F.3d at 123-24.

The Fourth Circuit relied also on “a commonsense reading of the text of § 1635(a)” in holding that the term transaction “refers to a consummated, binding agreement, rather than to the whole course of the parties’ interactions. The right to rescind a transaction defined as the whole course of interactions between the parties would essentially be meaningless— there would often be nothing to rescind.” Weintraub, 594 F.3d at 276.

We could find little else on point across the country. In an unreported opinion23 from 2002, a federal district court in Illinois held similarly that the TILA remedy of rescission was *351not available to homeowners before closing. In Sampanetti v. E*Trade Mortgage Corp., No. 02-C-3513, 2002 WL 31478269 (N.D.Ill. Nov. 5, 2002), the homeowners signed a “Lock-In Agreement” which provided that their $400 interest-rate lock-in fee was only refundable in the event that E*Trade did not approve the loan for closing. Sampanetti, 2002 WL 31478269, at *1. The homeowners alleged that this was in violation of their statutory right to rescind under TILA. E*Trade argued that that right was not available yet as the parties had not closed. Sampanetti, 2002 WL 31478269, at *l-*2. Because TILA and Regulation Z “do not clearly indicate that the concept of rescission, or the language requiring a refund upon rescission, applies to a situation where a loan has not yet closed,” the court concluded that “holding that the rescission and refund provisions apply to such a situation would constitute an impermissible expansion of the statute and the regulations.” Sampanetti, 2002 WL 31478269, at *2.

We are aware of only one additional opinion that speaks to the question of whether, under TILA, a loan may be rescinded before it is consummated. In 1997, a City Court for Mt. Vernon, New York (a trial court-equivalent), held in Community Mutual Savings Bank v. Gillen, 171 Misc.2d 535, 655 N.Y.S.2d 271 (N.Y.City Ct. 1997), that consumers have a right to rescind even when they do not close on the loan. Cmty Mut. Sav. Bank, 655 N.Y.S.2d at 273. In that case, the borrowers applied for a loan and received a firm commitment letter, which scheduled closing for 12 July 1996. Cmty Mut. Sav. Bank, 655 N.Y.S.2d at 272. Due to a dispute over real property taxes, the borrowers did not sign the loan documents at the closing table. Id. Nonetheless, the representatives of the lender gave the rescission notice to the borrowers and asked that they sign it immediately, which they did. Cmty Mut. Sav. Bank, 655 N.Y.S.2d at 274. The City Court reasoned that, because the notice of rescission itself did not say that the loan needed to be consummated before it could be used, and because the lender gave the notice to the borrowers and instructed them to sign it, the lender “must be bound by its own notice of rescission.” Id. From the court’s perspec*352tive, “the consummation merely provides a frame of reference from which the time for rescission may be calculated.” Cmty Mut. Sav. Bank, 655 N.Y.S.2d at 273. Further, the City Court reasoned that, as rescission is an equitable doctrine, “[njothing in TILA or Regulation Z limits a Court of Equity from preventing an inequitable or improper'result from the exercise of the statutory rescission.” Cmty Mut. Sav. Bank, 655 N.Y.S.2d at 274. To the extent that the City Court reasoned that, under TILA, a contract need not be formed before it may be rescinded, we are unpersuaded and disagree accordingly. See Cmty Mut. Sav. Bank, 655 N.Y.S.2d at 273 (indicating, in dicta, that “[a]ccording to the plain language of the statute and regulation, there is no requirement that the transaction be consummated”).

In the present case, the Court of Special Appeals relied on another Fourth Circuit case, Gilbert v. Residential Funding LLC, 678 F.3d 271 (4th Cir. 2012), in holding that Capps did what a borrower is supposed to do to rescind a loan. In Gilbert, the Fourth Circuit considered what actions by borrowers were sufficient to exercise the right of rescission. There, the borrowers notified the lender by letter, within three years of the execution of the note, that they were rescinding their mortgage transaction. Gilbert, 678 F.3d at 274-75. The Fourth Circuit considered whether a borrower must file a lawsuit within three years after the consummation of a loan transaction, or whether he or she may assert the right simply through a written notice. Gilbert, 678 F.3d at 276. Based on the plain meaning of the statute, the court concluded that 15 U.S.C. § 1635 “does not require borrowers to file a claim for the invocation of that right.” Gilbert, 678 F.3d at 278. Although Gilbert is instructive as to the appropriate demonstrative methodologies by which a borrower may rescind a loan, it has little to contribute on the subject of when a borrower may rescind under TILA. At most, Gilbert suggests that Capps may have chosen a proper method when he employed a form Notice of Right to Cancel; however, he deployed it prematurely.

*353JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS REVERSED; CASE REMANDED TO THAT COURT WITH DIRECTIONS TO AFFIRM THE JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR FREDERICK COUNTY; COSTS IN THIS COURT AND THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS TO BE PAID BY RESPONDENT CAPPS.

concurring and dissenting, in which ADKINS, J., joins.

The Majority opinion holds that a borrower’s right to rescind a loan transaction under the federal Truth in Lending Act does not extend to a transaction that has yet to occur. I have no quarrel with that legal proposition, but it is not at all clear that it applies to this case. The Majority opinion essentially engages in its own fact-finding in an effort to apply that holding and to resolve this case. But that is not our role. I would remand this matter to the Circuit Court for further factual development in the appropriate forum.

The Majority opinion makes heroic efforts, largely in footnotes,1 to construct a factual basis for its decision. But, as the Majority opinion recognizes, the current record of this case is quite murky with respect to the sequence of events involving Mr. Capps, the mortgage broker, and the lender. The Majority opinion attributes this state of the record solely to Mr. Capps. Majority op. at pp. 334-35 & n. 5, 102 A.3d at 357-58 & n. 5. However, while Mr. Capps provided a sworn affidavit and e-mails between the loan broker and lender2 on the *354question of rescission in the Circuit Court, the substitute trustees never disputed the timeliness of the rescission notice in the Circuit Court and, perhaps for that reason, did nothing themselves to clarify the record on the relevant time line.3 Nonetheless, the Majority opinion faults Mr. Capps alone for failing to clarify the time line of the loan transaction and rescission.

In the Circuit Court, the substitute trustees relied on a host of other legal arguments, but not the one on which the Majority opinion decides this case. Indeed, the substitute trustees did not suggest that Mr. Capps’ rescission of the transaction was premature until this case reached the Court of Special Appeals. In its unreported opinion, the intermediate appellate court held that a rescission notice is effective under the Truth in Lending Act, even if it is sent before the consummation of a transaction. Thus, resolution of the time line in Mr. Capps’ case was not essential to that court’s decision. That court apparently accepted the substitute trustees’ belated assertion that the rescission notice pre-dated the transaction and held that, under its view of the rescission right, that timing did not matter.

In this Court, the substitute trustees challenge the timeliness of the rescission notice based on typewritten and handwritten dates that appear on various documents, although they offered no evidence in the Circuit Court as to the accuracy of any particular date. The Majority appears to accept the idea that the typewritten and handwritten dates on various documents may not be the dates on which the particular documents *355were actually executed. Majority op. at pp. 335-36 nn. 7, 9, 102 A.3d at 358 nn. 7, 9. Nevertheless, it generally draws inferences in favor of the substitute trustees and against Mr. Capps as to the accuracy of particular dates.

In the oral argument before us, the substitute trustees conceded that a borrower receives the form to rescind a loan only at the closing—a fact that suggests that the borrower (Mr. Capps) could only have submitted the rescission form— however the documents may have been dated or mis-dated— after the closing. The Majority opinion dismisses this information as to when a borrower receives a rescission form in relation to a closing as “not material” to the question of when this borrower would have been able to submit the rescission form related to the loan transaction in this case. Majority op. at p. 336 n. 9, 102 A.3d at 358 n. 9. But the Majority opinion can only speculate as to how Mr. Capps would have come into possession of the rescission form prior to the closing.

Mr. Capps asserted in the Circuit Court that he had rescinded the transaction in a timely manner, but that the lender had told him—incorrectly—that the rescission was ineffective, that he was bound by the promissory note he had signed, and that he was obligated to accept the funds and make payments. It is not inconceivable that a mortgage broker or a lender, who stands to lose a substantial fee if a transaction does not go forward, would discourage a borrower from rescinding a transaction.4 The Majority opinion discounts Mr. Capps’ affidavit, although it is unrebutted in this record, and faults Mr. Capps for not elaborating on the circumstances of the rescission by filing an additional affidavit. Majority op. at pp. 334-35 n. 5, 102 A.3d at 357-58 n. 5. The substitute trustees introduced no evidence—in the form of sworn affidavits or otherwise—on this issue in the Circuit Court.

As the Majority opinion notes, at the hearing on exceptions in the Circuit Court, the judge summarized the history of the *356case as to the rescission issue—without any contradiction or objection by counsel for the substitute trustees—as follows:

... the allegations [in a third party complaint against the lender] were that Mr. Capps had rescinded. Apparently, there’s no dispute about that. [T]hat he signed the note, and then rescinded within the period of time—he was given proper notice for a rescission, within the period of time, ... he did rescind.

[Apparently there’s little dispute about the fact that, ... when he spoke to the lender he was told he couldn’t ... rescind and he then began making payments on the loan, which apparently he made until he lost his job.

Record Excerpts at 109-10. The Majority opinion dismisses the trial judge’s statement as the result of “confusion.” Majority op. at pp. 334-35 n. 5, 102 A.3d at 357-58 n. 5.

At times, it appears that it is the Majority opinion that is confused or that simply disregards parts of the record. For example, the Majority opinion relies heavily on the undisputed facts that Mr. Capps accepted the proceeds of the loan and made payments on it until he lost his job. Majority op. at pp. 333-34 n. 4, 340-41, 349 n. 21, 102 A.3d at 356-57 n. 4, 361, 366 n. 21.5 While it notes that Mr. Capps recounted in his affidavit that he did so because the lender had told him that his rescission was ineffective and that the mortgage would remain in effect, it gives no weight to that undisputed fact,6 stating that “Capps did not identify which Equifirst employee made such statements, nor did he substantiate from any other source that the conversation occurred.” Majority op. at p. 337, 102 A.3d at 359 (emphasis added). Apparently, the Majority opinion would prefer to have more evidence on the *357circumstances of this conversation, as might a fact-finder at trial. But the substitute trustees never challenged Mr. Capps’ statement that this conversation occurred.

The Majority opinion disregards Mr. Capps’ factual allegations by noting that the order granting a writ of certiorari did not address fraud. This is not surprising, as the Court of Special Appeals did not rely on the allegedly fraudulent statements by the lender in issuing its decision and remanding the case to the Circuit Court.7 The Majority opinion does not explain why Mr. Capps should have filed a conditional petition for certiorari on an issue that was not decided against him in the intermediate appellate court and that would remain part of the case on remand to the Circuit Court. In any event, we should not disregard sworn factual information in the record simply to make the remaining facts fit our disposition of the case.

In sum, in concluding that Mr. Capps’ rescission was premature, the Majority is making a decision that is premature. Now that the question of the timing of the rescission has been raised, further proceedings in the Circuit Court would clarify what documents were post-dated or pre-dated, whether Mr. Capps was purposely vague or the substitute trustees were purposely silent, and whether there is other evidence of when *358the closing took place in relation to the rescission notice. It may be that the Majority’s speculation as to the facts of this case would ultimately prove accurate and that Mr. Capps’ rescission notice would be held ineffective or that the lender had not misled him and he had waived the rescission. But the trial court is the appropriate forum for determining the dis-positive facts. Pursuant to Maryland Rule 8-604(d),8 I would remand without affirming or reversing for further factual development.