The defendant herein appeals from a judgment of the circuit court for Oakland county determining an adoption proceeding to have been fraudulently obtained and hence void.

The record reveals that on September 26, 1908, Patrick McCan and Alice Delong were married in Howell, Michigan. Alice Delong and defendant Alice Brooking are one and the same.

The defendant contended that in October of 1910 she married Clifford Brooking in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The Milwaukee health department and the director of vital statistics of the Wisconsin board of health, however, report no record of such marriage.

The plaintiff herein was born Frances Jane Higley in 1910, the daughter of John and Rosetta Higley. On February 21, 1919, John Higley, as the only living parent of Frances, signed a declaration of adoption in the probate court of Wayne county. On February 26, 1919, the court entered an order declaring the child to be the adoptive daughter of the defendant and Clifford Brooking, changing her name to Frances Jane Brooking. The plaintiff lived with her adoptive parents until she was married in 1929, her married name being Frances Jane Beatty.

On May 10, 1930, Alice McCan, being the same Alice Brooking, procured a decree of divorce from Patrick McCan in the circuit court of Kent county in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

In 1964, some 45 years after the adoption proceedings, the plaintiff brought an action in the circuit court for Oakland county to set aside the 1919 adoption order adjudging the defendant and Clifford Brooking her adoptive parents. The plaintiff alleged that the adoption order was void in that at the time of those proceedings, the defendant was still legally married to Patrick McCan,*583that the defendant wilfully and knowingly represented at the time of the adoption that she was the wife of Clifford Brooking; and that the defendant remained married to Patrick McCan until her divorce from him in 1930. Further, the plaintiff alleged that the defendant, because of the aforementioned allegations, was living either a bigamous or adulterous life at the time of the marriage and hence misled the court as to her worthiness to be an adoptive parent. The plaintiff contended that she first learned of the irregularities she herein alleges in February of 1964.

The trial court determined that the adoption of the plaintiff was fraudulently obtained and declared it void. It is from this decision that the defendant brings the present appeal, relying on CL 1948, § 701.23 (Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 27.3178-[23]) ,1 in assignment of error in the determination made by the trial court.

The right to appeal from probate orders is presently limited by statute.2 At the time of the adoption proceedings in the instant case, appeals were limited by PA 1915, No 314, which was essentially the same as the present. The order of adoption in the instant case was not appealed. Probate orders, properly entered and not appealed, pursuant to the applicable statutes, are generally not subject to collateral attack. See Voigt v. Detroit Bank & Trust Company (1960), 360 Mich 442.

*584There are, however, cases that stand for the proposition that where the time for appeal has passed, equitable relief may be granted to set aside proceedings as fraudulent. Ewing v. Lamphere (1907), 147 Mich 659; Babcock v. Babcock (1907), 150 Mich 558; Grigg v. Hanna (1938), 283 Mich 443. In the aforementioned cases, attack upon the proceedings is not considered collateral but direct. The fraud which justifies equitable interference with a probate order must be fraud in obtaining the order and not merely constructive, but positive, fraud. Ombrello v. Duluth, S. S. & A. R. Co. (1930), 252 Mich 396.

In the instant case the plaintiff alleged that the defendant, by stating in the declaration of adoption that she was married to Clifford Brooking where no official record disclosed such marriage, perpetrated a fraud upon the probate court. Further, the plaintiff alleged the defendant “wilfully and knowingly” committed the alleged fraud. There is no evidence upon which the defendant’s action could so be characterized. At most, the defendant’s conduct could be labeled constructive fraud and that alone would not be sufficient to set aside the adoption proceedings. Ombrello v. Duluth, S.S. & A. R. Co., supra.

The falsification of statements in probate proceedings can be likened to perjury or false testimony. In both cases, if proved, a wrong has been committed. However, it has been stated that neither perjury nor forgery is sufficient ground for equitable relief in that the mischief that this approach would lead to would be far greater than the evil that is sought to be remedied. See Columbia Casualty Co. v. Klettke (1932), 259 Mich 564; Voigt v. Detroit Bank & Trust Company, supra. In adoption cases such as the present, the mischief becomes even greater in that the stability of the parent-child relationship would continually be under *585a threatening cloud. The door wonld be opened to fictitious claims made by natural children challenging the adoption proceeding involving their adoptive brothers and sisters. As with all court proceedings, there must be a stage of finality that can be relied on by the parties involved, otherwise there would be no end to litigation, and attacks on such proceeding could be made ad infinitum.

We find, based upon the record, that equitable interference was not warranted. We are compelled to follow the dictates of CL 1948, § 701.23, supra, giving validity to probate orders after 20 years and uphold the validity of the 1919 adoptive proceedings. Further, the relationship between the plaintiff and defendant has existed for some 45 years, the plaintiff enjoying the benefits of a home that it appears she wonld otherwise not have enjoyed. Any other holding by this Court would evade the clear policy of the statute and the hoped for permanence of probate orders.

Reversed. Costs awarded to the appellant.

(concurring). I concur, on the ground that a judgment of the Oakland county probate court bars the plaintiff from questioning the defendant’s status as her mother.

Frances Beatty brought this lawsuit to establish that Alice Brooking is not her lawful mother. Apparently she did this to be relieved of any obligation to support Alice Brooking.

There is an order of the probate court of Wayne county, almost a half century old, by which it appears that Alice - Brooking and her husband, Clifford, adopted the plaintiff, Frances Beatty, when she was a child of tender years. But Frances *586Beatty contends that she was not lawfully adopted by the Brookings, because they were not husband and wife when the adoption order was entered in 1919. Frances Beatty seeks to have the adoption order set aside on the ground that it was procured by fraud, in that Alice Brooking misrepresented her marital status to the Wayne county probate court. Frances Beatty also insists that the adoption order of 1919 is void for lack of jurisdiction, because she was then a resident of Indiana and no guardian was appointed for her, despite her infancy.

The trouble with Mrs. Beatty’s claim is that she recently had an opportunity in another forum to litigate the very issue presented by this case: the issue of her filial relationship to Alice Brooking. The decision in that forum, adverse to her, is res judicata of the issue.

The proceeding referred to took place in the probate court of Oakland county, Judge Donald Adams presiding. The proceeding was a “poor law” action by the State of Michigan, pursuant to CL 1948, § 401.1 et seq., as amended by PA 1953, No 148 (Stat Ann 1960 Rev § 16.121 et seq.), to compel Frances Beatty to support Alice Brooking, as a dependent parent. It culminated in a judgment on January 16, 1964, ordering Frances Beatty to pay the State department of social welfare $24 a month for the support of her mother, Alice Brooking. Under the statute in question, the Oakland county probate court must have decided that Alice Brooking was Frances Beatty’s mother.

A final judgment on the merits, rendered by a court having jurisdiction over the subject matter and the parties, precludes them from relitigating the matter or matters disposed of by the judgment. Knowlton v. City of Port Huron (1959), 355 Mich 448.

*587There can he no question that the judgment of the Oakland county probate court was a final adjudication and was on the merits.

The probate court of Oakland county had jurisdiction over the person of Frances Beatty. She was named as a respondent in the “poor law” proceeding. An attorney appeared for her and contested the proceeding on the merits. By her own testimony she made five or six support payments pursuant to the support order of the probate court.

The parties in the instant suit and in the probate proceeding are the same. The “poor law” proceeding was entitled “In the matter of Alice Brooking.” Either Alice Brooking was a party to the “poor law” proceeding, or the State of Michigan was acting on her behalf, and as her privy. At the time of the “poor law” case the State was paying for Alice Brooking’s support and was subrogated to the right of support which Alice Brooking had against Frances Beatty. Thus the contest in the Oakland county probate court was between the same persons who are parties to the present case, or their privies. Weeks v. Downing (1874), 30 Mich 4; Mloodyanowski v. Raniak (1927), 238 Mich 296.

There is no doubt that the Oakland county probate court had jurisdiction of the subject matter. OL 1948, § 401.1 et seq., supra, empowers the probate court, upon notice and hearing, to order the “children of any poor person” to pay for such poor person’s support, if the child in question has the financial ability to do so. The statute necessarily confers jurisdiction to determine whether the respondent is a child of the pauper and, incidentally, to determine any issue of fact or law upon *588which, filial status may turn.* This includes jurisdiction to determine the validity of the Wayne county probate court adoption order.

The matter before this Court is the same matter adjudicated in the Oakland county probate court. It is not clear from the record whether Mrs. Beatty presented evidence in the Oakland county probate court to prove that Alice Brooking was not her mother. But it really doesn’t matter, inasmuch as she had an opportunity to do so. Barris v. Emmons (1913), 173 Mich 590.

The decision of a court having jurisdiction over the parties and the subject matter is res judicata, not only of the issues which were actually litigated, but of those issues which could have been presented to the court. In Gursten v. Kenney (1965), 375 Mich 330, 335, the Michigan Supreme Court quotes with approval the following rule:

“ ‘ “The plea of res judicata applies, except in special cases, not only to points upon which the court was actually required by the parties to form an opinion and pronounce a judgment, but to every point which properly belonged to the subject of litigation, and which the parties, exercising reasonable diligence, might have brought forward at the time.” ’ ”

The principle of res judicata applies not only to claims which plaintiffs may make, but applies as well to matters of defense. Barris v. Emmons, supra, holds that a valid judgment for the plaintiff operates to bar not only the defenses interposed and adjudicated, but also those which might have been raised.

In summary, we observe that the “poor law” contest in the probate court was between the same *589parties as the instant suit, or their privies; the issue of filial and maternal status was the same; the probate court had jurisdiction of the parties and the subject matter; and its decision was final and on the merits. We conclude, therefore, that the decision of the Oakland probate court is res judicata of the issue presented in the case at bar.

We are not impressed with the argument that Frances Beatty did not know of the infirmity in the Brookings’ marital status during the pendency of the “poor law” proceeding.

In the first place, if some newly discovered evidence were to provide a basis for reopening the Oakland county probate proceeding, Frances Beatty’s remedy would be to make such a motion in the probate case and not to attack the Oakland county probate judgment, collaterally, in these proceedings.

In the second place, by Frances Beatty’s own testimony, she had notice, during the pendency of the Oakland county probate court proceedings, of a possible infirmity in the marital status of Alice and Clifford Brooking. She testified that she told her lawyer in the Oakland county probate proceeding what she knew concerning this infirmity.

This cuts the ground out from under any claim by Frances Beatty that she didn’t become aware of the invalidity of Alice Brooking’s 1910 marriage until after the conclusion of the support proceeding in the Oakland county probate court. When the Oakland county probate proceeding was. pending, Frances Beatty was bound to use due diligence to gather all her ammunition so that it might be used in that contest. She cannot have the benefit of a new trial on the basis of evidence which could have been produced in the “poor law” proceeding by the exercise of ordinary diligence. Grossman v. Langer (1934), 269 Mich 506.

*590Frances Beatty did not appeal the order of the Oakland county probate court. Instead she respected it and paid the support for a period of time. She started the instant action in the Oakland county circuit court after the time for appeal of the probate order had expired. Frances Beatty had her day in court. She is not entitled to a second day. She is barred by the judgment of the Oakland county probate court from questioning the status of Alice Brooking as her lawful mother.

For these reasons the judgment below should be reversed with costs to the appellant.